Malay dialects and varieties
Malay language as the majority
Malay language as the minority
Malay has a long history as a lingua franca (Indonesian and Malay: basantara) in the Malay Archipelago which currently includes Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, East Timor, and the southern part of Thailand. This geographical variation, which then spread widely even to South Africa, finally led to the formation of a Malay language cluster which spread and had differences due to geographical conditions. The following is a list of Malay dialects and varieties summarized in one article.[1]
Australia
[edit]- Cocos Malay, spoken by the Cocos Malays ethnic group in the Cocos Islands and Christmas Islands, also spoken by the diaspora in Sabah, Malaysia.[2]
Europe
[edit]- Dutch Ambonese Malay, spoken by Ambonese people who migrated to the Netherlands in the 1950s; it is a dialect of Ambonese Malay spoken in Indonesia.[3]
Oceania
[edit]- Papuan Malay (Vanimo), spoken as a trade language in Vanimo; is a form of language that is the same as Papuan Malay spoken in Indonesia, especially in Jayapura City and Regency.[4]
South Africa
[edit]- Cape Malay, once spoken in Cape of Good Hope by the Cape Malays community in the 17th century; now probably extinct.[5]
South Asia
[edit]- Sri Lankan Malay, spoken by the Sri Lankan Malays in southern Sri Lanka.[6]
Southeast Asia
[edit]Brunei Darussalam
[edit]- Brunei Malay, spoken in Brunei Darussalam and the northern coast of East Malaysia.[7]
Cambodia and Vietnam
[edit]- Mekong Delta Malay, a variety of the Malay language that has existed since the 14th century, thanks to trade between the Khmer Empire and Malay traders, especially from the Sultanate of Malacca. Used by a mixed Muslim community of Cham, Khmer, and Malay called "Chvea", mainly in Southern Cambodia, also around the Mekong River basin in Vietnam. This language developed as a lingua franca for Muslims there.[8][9]
East Timor
[edit]- Dili Malay, a Malay-based creole variety spoken in Dili City, especially in Kampung Alor.[10]
Indonesia
[edit]- Indonesian language, the standard form and official language of Indonesia; originally formed from Classical Malay (Johor–Riau dialect).[11]
- Tamiang Malay, spoken in Aceh Tamiang Regency.[12]
- Balinese Malay, spoken by the Loloan Malays ethnic group in Jembrana Regency (West Loloan and East Loloan villages).[13]
- Bangka Malay, spoken in Bangka Island.[14]
- Belitung Malay, spoken in Belitung Island.[15]
- Bengkulu Malay, spoken in Bengkulu City and Central Bengkulu Regency.[16]
- Kotawaringin Malay, spoken in West Kotawaringin Regency and the surrounding areas.[17]
- Palu Malay, spoken in the area around Palu Bay, covering the Palu City, the northern part of Sigi Regency, and Donggala Regency.[18]
- Berau Malay, spoken on the coast of Berau Regency.[19]
- Alor Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in Alor Regency; classified as a dialect of Kupang Malay in Glottolog 4.8.[20]
- Kupang Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in Kupang City and the surrounding areas.[21]
- Larantuka Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in East Flores Regency; especially in Larantuka.[22]
- Maumere Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in Maumere City.[23]
- Gorontalo Malay, spoken in Gorontalo Province, a derived variety of Manado Malay.[24]
- Betawi language, one of the varieties of Malay-based creole spoken in Jakarta and the surrounding areas (Greater Jakarta).[25]
- Thousand Islands Malay, spoken in the Thousand Islands; this language is included in the Malay-based creole language variety, with influences from regional languages such as Sundanese, Bugis, and Mandarese.[26]
- Jambi Malay, a [o] dialect of Malay spoken in Jambi Province.[27]
- Ambonese Malay, widely spoken in Ambon, Seram, and the surrounding small islands; This language functions as a lingua franca in the southern Maluku Islands.[28]
- Banda Malay, spoken in Banda Islands.[29]
- Bacan Malay, unlike the main variety of North Moluccan Malay which is a creole language; it is more similar to Brunei Malay.[30]
- North Moluccan Malay (Ternate), widely spoken in the northern Maluku Islands; its dialects are Sula Malay and Gorap.[31]
- Manado Malay, spoken in Manado City and the coastal areas of central and northern Sulawesi.[32]
- Asahan Malay, spoken in Asahan Regency and Tanjungbalai City.
- Batubara Malay, spoken in Batubara Regency.
- Deli Malay, spoken in Deli Serdang Regency and Medan City.
- Medan Malay, a slang form of the Deli Malay variety spoken in the Medan City.
- Labuhanbatu Malay, spoken in Labuhanbatu Regency, North Labuhanbatu Regency, and South Labuhanbatu Regency; consists of the following 4 sub-dialects.
- Bilah Malay, spoken in Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Kota Pinang Malay, spoken in South Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Kualuh Malay, spoken in North Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Panai Malay, spoken in Labuhanbatu Regency.
- Langkat Malay, spoken in Langkat Regency and Binjai City.
- Serdang Malay, spoken in Serdang Bedagai Regency and Tebing Tinggi City.
- Riau Malay, spoken predominantly throughout Riau Province.
- Kampar language, considered a dialect of Malay and Minangkabau; spoken in Kampar Regency.
- Kuantan language, considered a dialect of Malay and Minangkabau; spoken in Kuantan Singingi Regency.
- Pangaraian Malay, spoken in Rokan Hulu Regency.
- Riau Coastal Malay, spoken on the coast of Riau Province; especially in Bengkalis Regency, Meranti Islands Regency, Dumai City, and the coast of Pelalawan Regency.
- Siak Malay, spoken in Siak Regency and Pekanbaru City.
- Tembilahan Malay, spoken in the capital of Indragiri Hilir Regency, Tembilahan; has significant Banjar language influence.
- Loncong language, a Malayic language spoken by the sea nomadic Orang Laut people; generally considered a dialect or variety of Malay.[33]
- Riau Islands Malay, spoken throughout the Riau Islands.
- Natuna Malay, a variety of Riau Islands Malay spoken in Natuna Regency; has several characteristics in common with Terengganu Malay in Malaysia.[34]
- Makassar Malay, spoken in Makassar City and the surrounding areas.[35]
- Palembang Malay, spoken in Palembang City and the surrounding area; there is significant Javanese influence in this language.[36]
- South Barisan Malay, a chain of Malay dialects consisting of various varieties, such as Serawai, Besemah, and others.[37]
- Kapuas Hulu Malay, spoken in the upper reaches of the Kapuas River in Kapuas Hulu Regency.
- Ketapang Malay, spoken in Ketapang Regency.
- Melawi Malay, spoken in Melawi Regency]].
- Pontianak Malay, spoken in Pontianak City and Kubu Raya Regency.[38]
- Sambas Malay, spoken in Sambas Regency.[39]
- Western New Guinea (
Central Papua, 
Highland Papua, 
Papua, 
South Papua, 
Southwest Papua, 
West Papua)
- Papuan Malay, widely spoken on the island of Western New Guinea; especially on the north and west coasts.[40]
- Serui Malay, is a dialect of the Papuan Malay variety; this language is spoken in Serui and its surroundings.[41]
Malaysia
[edit]- Malaysian Malay, the national language and standard form of Malay in Malaysia.[42]
- Sabah Malay, a Malay-based creole language spoken in the state of Sabah and the federal territory of Labuan.[43]
- Sarawak Malay, spoken in the state of Sarawak.[44]
- Baba Malay, a Malay-based creole variety spoken in the states of Malacca and Penang.[45]
- Chetty Creole, a Malay-based creole variety spoken in the state of Malacca.[46]
- Johor Malay, spoken in the state of Johor, southern Malaysia; is the variety most closely identified with standard Malay in Malaysia, and is also closely identified with Riau Islands Malay in Indonesia.[47]
- Kedah Malay, spoken in the state of Kedah and the western part of the Malay Peninsula.[48]
- Kelantan Malay, spoken in the state of Kelantan and surrounding areas.[49]
- Negeri Sembilan Malay, spoken in the state of Negeri Sembilan; there is a significant Minangkabau language influence in this language.[50]
- Pahang Malay, spoken in the state of Pahang.[51]
- Perak Malay, spoken in the state of Perak and the central part of the Malay Peninsula.[52]
- Reman Malay, spoken in the upper regions of Kedah and Perak, is similar to Kelantan Malay.[53]
- Selangor Malay, spoken in the state of Selangor, as well as the federal territories of Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur.[54]
- Terengganu Malay, spoken in the state of Terengganu and the east coast of the Malay Peninsula.[55]
Myanmar
[edit]- Kedah Malay (Tanintharyi), a variety of Kedah Malay spoken in the southernmost part of Myanmar by the Burmese Malays who migrated from Malaysia, especially Kedah. It is spoken in the Tanintharyi Region and the southernmost part of the Mergui Archipelago.[56]
Singapore
[edit]- Singaporean Malay, a standard form and one of the official languages of Singapore.[57]
Thailand
[edit]- Bangkok Malay, spoken by ethnic Thai Malays who migrated to Bangkok City since the 18th century.[58]
- Pattani Malay, spoken in Pattani Province and surrounding areas; has a high degree of similarity to Kelantan Malay in Malaysia.[59]
- Saiburi Malay, spoken in Satun Province as well as other provinces in the western part of Isthmus of Kra; is a language variety that is the same as Kedah Malay in Malaysia.[60]
- Songkhla Malay, spoken in the southern and central parts of Songkhla Province.[61]
Philippines
[edit]- Sabah Malay (Philippines), a language variety similar to Sabah Malay in Malaysia; this language was once a lingua franca for the ethnic groups in Sulu Archipelago, Mindanao, and Palawan (see Malay language in the Philippines).[62]
Other varieties
[edit]Old Malay
[edit]Old Malay or Old Malay is the name used to refer to a language written on several inscriptions dating from the 7th until 10th centuries, which were found in Sumatra and Java. Most of the inscriptions that are the source of the Old Malay corpus (written evidence) are related to the history of the Srivijaya. The name "Old Malay" indicates that this language is the predecessor of Modern Malay and Classical Malay, But experts have different views on this matter, as well as on the question of whether this language is a member of the Malayic languages.[63]
Classical Malay
[edit]Classical Malay is a stage of Malay language that began to be spoken in the 14th to 18th centuries, by the Malacca Sultanate, Aceh Sultanate, and a number of other political entities in the Malay Archipelago. This language is written in the Jawi script, which is a writing system derived from the Arabic alphabet. This language is a further development of one of the dialects of Old Malay.[64]
See also
[edit]References
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- ^ "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Sri Lankan Malay". apics-online.info. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
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- ^ De Féo, Agnès (2007). Transnational Islamic movement in Cambodia. Dynamics of contemporary Islam and economic development in Asia, From the Caucasus to China. New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH) and India International Centre (IIC).
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- ^ Arman, Dedi (8 June 2014). "Perkembangan Bahasa Melayu". kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Directorate General of Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
Pemindahan ini merupakan permulaan dari suatu periode dalam pengembangan dan penyebaran bahasa Melayu, yaitu zaman Kerajaan Riau dan Lingga. Dalam periode inilah bahasa Melayu memperoleh ciri ke-Riau-annya, dan bahasa Melayu Riau inilah yang merupakan cikal bakal bahasa Nasional Indonesia yang dicetuskan pada Sumpah Pemuda 28 Oktober 1928... Selama keberadaan kerajaan ini hampir 200 tahun lamanya, ada tiga momentum yang penting sekali bagi perkembangan dan persebaran bahasa Melayu Riau, yaitu tahun 1808, ketika Raja Ali Haji lahir; tahun 1857, ketika Raja Ali Haji menyelesaikan bukunya yang berjudul Bustanul Katibin, suatu tatabahasa normatif bahasa Melayu Riau; dan tahun 1894, ketika percetakan Mathba'atul Riauwiyah atau Mathba'atul Ahmadiyah didirikan. Pengoperasian percetakan Mathba'atul Riauwiyah ini sangat penting karena melalui buku-buku dan pamflet-pamflet yang diterbitkannya, bahasa Melayu Riau tersebar ke daerah lain di Kepulauan Nusantara.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Adelaar, K. A. (1992). Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology. Sydney: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C119. hdl:1885/145782. ISBN 0858834081.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - ^ Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 6 (3): 715–749. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093204. JSTOR 607205.