Newly industrialized country

Newly industrialized countries as of 2009. Argentina and Russia are considered newly industrialized countries by some authors.

The category of newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists.

NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached First World status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Another characterization of NICs is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth (usually export-oriented). Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NIC. In many NICs, social upheaval can occur as primarily rural, or agricultural, populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers.

NICs usually share some other common features, including:

• Increased social freedoms and civil rights.
• Strong political leaders.
• A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector.
• An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world.
• Large national corporations operating in several continents.
• Strong capital investment from foreign countries.
• Political leadership in their area of influence.
• Lowered poverty rates.

NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other internal support bodies. However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.

Historical context

The term began to be used circa 1970 when the Four Asian Tigers of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan rose to global prominence as NICs in the 1970s and 80s, with exceptionally fast industrial growth since the 1960s; all four regions have since graduated into advanced economies and high-income economies. There is a clear distinction between these countries and the nations now considered to be NICs. In particular, the combination of an open political process, high GNI per capita and a thriving, export-oriented economic policy has shown that these countries have now not only reached but surpassed the ranks of many developed countries.

All four economies are classified as High-income economies by the World Bank and Advanced economies by the IMF and CIA. All of them, like Western European countries, possess Human Development Index considered as "very high" by the UN. South Korea has an outstanding performance in such group. It is the only among the Asian Tigers that is a OECD member. According to The Economist's Democracy Index, a non peer reviewed scale that measures the degree of democracy — as defined by the presence and fairness of elections in determining the country's regime, government transparency, civil liberties, and popular political participation — in different world countries, South Korea is, along with Japan, the only "full democracy" in Asia.

Current NICs

The following table presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different authors and experts. Turkey, and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the CIA. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD since 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The G8+5 group is composed by G8 members plus China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil.

Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite.

Continent	Country	GDP (PPP) (Billions of USD, 2009 IMF)	GDP per capita (PPP) (USD, 2009 IMF)	Income equality (GINI) 2006	Human Development Index (HDI, 2010)	GDP (real) growth rate as of 2009	GDP (real) growth rate per capita as of 2008
Africa	South Africa	492,684	10,229	57.8	0.597 (medium)	-1.8	1.29
North America	Mexico	1,465,726	13,609	46.3	0.750 (high)	-6.5	0.75
South America	Brazil	2,013.186	10,499	54	0.699 (high)	-0.2	4.06
Asia	China	9,046,990	6,778	44.7	0.663 (medium)	9.1	8.44
	India	3,526,124	3,015	32.5	0.519 (medium)	5.7	4.66
	Malaysia	384,119	13,800	49.2	0.744 (high)	-1.7	2.86
	Philippines	320,384	3,516	44.5	1.97 (medium)	1.1	1.97
	Thailand	546,095	8,051	42	0.654 (medium)	-2.2	1.84
Europe	Turkey	880,061	12,466	38	0.679 (high)	-4.7	-0.34

According to Goldman Sachs review of emerging economies, by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows: China, USA, India, Brazil, and Mexico.

For China and India, the immense population of these two nations (each with over 1.1 billion people as of January 2009) means that per capita income will remain low even if either economy surpasses that of the United States in overall GDP. When GDP per capita is calculated according to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), this takes into account the lower costs of living in each newly industrialized country.

Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa meet annually with the G8 countries to discuss financial topics and climate change, due to their economic importance in today's global market and environmental impact, in a group known as G8+5. This group is expected to be expanded to G14 by adding Egypt alongside the five forementioned countries.

Other NICs

Each author set a list of countries accordingly to the methods or type of economic analysis. This sometimes results in a country being mentioned as NIC in a particular work, but that is rarely considered as such by the other authors. This is the case of nations such as Argentina, Chile, Egypt, Indonesia and Russia.

Brief economic analysis

NICs usually benefit from comparatively low labor costs, which translates into lower input prices for suppliers. As a result, it is often easier for producers in NICs to outperform and outproduce factories in developed countries, where the cost of living is higher, and labor unions and other organizations have more political sway.

This comparative advantage is often criticized by advocates of the fair trade movement.

Issues

Economic freedom is not always associated with political freedom in nations such as the People's Republic of China, where Internet censorship and human rights violations are common. The case is diametrically opposite for India. While being a liberal democracy throughout its post-colonial history, India has been widely criticized for its inefficient government and widespread corruption. Thus, while in China where political freedoms remain tight, the average Chinese citizen enjoys a higher standard of living than his counterpart in India.

South Africa faces an influx of immigrants from countries such as Zimbabwe.

See also

• Emerging markets
• Science in newly industrialized countries
• Flying Geese Paradigm

Groupings:

• G8+5
• G20 industrial nations
• G20 developing nations
• BRIMC
• BRIC
• Next Eleven

References

15. The Planning Commission, Government of India