Melanoleuca melaleuca
| Melanoleuca melaleuca | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | M. melaleuca
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| Binomial name | |
| Melanoleuca melaleuca | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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1801 Agaricus melaleucus Pers. | |
Melanoleuca melaleuca | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex or umbonate |
 | Hymenium is emarginate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Melanoleuca melaleuca is a species of mushroom in the family Tricholomataceae, and it is the type species of its genus Melanoleuca. It is difficult to distinguish from other related species firstly because it is variable, secondly because the taxonomic criteria are often based on characteristics which have later been found to be variable, and thirdly because there is much disagreement between authorities as to exactly how the species should be defined.
Description
[edit]- Cap: 2–8 cm, low convex, often with a low umbo, smooth, dark brown fading to greyish brown[2]
- Gills: Whitish, crowded, emarginately attached to stipe
- Stipe: 2–8 cm long and up to 1 cm thick, similarly coloured to the cap but lighter, with brown fibrils[2]
- Spores: 6.5–8.5 x 5–6 μm, elliptical with amyloid warts (staining blue in Melzer's reagent); spore print white[2]
- Odor and taste: Mild[2]
- Microscopic features: May have fusiform cheilocystidia or they may be missing (see below in taxonomy section).
- Habitat: Grassy places in woods, roadsides, heathland etc.
This description is taken from several references, which generally agree except on microscopic features.[3][4][5][6][7]
Due partly to the confused taxonomic definitions, this mushroom is very difficult to identify with certainty. Various authorities imply that around M. melaleuca there is a complex of closely related species without clear dividing lines, and that the current analysis (which varies from one author to another) requires more clarification.[4][5][6] Much of the taxonomic work on Melanoleuca has been done in Europe and the status of North American specimens is less certain.[7] However a 2012 paper by Vizzini et al. proposes updated definitions based on DNA analysis and suggests that some progress on these issues is being made.[8]
It is a widely distributed species, known from Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and Oceania.[9]
Like all Melanoleuca it is saprophytic, feeding on organic litter and not being associated with particular types of tree.[5]
A similar-looking species is M. angelesiana, but this does not have cystidia on its gills as does M. melaleuca.[2]
Taxonomy and related species
[edit]Both the species name melaleuca and the genus name Melanoleuca come from the same Ancient Greek words for black (μέλας / melas) and white (λευκόν / leukon).[10][11] The species name was originated by the Swedish mycologist Persoon in his 1801 publication Synopsis Methodica Fungorum,[12] as Agaricus melaleucus. This formed the basis for the genus name Melanoleuca which was invented by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1897 as a variant of Melaleuca.[13]
The underside of the cap is whitish, and the top of the cap and the stem are often quite a dark brown, but "black and white" is not a very accurate description in practice.
The species names of common animals are often identical to their genus names (as with Rattus rattus or Bufo bufo), but this form of designation (known as a tautonym) is forbidden for plants and fungi by the International Code of Nomenclature.[14] Melanoleuca melaleuca narrowly circumvents this rule.
Patouillard had originally named the genus Melaleuca in 1887 and called the type species Melaleuca vulgaris, presumably to avoid a tautonym.[15] In 1897 Patouillard changed the name of the genus to Melanoleuca.[13] According to modern nomenclatural rules, the older genus name should normally take precedence, but an exception has been made by the International Botanical Congress and Melanoleuca has been declared a nomen conservandum, that is, a name which is to be considered valid irrespective of the rules of precedence.[16]
The American mycologist William Murrill devised the name Melanoleuca melaleuca in a 1911 article in the journal Mycologia.[17] If that is a valid name, again following modern rules, it should take precedence over Melanoleuca vulgaris as it refers to the original species name melaleucus. But in any case, Species Fungorum gives M. vulgaris as a synonym of M. polioleuca, rather than of M. melaleuca,[18] and Bon implies that M. vulgaris is equivalent to only part of M. melaleuca.[3]
In certain treatments of the genus, including Funga Nordica[5] and Flora Agaricina Neerlandica,[4] M. melaleuca is defined as having no cheilocystidia, but molecular analysis by Vizzini et al. makes it clear that these cystidia may sometimes appear and sometimes be missing in the same species of Melanoleuca, implying that this feature should not be used to characterize the mushroom.[8] Other treatments specify M. melaleuca as having fusiform cheilocystidia, but recognize a separate closely related species, Melanoleuca graminicola as having no cheilocystidia.[6][7][19] According to Index Fungorum the latter is a valid current name,[20] but the former two references consider M. graminicola to be a synonym of M. melaleuca.
According to its definition (which is admitted to be in need of revision), Funga Nordica also lists Melanoleuca brachyspora, Melanoleuca brevispora, Melanoleuca robertiana and Melanoleuca stridula as synonyms of M. melaleuca.[5]
The older treatments use various characteristics to delimit the species, for instance Moser distinguishes M. melaleuca as not having a pruinose cap, with a long stem in relation to the cap diameter, having a dark brownish cap colour, with stem not coarsely striate, and having white stem flesh.
Another species which has been confused with M. melaleuca is Melanoleuca polioleuca. In Species Fungorum (the part of Index Fungorum which evaluates current names), apart from the valid entry of M. melaleuca, there is an invalid one designated "Melanoleuca melaleuca sensu NCL"[21] which is said to be equivalent to the current M. polioleuca.[22] According to Courtecuisse, M. polioleuca is distinguished by having a dense white "pruina" (a powdery covering) on the stem and by the flesh inside the stem being dark cinnamon rather than pale.[23]
Edibility
[edit]This species is reported to be edible in both Europe and North America,[6][19][2] although information for the latter continent was unknown as late as 2006.[24] The confusion described in the previous section does not imply any particular culinary danger because (as far as is known) the closely related species are also edible.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ "Melanoleuca melaleuca (Pers.) Murrill 1911". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
- ^ a b c d e f Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b c Bon states that all species of Melanoleuca seem to be edible in "Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 164. ISBN 0-340-39935-X."
- ^ a b c See "C. Bas, Th.W. Kuyper, M.E. Noordeloos et E.C. Vellinga (1999). Volume 4 of Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands. Florida: CRC Press. p. 153.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)" An on-line preview is available through Google Books at [1]. - ^ a b c d e For M. melaleuca and all the species mentioned, see "Funga Nordica. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 2008. pp. 347–348." The key to Melanoleuca from this work is available on-line in French as part of a "Champignons de Québec" Flickr forum at [2].
- ^ a b c d Robert Kühner & Henri Romagnesi (1974). Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, bolets, chanterelles) (in French). Paris: Masson. pp. 146–147. ISBN 2-225-53713-5. This gives M. humilis, M. brevipes, M. melaleuca and M. graminicola as a few classical examples of species in the group of M. melaleuca, whose innumerable forms can't be specified at present.
- ^ a b c See the Mushroom Expert entries on the genus, including M. melaleuca and M. graminicola.
- ^ a b Vizzini, Alfredo; Para, Roberto; Fontenla, Roberto; Ghignone, Stefano; Ercole, Enrico (2012). "A preliminary ITS phylogeny of Melanoleuca (Agaricales), with special reference to European taxa" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 118 (1): 361–381. doi:10.5248/118.361. hdl:2318/91488.
- ^ Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. p. 328. ISBN 962-201-556-5.
- ^ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "λευκόν". A Greek-English Lexicon; Machine readable text. Tufts University, Oxford). Retrieved 2017-06-12.
- ^ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "μέλας". A Greek-English Lexicon; Machine readable text. Tufts University, Oxford). Retrieved 2017-06-12.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Gottingen: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 355.
- ^ a b The justification for the name Melanoleuca is the entry in Patouillard's book in which he simply refers to two species with that spelling instead of Melaleuca - perhaps the alteration was a mistake. Patouillard N. (1897). Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. Catalogue raisonné des plantes cellulaires de la Tunisie (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. p. 22.
- ^ See article 23.4 of McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6.
- ^ Patouillard N. (1887). Les Hyménomycètes d'Europe. Anatomie et Classification des Champignons Supérieurs (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Paul Klincksieck. p. 96.
- ^ See article 14 and appendix IIIB of "J. McNeill; et al. (2006). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (VIENNA CODE). Vienna: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 3-906166-48-1. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06."
- ^ Murrill WA. (1911). "Illustrations of fungi – IX". Mycologia. 3 (4): 165–69. doi:10.2307/3753083. JSTOR 3753083.
- ^ This Index Fungorum link shows M. polioleuca as the current name of M. vulgaris.
- ^ a b See Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. London: Roger Phillips. pp. 147–149. ISBN 0-9508486-0-3.
- ^ M. graminicola is in Species Fungorum here as a separate species. Also two different invalid meanings of M. graminicola are listed!
- ^ "sensu NCL" means "in the sense of R. W. G. Dennis, P. D. Orton & F. Bayard Hora (1960). New check list of British agarics and boleti. London & New York: Cambridge University Press." This is also largely available on the internet as transactions of the British Mycological Society (for instance http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0043/index.htm#2).
- ^ This Index Fungorum link is for the invalid "sensu NCL" interpretation.
- ^ Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1994). Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 204. ISBN 2-603-00953-2. Also available in English.
- ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.