New Year's Day gift (royal courts)
At the Tudor and Stuart royal courts in Britain it was traditional to give gifts on New Year's Day, on 1 January. Records of these gift exchanges survive, and provide information about courtiers and their relative status.[1]
Gifts and status
[edit]In 1504, James IV gave Margaret Dennet, an English servant of his queen consort Margaret Tudor, a gold chain with a figure of Saint Andrew worth £20 Scots.[2] James IV gave Margaret Tudor two sapphire rings.[3] In 1507, James IV gave Elizabeth Berlay, another English attendant of Margaret, gold rosary beads with a cross costing £62 Scots.[4]
In 1520, the Duke of Buckingham commissioned a gold pomander with the heraldic badges of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon for her New Year's Day gift, to be filled with scented compound and worn on her girdle.[5] The lady-in-waiting Isabel Leigh gave Henry VIII a shirt she had embroidered and received a silver cup in return.[6]
The silver and gilt plate which Henry gave to his courtiers in return for their gifts was made or supplied by goldsmiths including Cornelis Hayes and Robert Amadas.[7] Claiming these items of gift plate could involve administrative fees and a visit to the Jewel House.[8]
When Margaret Douglas was in favour in 1539 at the court of Henry VIII, she was given a gilt cup made by the goldsmith Morgan Wolf as a New Year's Day gift.[9] In 1543, Margaret Douglas gave Princess Mary a satin gown of carnation silk in Venice fashion.[10]
Mary Finch gave Mary I of England a red satin purse containing twelve gold half sovereign coins as a New Years Day gift for 1557.[11] Mary Radcliffe, a maid of honour, was said to have been presented to Elizabeth I in January 1561 by her father as if she were a New Year's Day gift.[12] The plate distributed by Elizabeth was made by Robert Brandon, Affabel Partridge,[13] Hugh Kayle, Richard Martin and others.[14]
The Edinburgh goldsmith and financier Thomas Foulis supplied jewels to James VI to serve as New Year's Day gifts in 1596. These included a gold salamander studded with diamonds given to the Master of Work, William Schaw. Anne of Denmark had a diamond set gold locket or tablet with a diamond and ruby necklace. Sir Thomas Erskine had a locket set with rubies and diamonds, the Duke of Lennox had a hat badge in the shape of a diamond set gold crown, and a courtier known as the "Little Dutchman" (possibly William Belo) received a diamond ring.[15] Foulis had previously supplied James with jewels for gifts while working with his former master, the goldsmith Michael Gilbert.[16]
Arbella Stuart's letters give an insight into anxiety around the gifts. She recommended that Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury take advice from Margaret Hartsyde, one of the Scottish chamberers serving Anne of Denmark. She thought Hartsyde could discreetly inquire what the queen wanted, to know her "mind without knowing who asked it", without spoiling any surprise.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Maria Hayward, "Gift Giving at the Court of Henry VIII", The Antiquaries Journal, 85 (2005), pp. 125–175. doi:10.1017/S0003581500074382: Jane Lawson, "Ritual of the New Year's Gift", Valerie Schutte & Jessica S. Hower, Mary I in Writing: Letters, Literature, and Representation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), pp. 165–188.
- ^ Michelle Beer, Queenship at the Renaissance Courts of Britain: Catherine of Aragon and Margaret Tudor (Woodbridge, 2018), p. 107: James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 412, 472.
- ^ Nicola Tallis, All The Queen's Jewels, 1445–1548: Power, Majesty and Display (Routledge, 2023), p. 199.
- ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), pp. 92, 116, 360.
- ^ Diana Scarisbrick, Jewellery in Britain (Norwich, 1994), pp. 145–146.
- ^ Maria Hayward, "Gift Giving at the Court of Henry VIII", Antiquaries Journal, 85 (2005), pp. 147, 165, 171 fn. 88.
- ^ Maria Hayward, "Gift Giving at the Court of Henry VIII", Antiquaries Journal, 85 (2005), p. 133.
- ^ Felicity Heal, The Power of Gifts: Gift Exchange in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2014), p. 143.
- ^ Maria Hayward, "Gift Giving at the Court of Henry VIII", Antiquaries Journal, 85 (2005), p. 144.
- ^ Maria Hayward, "Dressed to Impress", Alice Hunt & Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 91.
- ^ John Nichols, Illustrations of the Manners and Expences of Antient Times in England (London, 1797), p. 8
- ^ Patricia Fumerton, Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and the Practice of Social Ornament (Chicago, 1991), p. 43.
- ^ Elizabeth Goldring, Nicholas Hilliard (Yale, 2019), p. 67.
- ^ H. D. W. Sitwell, 'The Jewel House and the Royal Goldsmiths', Archaeological Journal, 117 (1960), p. 150: HMC 6th Report: Wykeham Martin (London, 1877), p. 468.
- ^ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, "King James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588–1596", Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, 16 (Woodbridge: Scottish History Society, 2020), pp. 84–85.
- ^ Maria Hayward, Stuart Style (Yale, 2020), p. 216.
- ^ Sara Jayne Steen, The Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart (Oxford, 1994), 191, 194–195.