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Melik Shahnazar II

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Melik Shahnazar II
Melik of Varanda
Reign1743/1747–1792
PredecessorMelik Hovsep or Melik Mirzabek
SuccessorMelik Jumshud
Native nameՄելիք-Շահնազար Բ
Born1725/26 or 1731
Died1792
Varanda, Karabakh
Noble familyHouse of Melik-Shahnazarian
IssueMelik Jumshud
FatherMelik Hussein

Melik Shahnazar II[a] (Armenian: Մելիք-Շահնազար Բ; 1725/26 or 1731 – 1792) was the melik of Varanda, one of the five Melikdoms of Karabakh, in the 18th century. He is a controversial figure in Armenian history, whose actions contributed significantly to the demise of the Armenian Melikdoms of Artsakh.

Early years

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According to Pavel Chobanyan, Shahnazar was twelve years old in 1743, which would make his birth year 1731.[3] Artak Maghalyan assumes that Shahnazar was born in 1725 or 1726, a year or two after the kidnapping of his mother by his father.[4] His father was Melik Hussein of Varanda, and his mother was Zohra Khanum, the daughter of the Khan of Nakhichevan, whom Melik Hussein had captured and married.[4] He had a half-brother, Hovsep, a half-sister, Gayane, and a full-brother, Ghahraman Bek.[5]

Accession to power and reign

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According to most accounts,[6][1][2][7][8][b] Shahnazar killed his half-brother Melik Hovsep Shahnazarian during the disorder following Nader Shah's death in 1747 and seized control of Varanda as Melik Shahnazar II.[4] Later, he also killed Hovsep's son Sayi Bek, who had taken refuge with his uncle Melik Allahverdi of Khachen.[12][13] He sided with the chieftain of nomadic Sarijali branch of the Turkic Javanshir clan, Panah Ali, accepting his suzerainty and ceding the fortress of Shushi to him, after which Panah Ali made it the capital of the newfound Karabakh Khanate. He forced the meliks of Jraberd and Gulistan to flee and severely weakened the melik of Dizak. A truce was reached in 1760 when the meliks were allowed to remain in possession of their lands in return for recognition of Panah as Khan of Karabakh.[14][better source needed] Shahnazar further consolidated his alliance with the Khans of Karabakh by marrying his daughter Hurizad Khanum off to Panah Ali's son Ibrahim Khalil Khan.[15] He died in 1792.[16]

There is an alternative version of Melik Shahnazar's accession according to which he became ruler by legal means. In 1736, Shahnazar's father Melik Hussein died, and since Shahnazar was a minor, Hussein's brother Mirzabek became Melik of Varanda. In 1743, Nader Shah of Iran revoked Mirzabek's melikal rights and, through Melik Yegan's mediation, elevated the twelve-year-old Shahnazar to the throne. Nadir Shah's firman confirming Shahnazar as melik has survived and is kept at the Matenadaran in Armenia. In historian Pavel Chobanyan's view, the story of Shahnazar's murder of his brother and usurpation of the throne was invented by Muslim historians such as Mirza Jamal Javanshir and Mirza Adigozal Bey, who were seeking to affirm the hereditary rights of the khans of Karabakh and their descendants and discredit those of the Melik-Shahnazarians before the Russian authorities; later, this story was adopted and repeated by Armenian authors.[17] Additionally, there are documents which indicate that Shahnazar's brother Hovsep was still alive when the former was already reigning and that Hovsep died after Shahnazar, thus refuting the information the Shahnazar killed his own brother.[18]

Legacy and memory

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In his work Khamsayi melikut’yunner (The Five Melikdoms of Karabagh, 1888), Armenian author Raffi calls Shahnazar a "traitor and villain" for killing his relatives, usurping the melikdom of Varanda and allying himself with Panah Ali against the rest of the meliks of Karabakh. Raffi writes that Shahnazar "adopted in his private life the polygamous customs of the Persians", whereby he "greatly shocked and revolted the religious feelings of the people, and incurred the hatred of all the other Meliks".[19] The Indo-Armenian traveler Joseph Emin, who visited Karabakh in the 18th century, reports that the wife of Mirza Khan (an ally of Shahnazar) described Shahnazar as "a true friend of Panah [Ali Khan], a learned man in the Persian language, and the establisher of the Mahomedans in our mountains [of Karabakh]: he was a son of Belzabub, nor worthy of the name of a Christian."[20]

According to Bishop Makar Barkhudaryants, although Shahnazar regretted his actions in the last years of his life, the Armenians of Karabakh did not forgive him, slamming him in their folk stories with satire via Pele Pughi's character, which depicted the latter as the melik's disobedient jester who constantly provokes the ruler to do silly things, so that he would remain on the right path out of fear of finding himself in laughable situations.[21]

Shahnazar restored Amaras Monastery in the late 1780s; according to some authors, he hoped to achieve forgiveness for his sins by this.[22][23] His descendants, who continued to live in Shushi, took good care of Amaras Monastery, restoring it for the last time in 1858.[24]

Descendants

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Shahnazar's son Melik Jumshud, together with Melik Abov of House Melik-Beglarian, helped Ibrahim Khan against Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar when he besieged Shushi in spring 1795. When Russian forces led by General Pavel Tsitsianov captured Ganja Fortress, Melik Jumshud persuaded Ibrahim Khan to accept Russian dominance without a fight in 1805. Melik Jumshud subsequently killed Ibrahim Khan with the help of lieutenant-colonel Dmitri Lisanevich when Ibrahim switched sides and invited the Persians to capture Shushi in 1806. Jumshud and Lisanevich caught and killed Ibrahim Khan while he was on his way to join Persian prince Abbas Mirza's camp at Shosh village.[7]

Karen Shakhnazarov, a Soviet and Russian filmmaker, producer and screenwriter, is one of several living descendants of the Melik-Shahnazarian princely family.[25] His father Georgy Shakhnazarov was a Soviet politician and political scientist who was a close aid of Mikhail Gorbachev.[26]

Notes

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  1. ^ Called Melik Shahnazar III in some sources.[1][2]
  2. ^ The 19th-century Muslim historians Mirza Adigozal Bey and Ahmad Bey Javanshir write that Shahnazar killed his uncle to usurp the throne, not his brother.[9] The same is reported by Mirza Yusuf Nersesov.[10] Mirza Jamal Javanshir and Abbas Qoli Bakikhanov mention Shahnazar's conflict with the other meliks and alliance with Panah Ali Khan but not his usurpation of the throne and murder of his relative.[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b Hewsen 1972, p. 325.
  2. ^ a b Beknazaryants 2018, p. 161.
  3. ^ Chobanyan 2014, p. 166.
  4. ^ a b c Maghalyan 2024, p. 2.
  5. ^ Maghalyan 2007, inlay, family tree of the Melik-Shahnazarians.
  6. ^ Bournoutian 2004, pp. 161.
  7. ^ a b Lalayan 1897, p. 6.
  8. ^ Hasan-Jalaliants 2013, pp. 75–76.
  9. ^ Bournoutian 2004, pp. 56, 161.
  10. ^ Nersesov 2000, p. 218.
  11. ^ Bournoutian 2004, pp. 54–57.
  12. ^ Maghalyan 2007, pp. 173–174.
  13. ^ Emin 1918, pp. 343.
  14. ^ Emin, Aspet. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia" – via www.academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Maghalyan 2024, p. 3.
  16. ^ Maghalyan 2007, p. 183.
  17. ^ Chobanyan 2014, pp. 165–167, 173.
  18. ^ Chobanyan 2014, pp. 166, 179.
  19. ^ Emin 1918, pp. 339, 343–344.
  20. ^ Emin 1918, p. 314.
  21. ^ Hayrapetyan 2012.
  22. ^ Maghalyan 2007, p. 79.
  23. ^ Raffi 1964, p. 247.
  24. ^ "Principality of Varanda - Amaras Monastery, Nagorno Karabakh Republic". www.amaras.org.
  25. ^ Akimova 2006.
  26. ^ Montgomery 2001.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Raffi (2010). The Five Melikdoms of Karabagh (1600–1827). Translated by Melkonian, Ara Stepan. London: Taderon Press. ISBN 978-1-903656-57-0.
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