Moors and Christians of Villena
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The Moors and Christians festival in Villena (Spain) (Spanish: Moros y Cristianos), is celebrated from September 4 to 9 in honor of Nuestra Señora de las Virtudes, patron saint of the city and is recognized as a Festival of National Tourist Interest.[1] It is a massive representation of several thousand people, with about 15,000 participants in the main parades, who dress as Moors, students, warriors, farmers, etc. over five days, being the most participatory Moors and Christians festivities in Spain.[2][3][4] The festival itself is celebrated from September 5 to 9 and is structured through the participation of fourteen Comparsas or companies, seven of them belonging to the Moorish side and many others to the Christian side, each one made up of several hundred participants.
Parades such as La Entrada (The Entrance Parade) on September 5 or La Cabalgata Nocturna (the Great Night Parade) on September 6, can last for 7 or 8 hours, actively parading almost a third of the local population and bringing together up to 120 marching/music bands from various regions of the southeast of Spain.[2]
History
[edit]Its origin dates back to 1474, when the Virgen de las Virtudes (Our Lady of the Virtues), was proclaimed Patroness of the town and protector against the Plague.[5]
The current Moors and Christians Festival is the result of the merger of three different festivals
- The Patronal Feast or religious element that is represented by the processions, pilgrimages and masses mainly.
- The Military Festival or Alarde. It is the military element, whose origin is in the old Militia of the Kingdom, later called soldiery, which participated in the patronal festival. The most representative and spectacular act of the military element of the festivities is La Entrada (The Entrance Parade), which consists of a parade in which all the festeros participate, grouped in comparsas with magnificent costumes and to the rhythm of Moorish marches, Christian marches or pasodobles composed expressly for the festivities.
- The historical element, which consists of the fight, harquebusry, embassies, loss and recovery of a castle that symbolizes the population, recalling historical events that occurred during the History of Spain. It is represented by embassies, guerrillas, shooting, landing, conversion of the Moor to Christianity or other similar acts.
"Las Embajadas" (the Embassies) plays consists of a series of old plays which current version was written between 1810 and 1815. In them an ambassador presents a parliament to the defenders of the castle of the city, the Atalaya Castle. As time progresses, the words become harsher, ending up revealing the intentions of taking the fortress. After a loud battle with arquebuses, the invading army takes the castle. The roles are reversed two days later.[6][2][5]
The Comparsas or companies
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In Villena there are 14 comparsas or associations: seven of them are from the Moorish side and seven are from the Christian side:
Moorish side: Moros Viejos (Ancient Moors), Moros Nuevos (New Moors), Bando Marroquí (Moroccan Band), Moros Realistas (Royalist Moors), Moros Nazaríes (Nazarite Moors), Moros Bereberes (Berber Moors) and Piratas (Pirates).
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| Moros Viejos (Ancient Moors) |
Moros Nuevos (New Moors) |
Bando Marroquí (Moroccan Band) |
Moros Realistas (Royalist Moors) |
Moros Nazaríes (Nazarite Moors) |
Moros Bereberes (Berber Moors) |
Piratas (Pirates) |
Christian side: Estudiantes (Students), Marinos Corsarios (Corsair Sailors), Andaluces (Andalusians), Labradores (Farmers), Ballesteros (Crossbowmen), Almogávares (Almogavars) and Cristianos (Christians).
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| Estudiantes (Students) |
Marinos Corsarios (Corsair Sailors) |
Andaluces (Andalusians) |
Labradores (Farmers) |
Ballesteros (Crossbow- men) |
Almogávares (Almogavars) |
Cristianos (Christians) |
Special Squads and costume craft industry
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La Entrada parade, 2009
The interest in the historicity of the costumes has occurred through the proliferation of so-called special squads (Escuadras Especiales), a phenomenon that has spread in the second half of the twentieth century. In each comparsa, the number of special squads has been limited to one per every hundred participants in order to preserve traditional costumes in the parades, and their new costumes are worn for the first time every year on the day of La Entrada parade.
These costumes, featuring imaginative designs, are created and produced in Villena, promoted by the same groups that will later wear them for the first time. After the festival they rent those special costumes to squads from other towns to help recoup some of their costs. As a result, a notable industry dedicated to costume production has developed in Villena since the 1970s, leading to the creation of numerous jobs and the organization of specialized fairs, particularly for footwear, leather goods, precious stones, textiles, metals, makeup and other forms of crafts related to the festival.[2][7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ BOE. «Concesión del título de Fiesta de Interés Turístico internacional a los Moros y Cristianos de Villena». Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2015.
- ^ a b c d Domene Verdú, J. F. «Las Fiestas de Moros y Cristianos», 2015, Publicaciones Universidad de Alicante
- ^ Clarín (September 13, 2018) «Así se celebra la Fiesta de Moros y Cristianos en Villena». [This is how the Moors and Christians festival is celebrated in Villena] (in Spanish) Retrieved November 12, 2023
- ^ Die Welt (September 26, 2022) «Einmal im Jahr ist Villena im Rausch des Feierns». [Once a year Villena gets to festival] (in German) Retrieved November 12, 2023
- ^ a b Información (September 11, 2022) «Moros y Cristianos de Villena: Vuelven las fiestas más participativas». [Moors and Christians of Villena: The most participatory festivities are back] (in Spanish) Retrieved November 12, 2023
- ^ Domene Verdú, J. F. (2021). Orígenes e historia de las Fiestas de Moros y Cristianos en el Mediterráneo. En Cáceres Valderrama, M. (Ed.), «La Fiesta de Moros y Cristianos en el mundo» (In Spanish) (pp. 163-206).INSTITUTO RIVA-AGÜERO, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. ISBN 978-612-4496-05-9
- ^ Ponce Herrero, Gabino, Martinez P, Antonio (2003) The footwear industry in Alto Vinalopó (1850-1977), Murcia, Regional Industrial Association of Calzado del Alto Vinalopó, MI City Hall of Villena, University of Alicante and Savings Bank of the Mediterranean, pp: 398.