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No. 39 Squadron RAF
39 Squadron badge
Squadron badge
Active15 April 1916 – 1 April 1918 (RFC)
1 April 1918 – 16 Nov 1918 (RAF)
1 July 1919 – 8 September 1946
1 April 1948 – 28 February 1949
1 March 1949 – 30 June 1958
1 July 1958 – 1 June 1982
1 July 1992 – 28 July 2006
1 January 2007 – July 2022
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchRoyal Air Force
Motto(s)Die noctuque
(Latin for 'By day and night')[1]
Battle honoursHome Defence (1916-1918)*,[2] North West Frontier (1930–1931), Mohmand (1933), North West Frontier (1935–1939), East Africa (1940)*, Egypt & Libya (1940–1943)*, Greece (1941)*, Mediterranean (1941–1943)*, Malta (1942)*, North Africa (1942–1943)*, South East Europe (1944–1945)*,Afghanistan (2001–2014), Iraq (2003–2011)[3]
  • Honours marked with an asterisk are those emblazoned on the Squadron Standard
Insignia
BadgeA winged bomb
Squadron codesSF (Apr 1939 – Sep 1939) (Allocated but probably not carried)
XZ (Sep 1939 – Dec 1940)
AA–AZ (Canberras)
Squadron roundel

Number 39 Squadron is an inactive squadron of the Royal Air Force. It last operated the General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper from Creech AFB, Nevada, between January 2007 and July 2022. It had previously operated the English Electric Canberra PR.7, PR.9 and T.4 from RAF Marham, Norfolk, as No. 39 (1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit) Squadron between July 1992 and July 2006.

History

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First World War

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No. 39 Squadron was founded at Hounslow Heath Aerodrome on 15 April 1916 with Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s and B.E.12s in an attempt to defend against German Zeppelin raids on London.[4] Having moved to RFC Suttons Farm, 39 Squadron achieved its first success on the night of 2/3 September 1916, when Lieutenant William Leefe Robinson shot down the German Airship Schütte-Lanz SL11, being awarded the Victoria Cross for this action. On 23 September 1916, the German Navy launched another Zeppelin raid against London. Responding to this raid, 2nd Lieutenant Frederick Sowrey of No. 39 Squadron shot down Zeppelin L.32, while Alfred Brandon in another No. 39 Squadron B.E.2 engaged Zeppelin L.33, already damaged by anti-aircraft fire, with L.33 force landing at Little Wigborough, Essex, and being destroyed by its crew.[5] On the night of 1/2 October 1916, 2nd Lieutenant W. L. Tempest of 39 Squadron, flying a B.E.2c, spotted Zeppelin L.31 illuminated by searchlights over southwest London and shot it down with the loss of the entire airship crew.[6][7]

The squadron continued in the defence of London, supplementing its B.E.2s and B.E.12s with three Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s to help deal with daylight attacks by German Gotha bombers,[8] with at least one Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 also operated by the unit.[9] The squadron re-equipped with Bristol F.2 Fighters in September 1917,[10] but had no more success against German raiders until the night of 19/20 May 1918, when a No. 39 Squadron Bristol Fighter shot down a Gotha bomber.[11] In October 1918, it was re-equipped with Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2b aircraft and sent to France for night bombing, but was disbanded five days after the Armistice.[4][12]

Between the wars

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It was reformed on 1 July 1919, when No. 37 Squadron based at Biggin Hill was renumbered. The squadron was reduced to a cadre in December 1919, but did not disband, and in April 1921 it was decided to return the Squadron to operations. By May that year, the squadron was fully manned and received a number of Avro 504 to train aircrew in preparation for operating more warlike aircraft.[13] These arrived in February 1923 when the squadron, now based at RAF Spitalgate in Lincolnshire received 18 Airco DH.9As.[4][12][a] As well as training for its role as a day bomber, the squadron also was chosen to perform a formation flying display at the RAF Air Pageant at Hendon in 1923,[17][18] repeating its appearance in 1926 and 1927, when it flew joint formation flying and bombing displays with 207 Squadron.[19] In January 1928, the squadron moved from Spitalgate to RAF Bircham Newton in Norfolk, where it began to prepare to a prospective move to British India.[20]

Hawker Harts K2096 and K2098 of No. 39 Squadron at Miramshah, Pakistan, 1938.

In December 1929 it left the United Kingdom, leaving behind its DH.9As to equip No. 101 Squadron.[21] It arrived at Risalpur, North-West Frontier Province India (now part of Pakistan) at the end of January 1929, receiving its complement of twelve Westland Wapitis (which had been shipped out separately) in March that year.[22][23] It was used for Air Policing in the North West Frontier, carrying out bombing missions against rebelling tribesmen and their villages, and support for the army. In December 1931, it was re-equipped with Hawker Harts, operations continuing as before, also being used as part of the relief effort following the 1935 Quetta earthquake, flying supplies to devastated Quetta and carrying out medical evacuations.[24] Major military operations included support of the Second Mohmand Campaign of 1935 against hostile tribesmen in Mohmand Territory,[25] and operations against supporters of the Faqir of Ipi in 1938.[26]

Second World War

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Martin Marylands of No. 39 Squadron operating from a landing ground in the Western Desert, 1941.

In 1939, the squadron re-equipped with more modern Bristol Blenheim I twin-engined monoplane bombers. As the threat of war increased, it was decided to strengthen British defences in the Far East by moving No. 39 Squadron to Singapore, with the squadron setting off with nine Blenheims on 6 August. The ferry trip was a disaster, with six aircraft wrecked, and three men killed, including Wing Commander Burton Ankers, commander of the 2nd Indian Wing Station at Risalpur, whose Blenheim caught fire and crashed after being struck by lightning.[27][28] In April 1940, the squadron was ordered back to India, arriving at Lahore on 25 April, and then to strengthen defences in the Middle East, being ordered to reinforce Aden, setting out on 5 May, with the air component reaching Aden on 13 May and the groundcrew arriving by ship on 10 June 1940.[29]

On that day, Italy declared war on Great Britain and France, and No. 39 Squadron was quickly committed to action against Italian East Africa, carrying out its first combat mission of the war on 12 June when a force of Blenheims attacked Dire Dawa airfield in Ethiopia, causing little damage.[30] The squadron continued operations against Italian forces until 24 November, when it was ordered to transfer to Egypt to support the planned offensive in the Western Desert (Operation Compass), with the first aircraft leaving Aden for RAF Helwan on 29 November.[31][32]

A detachment of three Blenheims operated with No. 45 Squadron over the Western Desert from 10 December, flying harassment raids against Italian-held airfields, while the remainder of the Squadron remained at Helwan while it recovered from the operations in East Africa, and started to replace its Blenheim Is with Blenheim IVs. In January, however, the squadron was ordered to recall the three aircraft detachment and hand over the squadron's Blenheims to 11 Squadron, which was to deploy to Greece. To replace its Blenheim IVs, 39 Squadron received Martin Maryland bombers, originally built for the French Air Force, becoming the first RAF squadron to operate the Maryland.[33][34] Owing to the long-range of the Maryland, No. 39 Squadron used it mainly for reconnaissance. The squadron was heavily deployed during the Battle of Crete, claiming at least two Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft shot down in the course of its operations during the battle.[35][36]

A No. 39 Squadron Bristol Beaufort II at RAF Luqa, Malta, in June 1943.

In August–September 1941, the squadron partly converted to the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber for anti-shipping operations, although it retained a flight of Marylands until January 1942. At first the Squadron's Beauforts were armed with bombs but from January 1942 it added torpedo attack to its roles.[37][38] On 23 January 1942, in the first torpedo attack by the squadron, three Beauforts set out an airfield near Benghazi against an Italian convoy carrying supplies to Tripoli, Libya. They hit the troopship and ex-liner Victoria with two torpedoes. A third torpedo hit later that day by a Fairey Albacore of 826 Naval Air Squadron caused Victoria to sink.[39] In late 1941 the unit was split up. One flight moved to Luqa, Malta in December 1941: six months later this flight was combined with others from Nos. 86 and 217 Squadrons to eventually form a new No. 39 Squadron. In 1943 the unit re-equipped with Bristol Beaufighter aircraft in the ground attack role and moved back to Egypt then on to Italy.[12] During the Greek Civil War, it sent rocket-armed aircraft to participate in RAF operations.[40] In December 1944, it re-equipped with Martin Marauders, flying medium bombing missions in support of Tito's Partisans.[41] It re-equipped with de Havilland Mosquitos in 1946, disbanding later in the year.[4]

Cold War

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It reformed as a fighter squadron equipped with the Hawker Tempest at Nairobi on 1 April 1948, disbanding on 28 February 1949, but reforming the next day at RAF Fayid in Egypt, flying de Havilland Mosquito NF Mk 36 night fighters.[42] The squadron moved to nearby RAF Kabrit on 21 February 1951. As 1951 continued, tensions between the British forces in the Suez Canal Zone and the Egyptians, who wanted Britain to pull out of Egypt, and following anti-British riots in Cairo in January 1952, the squadron was put on standby to support plans for a British attack on Cairo if the situation further deteriorated, until the Egyptian army intervened and stopped the rioting, easing tensions a little.[43] It re-equipped with Gloster Meteor NF.13 night fighters in March 1953, but following the Egyptian revolution of 1952, the situation for the British gradually became untenable, and in October 1954, the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement was signed, in which Britain agreed that its forces would leave Egypt by June 1956. As part of this agreement, No. 39 Squadron moved to RAF Luqa in Malta on 10 January 1955.[44]

The squadron moved to RAF Akrotiri on Cyprus in August 1956 as Britain and France prepared a military response to the Egyptian Nationalisation of the Suez Canal. On 31 October, the British and French launched Operation Musketeer, a series of heavy air attacks against Egyptian targets followed by landings on 6 November. No. 39 Squadron's role was to protect the vital airfields on Cyprus from any potential Egyptian retaliation. Pressure from the UN forced a ceasefire in Egypt and a withdrawal of the Anglo-French forces by the end of December, but the squadron remained in Cyprus after the British forces dispersed,[45] flying patrols to deter aircraft that were suspected of dropping supplies to EOKA forces fighting against the British rule of Cyprus. The main body of the squadron returned to Malta in March 1957, but a detachment was maintained on Cyprus.[46] Tensions in Lebanon (which eventually culminated in the Lebanon Crisis of July–October 1958) caused the whole squadron to move to Cyprus in May 1958, but it soon returned to Malta and disbanded on 30 June 1958.[47]

No. 39 Squadron reformed the next day at RAF Luqa by renumbering No. 69 Squadron, flying reconnaissance English Electric Canberra PR.3s in the high altitude reconnaissance role and assigned to the NATO Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force.[48][49] It moved to RAF Wyton in September 1970, disbanding on 1 June 1982.[12]

No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit

[edit]
English Electric Canberra PR.9 XH135 of No. 39 (1 PRU) Squadron departing RIAT, 2006.

The squadron was reformed on 1 July 1992 when No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (1 PRU) at RAF Wyton, equipped with Canberra PR.9 and T.4 aircraft was re-numbered No. 39 (1 PRU) Squadron. The unit moved to RAF Marham in December 1993, where it also received Canberra PR.7s.[12] In December 1996, the squadron deployed to Uganda in order to search for Rwandan refugees in eastern Zaire after the Rwandan genocide.[50] Between 1996 and 2001, No. 39 (1 PRU) Squadron deployed six times to Kenya and Zimbabwe to carry out photo-mapping.[51] Between October 2001 and January 2002, the squadron deployed two Canberra PR.9s to Seeb International Airport, Oman, from where it undertook sorties over Afghanistan as part of Op VERITAS and Op ORACLE. In 2003, the unit deployed to Azraq Air Base, Jordan, in support of Operation Telic.[52] On 8 September 2003, Canberra PR.9 XH168 was written off after bursting its main landing gear tyres upon touching down at RAF Marham, with the crew suffering no injuries.[53] In November 2003, two Canberra PR.9s departed to RAF Mount Pleasant, Falkland Islands, to carry out survey work.[54]

On 2 September 2004, Canberra T.4 WJ866 crashed at RAF Marham while carrying out a touch and go at night time, killing both pilots and injuring the navigator, this was the last operational Canberra loss for the RAF.[55] No. 39 (1 PRU) Squadron carried out the last RAF flight of a Canberra T.4 (WJ874) on 1 September 2005, marking an end to 45 years of service, flying over locations associated with the type such as RAF Wyton, former RAF Bassingbourn and the former English Electric factory at Samlesbury Aerodrome.[56]

In January 2006, No. 39 (1 PRU) Squadron deployed for the last time to Afghanistan in support of Operation Herrick, with the two Canberra PR.9s arriving back to RAF Marham on 23 June 2006 – marking an end to operational service for the Canberra.[57] The squadron disbanded on 28 July 2006 at RAF Marham, with the occasion marked by a flypast and parade.[58] The last three Canberras (XH131, XH134 and XH135) undertook their last flight from Marham to Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, on 31 July 2006.[59]

RPAS

[edit]
General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper ZZ203 of No. 39 Squadron landing at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, 2010.
Four RAF badges in a row, each showing letters RAF, inside a blue laurel, with a crown above it and wings to either side
RAF Remotely Piloted Air System (RPAS) 'Wings', which differ only slightly from the current RAF pilot badge by having blue laurel leaves to identify the specialisation. (Phased out in favour of traditional Pilot Brevet as of 1 Apr 2019)

In January 2004, a new unit, No. 1115 Flight, was formed at Creech Air Force Base in Nevada to operate the RAF's first Remotely-piloted Air System (RPAS). Operating the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, the unit was embedded with the United States Air Force as part of the Joint Predator Task Force.[60] The RAF crews, integrated with 42nd Attack Squadron, began training on the General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper in late 2006.[61][60] No. 39 Squadron was reformed on 1 January 2007 at Creech AFB, parented by RAF Waddington in Lincolnshire.[62] The former No. 1115 Flight became 'A' Flight still operating the Predator, while 'B' Flight prepared to receive the Reaper.[61][63] The squadron's first Reaper (ZZ200) was delivered to Afghanistan in early October 2007, officially entering into RAF service on 31 October.[63] On 9 November 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the squadron's MQ-9 Reapers had begun operations in Afghanistan against the Taliban.[64] On 23 January 2008, No. 39 Squadron was awarded a new squadron Standard.[62]

On 9 April 2008, MQ-9A Reaper ZZ200 was destroyed after it made a forced landing in southern Afghanistan in order stop it from falling into insurgents hands.[65][66] As of March 2009, the squadron operated 12 three-man teams to pilot its Reaper aircraft. Supporting intelligence specialists, Information Communications Technicians, signallers, and meteorologists bring the total number of squadron personnel to around 90. The squadron operated two aircraft but planned to have a total of six by the end of 2009.[67] As of April 2011, five Reaper aircraft were in operation, with a further five on order[68] and as of September 2016, the squadron had ten operational Reaper aircraft, with missions being undertaken in Syria as part of Operation Shader.[69]

No. 39 Squadron was awarded the battle honour 'Afghanistan 2001–2014' (without the right to emblazon) by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on 24 March 2020 due to their participation in Operation Herrick.[70]

The squadron disbanded in July 2022, with a Reaper Ground Control System returning from Creech AFB to RAF Waddington for use by No. 13 Squadron.[71][72] No. 39 Squadron managed 90,000 hours of RPAS operations while based at Creech AFB.[73] The last Officer Commanding No. 39 Squadron Group Captain Wigglesworth went on to become the Station Commander for RAF Marham, the former home of No. 39 Squadron, in September 2022.[74][75] The squadron Standard was laid up in the Rotunda at College Hall Officers’ Mess at Royal Air Force College Cranwell in February 2023.[75]

Aircraft operated

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From [76] except where stated

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ While some sources state that No. 39 Squadron received its DH.9As in 1923,[10][12] others suggest that they arrived earlier, either in 1921[14][15] or 1922.[16]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Pine, L.G. (1983). A dictionary of mottoes (1 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 53. ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
  2. ^ "RAF Battle Honours - RAF Heraldry Trust". www.rafht.co.uk.
  3. ^ Mander, Simon (20 October 2017). "Royal honours for heroes of Libya and Iraq". RAF News (1429). High Wycombe: Royal Air Force: 5. ISSN 0035-8614.
  4. ^ a b c d Lewis 1959, p. 29.
  5. ^ Flight 20 May 1932, p. 454.
  6. ^ Cole & Cheesman 1984, pp. 174–176.
  7. ^ Delve 1985, p. 18.
  8. ^ a b Cole & Cheesman 1984, pp. 256, 265.
  9. ^ Bruce 1982, pp. 103, 105.
  10. ^ a b c Halley 1980, p. 72.
  11. ^ Cole & Cheesman 1984, p. 428.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "39 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  13. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 22–23.
  14. ^ Moyes 1964, pp. 59–60.
  15. ^ Thetford 1992, pp. 20–21.
  16. ^ Delve 1985, p. 23.
  17. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 24–25.
  18. ^ Flight 5 July 1923, pp. 362–363.
  19. ^ Thetford 1992, p. 21.
  20. ^ Delve 1985, p. 28.
  21. ^ Thetford 1992, pp. 20–22.
  22. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 29, 31.
  23. ^ Delve 1995, pp. 50–51.
  24. ^ Delve 1995, pp. 56–57.
  25. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 50–51.
  26. ^ Delve 1985, p. 53.
  27. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 54–55.
  28. ^ Franks, Norman. "Wing Commander B. Ankers DSO, DCM". Aeroplane, Vol. 41, No. 9, September 2013. pp. 64–65.
  29. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 55–56.
  30. ^ Shores 1996, p. 18.
  31. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 57–60.
  32. ^ Shores 1996, p. 80.
  33. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 114–115.
  34. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 62–62.
  35. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 62, 64.
  36. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 191, 199.
  37. ^ Delve 1985, p. 65.
  38. ^ Delve 1996, pp. 26–28.
  39. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, pp. 52–54.
  40. ^ Rickard, J. "No. 39 Squadron (RAF) during the Second World War". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  41. ^ "39 Squadron Marauder History 1944–45". 39 Squadron : B26 Marauder Association. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  42. ^ Verney, P, 'Post war use of the Mosquito in the M.E.A.F.'
  43. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 144–145.
  44. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 145–147.
  45. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 149–151.
  46. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 152–153.
  47. ^ Delve 1985, p. 153.
  48. ^ Delve 1985, p. 154.
  49. ^ Jackson 1988, p. 69.
  50. ^ "No.39 Squadron". www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org. Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  51. ^ Brookes 2014, p. 89.
  52. ^ Brookes 2014, p. 91.
  53. ^ "Accident English Electric Canberra PR.9 XH168, 08 Sep 2003". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  54. ^ Brookes 2014, p. 92.
  55. ^ "Accident English Electric Canberra T.4 WJ866, 02 Sep 2004". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  56. ^ "Canberra swan song". raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force. 11 August 2005. Archived from the original on 2 January 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  57. ^ "Curtain comes down as the Canberra makes its last operational flight (VIDEO)". Ministry of Defence. 23 June 2006. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  58. ^ "No 36 - 40 Squadron Histories". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  59. ^ "Final flight as the Canberra leaves Marham for the last time (VIDEO)". Ministry of Defence. 31 July 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  60. ^ a b "(Reaper MQ-9A)". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  61. ^ a b Hoyle, Craig (16 June 2008). "UK cheers the Reaper UAV". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  62. ^ a b "39 Squadron (Archived)". raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  63. ^ a b c "Reaper Takes to the Air". General Atomics. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  64. ^ "Skynet military launch is delayed". 9 November 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  65. ^ "Displaying Serials in range ZZ". ukserials.com. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  66. ^ Hoyle, Craig (16 June 2008). "UK cheers the Reaper UAV". Flight Global. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  67. ^ Rayment, Sean. "RAF Bomb The Taliban From 8,000 Miles Away", Sunday Telegraph, 21 March 2009.
  68. ^ "RAF – Reaper". Royal Air Force. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  69. ^ "RAF Reaper drone was involved in botched US Syria airstrike". The Register. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  70. ^ "RAF Squadrons Receive Battle Honours from Her Majesty The Queen". Royal Air Force. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  71. ^ a b "RAF Waddington". RAF Waddington (Facebook). 28 July 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  72. ^ "EEI attend 39 Squadron Disbandment". Eagle Eye Innovation. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  73. ^ "A Proper Send-off for the RAF 39 Squadron". L3Harris. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  74. ^ "A new Station Commander for RAF Marham". Royal Air Force. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  75. ^ a b "No 39 Squadron standard lodged at RAF Cranwell following disbandment". Royal Air Force. 28 February 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  76. ^ Delve 1985, pp. 169–170.

Bibliography

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  • Brookes, Andrew (2014). RAF Canberra Units of the Cold War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-411-0.
  • Bruce, J. M. (1982). The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam and Company. ISBN 0-370-30084-X.
  • Chorlton, Martyn. Defenders of the North West Frontier. Aeroplane, Vol.39, No.8, August 2011. ISSN 0143-7240. pp. 24–28.
  • Cole, Christopher; Cheesman, E. F. (1984). The Air Defence of Great Britain 1914–1918. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-30538-8.
  • Delve, Ken (1985). The Winged Bomb: History of 39 Squadron RAF. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 0-904597-56-3.
  • Delve, Ken (July–August 1995). "Guardians of the Frontier: No 39 Squadron in the North West Frontier". Air Enthusiast. No. 58. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. pp. 50–58. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Delve, Ken (September–October 1996). "Beaufort Weather: Mediterranean anti-shipping strikes by 39 Squadron". Air Enthusiast. No. 65. Stamford UK: Key Publishing. pp. 26–39. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Flintham, V. (1990) Air Wars and Aircraft: A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present. Facts on File. ISBN 0816023565
  • "The Fourth R.A.F. Aerial Pageant". Flight. Vol. XV, no. 758. 5 July 1923. pp. 359–367. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  • Halley, James J. (1980). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-083-9.
  • Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
  • Hatcher, Peter J. Partisan Wings: The Biferno Journal. The Story of No. 39 Squadron RAF, and its use of the Martin Marauder as part of the Balkan Air Force in support of the Partisan Army in Yugoslavia. Miami, Florida: Trente Nova Publishing, 1994.
  • Jackson, Robert (1988). Canberra: The Operational Record. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-049-8.
  • Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
  • Lewis, Peter (1959). Squadron Histories: R.F.C, R.N.A.S. and R.A.F. 1912–59. London: Putnam.
  • "Memorial to No, 39 (H.D. Squadron)". Flight. Vol. XXIV, no. 1221. 20 May 1932. p. 454. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  • Moyes, Philip J. R. (1964). Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-354-01027-1.
  • Nesbit, Roy C. (July 2002). "Shipbusters off Spain". Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 30, no. 7. pp. 22–27. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Rawlings, John D. R. (1982). Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
  • Rawlings, John D. R. (1969). Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
  • Shores, Christopher (1996). Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42. London: Grub Street. ISBN 1-898697-37-X.
  • Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1991). Malta: The Spitfire Year 1942. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-16-X.
  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Richard (2012). A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: Volume One North Africa, June 1940–January 1942. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-908117-07-6.
  • Thetford, Owen. (August 1992). "By Day and By Night — Part 3". Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 20, no. 8. pp. 16–22. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Airforces monthly – April 2007
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