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Macrostomum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Macrostomum
Temporal range: No fossils known
Macrostomum lignano
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Order: Macrostomida
Family: Macrostomidae
Genus: Macrostomum
Schmidt, 1848

Macrostomum[1] is a genus of flatworm with a worldwide distribution,[2][3][4] with over a hundred species described to date.[2] These hermaphroditic, free-living flatworms are usually small in size, with large species reaching up to 5 mm in body length (e.g. Macrostomum tuba). They are usually transparent, and the smaller species appear rather round in cross-section than dorsoventrally flattened.

Name

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The term "Macrostomum", meaning "big-mouthed", derives from the Greek μάκρος makros, "large", and στόμα, stoma, mouth. Relative to other turbellaria, Macrostomum species have indeed a long mouth, connected to the gut by a muscular pharynx which can expand, in certain species, to almost the width of the animal.

Ecology

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Macrostomum species inhabit different aquatic or moist environments.[2][3][4] Marine and brackish species are often interstitial (living in the space between grains of sediment), whereas freshwater species are also frequently found associated with aquatic plants. Many of these small worms feed on unicellular algae such as diatoms, others on zooplankton or smaller benthic invertebrates.[3]

Species

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This genus includes Macrostomum lignano,[5] a new model organism for studies on different areas of biology, including development,[6] bioadhesion,[7] regeneration,[8] stem cell biology,[9] ageing,[10] toxicology,[11] genomics,[12] and evolution.[13]

The following species are recognised in the genus Macrostomum:

References

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  1. ^ Schmidt, Eduard Oscar (1848), Die rhabdocoelen Strudelwürmer (Turbellaria Rhabddocoela) des süssen Wassers, Jena: Friedrich Mauk
  2. ^ a b c "Macrostomum". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Turbellaria database
  3. ^ a b c "Macrostomorpha | taxonomy and phylogeny". macrostomorpha.myspecies.info. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  4. ^ a b Ferguson, Frederick F. (1954-01-01). "Monograph of the Macrostomine Worms of Turbellaria". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 73 (2): 137–164. doi:10.2307/3223751. JSTOR 3223751.
  5. ^ Ladurner, Peter; Schärer, Lukas; Salvenmoser, Willi; Rieger, Reinhard (2005), "A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital microscopy in taxonomy of meiobenthic Platyhelminthes: Macrostomum lignano, n. sp. (Rhabditophora, Macrostomorpha)", Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 43 (2): 114–126, doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00299.x, archived from the original on 2013-01-05
  6. ^ Willems, Maxime; Egger, Bernhard; Wolff, Carsten; Mouton, Stijn; Houthoofd, Wouter; Fonderie, Pamela; Couvreur, Marjolein; Artois, Tom; Borgonie, Gaëtan (2009-10-16). "Embryonic origins of hull cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano through cell lineage analysis: developmental and phylogenetic implications". Development Genes and Evolution. 219 (8): 409–417. doi:10.1007/s00427-009-0304-x. ISSN 0949-944X. PMID 19834735. S2CID 26860860.
  7. ^ Lengerer, Birgit; Pjeta, Robert; Wunderer, Julia; Rodrigues, Marcelo; Arbore, Roberto; Schärer, Lukas; Berezikov, Eugene; Hess, Michael W; Pfaller, Kristian (2014-02-12). "Biological adhesion of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano relies on a duo-gland system and is mediated by a cell type-specific intermediate filament protein". Frontiers in Zoology. 11 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-11-12. PMC 4016567. PMID 24520881.
  8. ^ Egger, B.; Ladurner, P.; Nimeth, K.; Gschwentner, R.; Rieger, R. (2006-04-08). "The regeneration capacity of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano—on repeated regeneration, rejuvenation, and the minimal size needed for regeneration". Development Genes and Evolution. 216 (10): 565–577. doi:10.1007/s00427-006-0069-4. ISSN 0949-944X. PMC 2441584. PMID 16604349.
  9. ^ Ladurner, Peter; Egger, Bernhard; Mulder, Katrien De; Pfister, Daniela; Kuales, Georg; Salvenmoser, Willi; Schärer, Lukas (2008-01-01). "The Stem Cell System of the Basal Flatworm Macrostomum lignano". In Bosch, Thomas C. G. (ed.). Stem Cells. Springer Netherlands. pp. 75–94. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8274-0_5. ISBN 9781402082733.
  10. ^ Mouton, Stijn; Willems, Maxime; Braeckman, Bart P.; Egger, Bernhard; Ladurner, Peter; Schärer, Lukas; Borgonie, Gaetan (2009-04-01). "The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano: A new model organism for ageing research". Experimental Gerontology. 44 (4): 243–249. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.007. PMID 19111920. S2CID 2198373.
  11. ^ Willems, Maxime; Stevens, An-Sofie; Adriaens, Els; Plusquin, Michelle; Smeets, Karen; Van Goethem, Freddy; Vanparys, Philippe; Janssen, Colin; Remon, Jean-Paul (2015-09-01). "An Adult Stem Cell Proliferation Assay in the Flatworm Model Macrostomum lignano to Predict the Carcinogenicity of Compounds". Applied in Vitro Toxicology. 1 (3): 213–219. doi:10.1089/aivt.2015.0011. ISSN 2332-1512.
  12. ^ Wasik, Kaja; Gurtowski, James; Zhou, Xin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Delás, M. Joaquina; Battistoni, Giorgia; Demerdash, Osama El; Falciatori, Ilaria; Vizoso, Dita B. (2015-10-06). "Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (40): 12462–12467. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11212462W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516718112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4603488. PMID 26392545.
  13. ^ Schärer, Lukas; Littlewood, D. Timothy J.; Waeschenbach, Andrea; Yoshida, Wataru; Vizoso, Dita B. (2011-01-25). "Mating behavior and the evolution of sperm design". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (4): 1490–1495. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013892108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3029721. PMID 21220334.
  14. ^ a b c Shi, Yongshi; Zeng, Zhiyu; Wang, Jia; Zhang, Siyu; Deng, Li; Wang, Antai (3 May 2022). "Three new species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes, Macrostomorpha) from China and Australia, with notes on taxonomy and phylogenetics". ZooKeys (1099): 1–28. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1099.72964. eISSN 1313-2970. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 9848920.
  15. ^ a b Zhang, Siyu; Shi, Yongshi; Zeng, Zicheng; Xin, Fan; Deng, Li; Wang, Antai (9 March 2021). "Two New Brackish-Water Species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from China and Their Phylogenetic Positions". Zoological Science. 38 (3): 273–286. doi:10.2108/zs200121. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 34057353. S2CID 233675129.
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