Stuttgart

Stuttgart

*Schduagert* (Swabian)
Stuttgart Schduagert (Swabian)
Municipality
	Castle Square with New Palace Hilly cityscape Old Castle TV Tower Marquardtbau Mount Württemberg Kunstgebäude Market Square Cannstatt Wasen Mercedes-Benz Welt
	Flag Coat of arms
	Location within Baden-Württemberg
	Stuttgart Stuttgart
	Coordinates: 48°46′39″N 09°10′48″E / 48.77750°N 9.18000°E
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region	Stuttgart
District	Stadtkreis
Founded	10th century
Subdivisions	23 districts
Government
• Lord mayor (2020–28)	Frank Nopper (CDU)
Area
• Municipality	207.33 km2 (80.05 sq mi)
Elevation	245 m (804 ft)
Population (2022-12-31)
• Municipality	632,865
• Density	3,100/km2 (7,900/sq mi)
• Urban	2,787,724 (31 Dec 2018)
• Metro	5,465,093 (2021)
Demonym	Stuttgarter
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	70173–70619
Dialling codes	0711
Vehicle registration	S
Website	stuttgart.de

Stuttgart (German: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt] ^ⓘ; Swabian: Schduagert [ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥]; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgarter Kessel^[5] (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest. Stuttgart has a population of 632,865 as of 2022, making it the sixth largest city in Germany,^[6] while over 2.8 million people live in the city's administrative region^[3] and nearly 5.5 million people in its metropolitan area,^[2] making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany. The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 4 European metropolitan areas by GDP; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living;^[a] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities in its Innovation Cities Index;^[b] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status global city in their 2020 survey.^[9] Stuttgart was one of the host cities for the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups.

Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities.^[10] It is spread across a variety of hills (some of them covered in vineyards),^[11] valleys (especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin) and parks. The city is known as the "cradle of the automobile".^[12]^[13] As such, it is home to famous automobile museums like the Mercedes-Benz Museum and Porsche Museum, as well as numerous auto-enthusiast magazines, which contributes to Stuttgart's status as Germany's "Autohauptstadt" ("car capital city"/"capital of cars").^[14]^[15]^[16] The city's tourism slogan is "Stuttgart offers more".^[17] Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure (as part of the Stuttgart 21 project), Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo and slogan in March 2008, describing itself as "Das neue Herz Europas" ("The new Heart of Europe").^[18] For business, it describes itself as "Where business meets the future". In July 2010, the city unveiled a new logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area.^[19]

Since the seventh millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in AD 83 and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt, making it the most important regional centre for several centuries. Stuttgart's roots were truly laid in the tenth century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, as a stud farm for his warhorses. Initially overshadowed by nearby Bad Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320. The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their county, duchy, and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II. However, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major cultural, economic, industrial, financial, tourism and publishing centre it is today.^[20]

Stuttgart is known for its strong high-tech industry, especially in the automotive sector. It has the highest general standard of prosperity of any German city. In addition to many medium-sized companies, several major corporations are headquartered in Stuttgart, including Porsche, Bosch, and Mercedes-Benz Group. Stuttgart is an important financial center; the Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt), and the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) is Germany's largest Landesbank. Stuttgart is also a major transport junction; it is among the most congested conurbations of Europe, and its airport is the sixth-busiest in Germany (2019). Stuttgart is a city with a high number of immigrants; according to Dorling Kindersley's Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, "In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner."^[21] 40% of Stuttgart's residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five, are of immigrant background.^[22] In the rest of Germany, 28.7% of people are of immigrant background, with a relatively higher percentage living in cities and former western Germany (such as Stuttgart).^[23]

Etymology

Stuttgart, often nicknamed the "Schwabenmetropole" (English: Swabian metropolis) in reference to its location in the centre of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians, has its etymological roots in the Old High German word Stuotgarten,^[24] or "stud farm",^[25] because the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses.^[26]

In the local dialects of Alemannic German it can be "Schtuegert", and in Swabian German "Stuagart"; with similar variant spellings, usually dropping the central T sound.

History

Historical affiliations

Roman Empire 83–475
Kingdom of Alamannia c. 475–911
Duchy of Swabia 915–1313
Duchy of Württemberg 1495–1803
Electorate of Württemberg 1803–1805
Kingdom of Württemberg 1805–1918
German Empire 1871–1918
Weimar Republic 1918–1933
Nazi Germany 1933–1945
Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949
West Germany 1949–1990
Germany 1990–present

A colorized photo from 1911 of the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft factory in Untertürkheim. Today, this building is the seat of Mercedes-Benz Group.

Antiquity

Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley was the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt.^[27] Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman Castra stativa (Cannstatt Castrum)^[26] built c. 90 AD to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum (Mainz) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). Cannstatt was a part of the Roman imperial province Germania Superior.

As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the limes moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery.^[28] When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the third century by the Alamanni,^[29] the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the seventh century.^[30]

Middle Ages

In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.^[31] Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.^[32]

Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall's archives as "Canstat ad Neccarum" (German: Cannstatt-on-Neckar) in 708.^{[citation needed]} The etymology of the name "Cannstatt" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz (9th century),^{[citation needed]} it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "Condi-". Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen.^[33] There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- "confluence".^[30]^[34]

In AD 950, Duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the old Roman castrum.^[27] The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle.^[31]

Stuttgart's viticulture, first documented in the Holy Roman Empire in the year AD 1108,^[31] kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.^[35] Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the High Middle Ages is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten".^[31] A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by Pope Gregory IX.^[24] In AD 1219, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of Herman V, Margrave of Baden.^[24] In addition to Backnang, Pforzheim, and Besigheim, Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in c. 1220.^[36] In 1251, the city passed to the Ulrich I von Württemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden's dowry. His son, Eberhard I "the Illustrious",^[24] would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.

Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti-king Henry Raspe IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, but was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II, Duke of Austria, eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, Henry VII, newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311)^[37] to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315.^[24] Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII's death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of the Germans and Frederick III as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,^[38] and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle, ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a new and expanded castle,^[39] the collegiate church in Beutelsbach, where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,^[38] moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320,^[38] and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.^[38] A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,^[26] the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.^[26] At the end of the 14th century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th century, Count Ulrich V began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the Estates of Württemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the Treaties of Nürtingen, Münsingen, and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the county in 1483.^[38]

Early Modern era

In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.^[25] Eberhard I, then Count Eberhard V, became the first Duke of Württemberg^[d] in 1495,^[27] and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Württemberg in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, Ulrich. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I,^[40] he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects,^[40] who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514.^[41]^[42] Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria.^[43] In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,^[44] obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen, prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.^[40] Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V,^[45] who then granted it to his brother, Ferdinand I, thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs.^[35] When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants' War,^[41]^[42] Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)^[40] in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the Turks and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to the Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548.^[46] Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, Christoph. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil, and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;^[47] knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a Renaissance palace,^[39] and from 1542 to 1544, what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square.^[27] Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive hydraulic engineering project in the form of a 2,810 ft (860 m) tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the Glems, and the Nesenbach from 1566 to 1575. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,^[48] and expanded the Prinzebau.^[49]

The Thirty Years' War devastated the city,^[50] and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.^[26] After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg, abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia. Ferdinand III, King of the Romans, entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.^[51] The next year, the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population.^[52] The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine, plague and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.^[53] Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.^[54] This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War,^[54] but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla,^[54] reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,^[55] Eberhard Ludwig.^{[citation needed]}

For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to Ludwigsburg, founded in 1704, while the namesake Baroque palace, known as the "Versailles of Swabia",^[56] was still under construction.^[56] When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew Charles Alexander, ascended to the throne.^[50] Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son Charles Eugene became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746,^[57] Castle Solitude in 1763,^[58] Castle Hohenheim in 1785,^[59] and the Karlsschule in 1770.^[60] The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of Friedrich Schiller in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here.^[50] Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the Army of Württemberg was not present in the city.^[61] In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.

Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,^[27] and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.^[62]

Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire

King Frederick I's Württemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings, and the lands of nearby secondary German states.^[63] Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including Wilhelm Palace, Katharina Hospital, the State Gallery, the Villa Berg and the Königsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I.^[64] In 1818. King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the Year Without Summer and following famine,^[65] introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest.^[25]^[27] Hohenheim University was founded in 1818,^[66] and two years later the Württemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood.

From the outset of the 19th century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),^[67] but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834–1840, and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, University of Stuttgart in 1829,^[68] the University of Music and Performing Arts later, in 1857.^[69] Stuttgart had a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 as well. When internal divisions of the Frankfurt Parliament began the demise of that congress, the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and Mainz.^[70] Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in Baden and Württemberg,^[71] the Congress, not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart,^[71] were driven out by the King's army.^[71]

Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff, Ludwig Uhland, Gustav Schwab, and Eduard Mörike.^[72] From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to the plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I.^[73] A decade later, the Königsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall.^[74] Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on 22 October 1845. The advent of Industrialisation in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants,^[75] rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864,^[75] and finally 91,000 residents in 1871.^[75] By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, due to the incorporation of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the German Empire created by Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, during the Unification of Germany, as an autonomous kingdom.

Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by Karl Benz and then industrialized by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in a small workshop in Bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1887.^[76] As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile',^[12] and today Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle. The year prior, Robert Bosch opened his first "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart. In 1907, the International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people.^[77] In 1912, VfB Stuttgart was founded.^[72] Two years later, the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927.^[78]

During World War I, the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.^[79]

Weimar Republic

At the end of the First World War, November revolutionaries^[80] stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne.^[81] When he did eventually abdicate, the Free State of Württemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic, and Stuttgart was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from Berlin from the Kapp Putsch.^[82] Also in 1920, Erwin Rommel became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for the next nine years.^[83]

Nazi Germany

Due to the Nazi Party's practice of Gleichschaltung, Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central Neckar region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an honorary title by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the Abroad Germans" in 1936.^[84]^[85]^[86] The first prototypes of the Volkswagen Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart, according to designs by Ferdinand Porsche, by a design team including Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe.^[87]^[88]

The Hotel Silber (English: Silver), previously occupied by other forms of political police, was occupied by the Gestapo in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents.^[89] The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including Eugen Bolz, Kurt Schumacher, and Lilo Herrmann to concentration camps. The nearby court at Archive Street (German: Archivstraße) 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls.^[90] Participants of the Kristallnacht burned the Old Synagogue to the ground^[91] along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its Jewish cemetery.^[92] The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at Welzheim or directly to Dachau.^[93] Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg. As the Memorial at Stuttgart North records,^[94] between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to Riga) and 1945, more than 2,000 Jews from all over Württemberg^[94] were deported to Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and the ghettos at Riga and Izbica. Of them, only 180 held in Internment survived the Shoah.^[95]^[96]

Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by Allied air raids. For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by Wehrmacht ground forces, the Luftwaffe, and artificial fog.^[97] Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day-time air raids on the city were suicidal,^[97] substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people.^[97] With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the Eastern Front.^[97] In 1944, the city centre was entirely in ruins due to Allied bombing raids that could now more easily attack the city. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the Royal Air Force, dropping over 184,000 bombs – including 75 blockbusters – levelled Stuttgart's city centre, killing 957 people in the resulting firestorm.^[97] In totality, Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 57.7% of all buildings in the city,^[e] the deaths of 4,477 inhabitants, the disappearance of 85 citizens, and the injury of 8,908 more people.^[97] The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men.^[97] To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war, the rubble was assembled and used to create the Birkenkopf. Today^[when?] Stuttgart consists to over 40% of buildings from before World War II, besides all destruction.^[98]^{[page needed]}

French-American tensions

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the US Seventh Army's 100th Infantry Division, French leader Charles de Gaulle found this to be unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces would increase French influence in post-war decisions. Independently, he directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armored Division, 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to begin their drive to Stuttgart on 18 April 1945. Two days later, the French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army and VI Corps heavy artillery, who began a barrage of the city. The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945, encountering little resistance.^[99] The city fared poorly under their direction; French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city, rapes were frequent (there were at least 1,389 recorded incidents of rape of civilians by French soldiers),^[100]^[101] and the city's surviving populace were poorly rationed.^[f] The circumstances of what later became known as "The Stuttgart Crisis" provoked political repercussions that reached even the White House. President Harry S. Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established.^[103] The French army remained in the city until they finally relented to American demands on 8 July 1945 and withdrew. Stuttgart then became capital of Württemberg-Baden, one of the three areas of Allied occupation in Baden-Württemberg, from 1945 until 1952.

Baden-Württemberg

The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons, mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area.^[104] There was, however, a camp located in Stuttgart-West that, until its closure and transportation of internees to Heidenheim an der Brenz in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the Shoah.

An early concept of the Marshall Plan aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech 6 September 1946 given by US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House.^[105] His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' when the French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state). In 1948, the city applied to become the capital of the soon to-be Federal Republic of Germany, and was a serious contender against Frankfurt, Kassel, and Bonn. All these cities were examined by the Parlamentarischer Rat,^[106] but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949.^[106] The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government.

The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of Arnulf Klett, the first Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a modernist Automotive city with functional divisions for residential, commercial and industrial areas according to the Athens Charter. Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage, a move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries. In the 150th year since his death (1955), the last remnant of the alma mater of Friedrich Schiller, the Karlsschule, was removed in favor of an expansion to the Bundesstraße 14. Klett also dramatically expanded the public transportation of Stuttgart with the Stuttgart Stadtbahn and, in 1961, initiated a city partnership with the French city of Strasbourg as part of an attempt to mend Franco-German relations. It would be finalized in 1962 and is still active today.^[107] Klett's Stuttgart saw two major media events: the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized, then French president Charles de Gaulle visited the city and Ludwigsburg Palace in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany,^[108] and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965.^[109]

On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of Baden and Württemberg, South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged and formed the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg, with Stuttgart as its capital.^[110] Since the 1950s, Stuttgart has been the third largest city in southern Germany behind Frankfurt and Munich. The city's population, halved by the Second World War, began sudden growth with the mass influx of German refugees expelled from their homes and communities by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to the city. Economic migrants, called "Gastarbeiter", from Italy, and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from Yugoslavia, came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the "Wirtschaftswunder" unfolding in West Germany.^[111] These factors saw the city reach its (then) peak population of 640,000 in 1962.

In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch Hall. Her great-grandfather Duke Francis (1837–1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family.

In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history. Stammheim Prison, built from 1959 to 1963, came to be the place of incarceration for Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe, members of a communist terrorist organization known as the Red Army Faction, during their trial at the Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart in 1975. Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the "German Autumn" of 1977 that culminated in such events as the kidnap and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181. When it became clear, after many attempts to free the inmates including the smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer,^[112]^[113] that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive life sentencing, the terrorists killed themselves^[g] in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the "Todesnacht von Stammheim", "Night of Death at Stammheim".

The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the opening of the Stuttgart S-Bahn on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes. from 17 to 19 June 1983, ten European heads of state and representatives from the European Union met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the Solemn Declaration on European Union.^[114] In 1986, the European Athletics Championships of that year were held in the Neckarstadion. Mikhail Gorbachev, while on a trip to West Germany to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission,^[115] visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the New Palace.^[116]

Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the World Horticultural Exposition, for which two new bridges were built,^[117] and World Athletics Championships of that year took place in Stuttgart in the Killesburg park and Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion respectively, bringing millions of new visitors to the city. At the 1993 WCA, British athlete Sally Gunnell and the United States Relay team both set world records. In 2003, Stuttgart applied for the 2012 Summer Olympics but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on Leipzig to host the Olympics in Germany. Three years later, in 2006, Stuttgart once again hosted the FIFA World Cup as it had in 1974.

Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21.

US military in Stuttgart

Since shortly after the end of World War II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the Cold War over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.^[118] Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the Department of Defense, unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War.

In March 1946 the US Army established a unit of the US Constabulary and a headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed Patch Barracks) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established.^[119] In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart.^[120] In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks.^[121] The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized 7th Army. As the Cold War developed US Army VII Corps was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed Kelley Barracks in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War.

In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from the Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army.^[122]

Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US EUCOM. In 2007 AFRICOM was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US Unified Combatant Command responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks.^[123] Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany.^[124] The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, Robinson Barracks, Panzer Kaserne and Kelley Barracks.^{[citation needed]} From the end of World War II until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since the end of the Cold War as they are host to United States Department of Defense Unified Commands and supporting activities.^[125]

Geography

Panorama of Stuttgart looking southeast. From the Neckar valley on the left the city rises to the city centre, backed by high woods to the south (television tower). Stuttgart South and Stuttgart West are to the right.

The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about 900 ft (270 m) above sea level,^[126]^[h] an hour from the Black Forest and Swabian Jura^[26] on the banks of the Neckar river at 48°47′N 9°11′E / 48.783°N 9.183°E / 48.783; 9.183 115 mi (185 km) to the west and north of Munich.^[127] The city is often described as being "zwischen Wald und Reben" ("between forest and vines") because of its viticulture and surrounding forests. Stuttgart covers an area of 207.35 km² (80 sq mi) and sits at elevation ranging from 207 m (679 ft) above sea level by the Neckar river to 549 m (1,801 ft) on Bernhartshöhe hill – something rather unique in large German cities. The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are the Birkenkopf (511 m (1,677 ft)) on the edge of the Stuttgart basin, the Württemberg (411 m (1,348 ft)) rising above the Neckar valley, and the Grüner Heiner (395 m (1,296 ft)) at the northeast end of the city.

Stuttgart is one of 14 regional centers in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the Stuttgart Region, making it the administrative centre for a region of 3,700 km² (1,400 sq mi) containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014.^[128] In addition, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt as well as Ditzingen, Gerlingen, and Korntal-Münchingen in Ludwigsburg District. Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, an area of 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi) containing 5.3 million persons.^[129]

Mittelzentrum / Middle-Stage centers of the Stuttgart Region
Backnang, Bietigheim-Bissingen / Besigheim, Böblingen / Sindelfingen, Esslingen am Neckar, Geislingen, Göppingen, Herrenberg, Kirchheim unter Teck, Leonberg, Ludwigsburg / Kornwestheim, Nürtingen, Schorndorf, Vaihingen an der Enz, Waiblingen / Fellbach

Untertürkheim

Climate

Stuttgart experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).^[130] Its summers are warm, with average highs around 25 °C (77 °F), while its winters are chilly, with daily means just above freezing. Annually, the city receives average 718.7 mm (28.30 in) of rain.^[131] On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F).^[132]

Typically during summer months, the nearby hills, Swabian Alb mountains, the Black Forest, Schurwald, and the Swabian-Franconian Forest act as shields from harsh weather, nevertheless the city can be subject to thunderstorms, whereas in the winter periods snow may last for several days. Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it had lasted several weeks at a time as recently as 2010. Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart, the city sometimes receives damaging hailstorms, such as in July 2013.^[133] In order to fight this phenomenon, weather stations known as "Hagelflieger" are stationed near the city and are largely funded by Daimler AG, who maintain several parking lots and factories in the municipal area.^[134]

Climate data for Stuttgart (Schnarrenberg) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–2014)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	17.1 (62.8)	21.0 (69.8)	24.6 (76.3)	26.8 (80.2)	31.5 (88.7)	35.0 (95.0)	37.0 (98.6)	37.7 (99.9)	32.2 (90.0)	29.7 (85.5)	20.3 (68.5)	16.5 (61.7)	37.7 (99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	4.9 (40.8)	6.5 (43.7)	10.9 (51.6)	15.8 (60.4)	19.7 (67.5)	23.0 (73.4)	25.2 (77.4)	25.1 (77.2)	20.3 (68.5)	15.1 (59.2)	9.1 (48.4)	5.5 (41.9)	15.1 (59.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.1 (35.8)	3.0 (37.4)	6.6 (43.9)	10.7 (51.3)	14.6 (58.3)	18.1 (64.6)	20.0 (68.0)	19.7 (67.5)	15.3 (59.5)	10.7 (51.3)	5.9 (42.6)	2.8 (37.0)	10.8 (51.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−0.6 (30.9)	−0.3 (31.5)	2.5 (36.5)	5.7 (42.3)	9.7 (49.5)	13.1 (55.6)	15.0 (59.0)	14.7 (58.5)	10.8 (51.4)	7.1 (44.8)	3.0 (37.4)	0.3 (32.5)	6.7 (44.1)
Record low °C (°F)	−25.5 (−13.9)	−20.3 (−4.5)	−18.6 (−1.5)	−6.3 (20.7)	−1.9 (28.6)	3.3 (37.9)	5.5 (41.9)	3.8 (38.8)	0.2 (32.4)	−6.3 (20.7)	−14.9 (5.2)	−18.5 (−1.3)	−25.5 (−13.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	39.9 (1.57)	32.7 (1.29)	36.5 (1.44)	35.4 (1.39)	76.3 (3.00)	75.6 (2.98)	81.3 (3.20)	72.1 (2.84)	47.4 (1.87)	51.8 (2.04)	49.9 (1.96)	49.9 (1.96)	649.7 (25.58)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 m)	15.8	13.7	13.5	12.4	15.0	14.7	14.3	13.7	11.9	13.6	15.2	17.1	169.1
Average relative humidity (%)	80.1	75.3	69.3	64.1	66.6	66.7	65.2	66.9	73.4	79.8	82.4	82.4	72.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	69.3	91.2	142.5	186.7	209.5	224.6	241.6	225.6	169.4	116.4	72.0	60.1	1,813.8
Source 1: NOAA/World Meteorological Organization^[135] Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst^[136]
Source 2: KNMI^[137]

Landmarks and culture

Solitude Palace

Inner city

At the center of Stuttgart lies its main square, Schlossplatz. As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart, it stands at the crossover point between the city's shopping area, Schlossgarten park which runs down to the river Neckar, Stuttgart's two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west. Königstraße, Stuttgart's most important shopping street which runs along the northwestern edge of Schlossplatz, claims to be the longest pedestrianized street in Germany.^[138]

Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II,^[138] many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include:

The Stiftskirche (Collegiate Church), dates back to the 12th century, but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534.^[138] Exterior: Romanesque/Gothic; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II.
Altes Schloss (the Old Castle), mostly dating from the late 15th century, some parts date back to 1320.^[138] Renaissance style; reconstructed.^[138]
Alte Kanzlei (the Old Chancellery) on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar
Neues Schloss (the New Castle), completed in 1807.^[138] Baroque/Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior, currently houses government offices.^[138] The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors.^[139]
Wilhelmpalais (the Wilhelm Palace) on Charlottenplatz, completed in 1840 and rebuilt in 1965.
Königsbau (the King's Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed; has been housing the "Königsbau Passagen" shopping centre since 2006.
The Großes Haus of Stuttgart National Theatre, 1909–1912
Markthalle Market Hall, 1910 (Art Nouveau)
The Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway Station) was designed in 1920;^[138] its stark, functional lines are typical of the artistic trend 'Neue Sachlichkeit' (New Objectivity).^[138]
The Württembergische Landesbibliothek state library, rebuilt in 1970
Friedrichsbau Varieté (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building

Architecture in other districts

A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include:

Castle Solitude, 1700–1800. In Baroque/Rococo style.
Ludwigsburg Palace, 1704–1758. Baroque, with its enormous Baroque garden.
Castle Hohenheim, 1771–1793

Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include (see also museums below):

Castle Rosenstein (1822–1830), classical
Württemberg Mausoleum (1824) which holds the remains of Catherine Pavlovna of Russia and King William I of Württemberg
Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Gardens (1853)
The Observation Tower of Burgholzhof, an 1891 brick observation tower constructed by the Cannstatt municipal architect Friedrich Keppler on behalf of the Verschönerungsverein Cannstatt e. V. ("Society for the Beautification of Cannstatt"), in the style of a Roman tower
Weissenhof Estate (1927), International Style
Friedenskirche, a 1966 church using the 1892 tower of a bombed church
The TV Tower (1950), the world's first concrete TV tower
Stuttgart Airport Terminal Building, 2000. In neighboring Leinfelden-Echterdingen.
Vodafone-Funkturm Stuttgart-Vaihingen (1998), a radio tower

Parks, lakes, cemeteries and other places of interest

Killesbergpark with fountains and vineyards in the background

At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists. Because of its shape on a map, the locals refer to it as the Green U. The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten, castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350. The modern park stretches down to the river Neckar and is divided into the upper garden (bordering the Old Castle, the Main Station, the State Theater and the State Parliament building), and the middle and lower gardens – a total of 61 hectares. The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium.

At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second Green U park, the larger Rosensteinpark which borders Stuttgart's Wilhelma zoo and botanical gardens. Planted by King William I of Württemberg, it contains many old trees and open areas and counts as the largest English-style garden in southern Germany. In the grounds of the park stands the former Rosenstein castle, now the Rosenstein museum.

Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final Green U park, Killesbergpark or 'Höhenpark' which is a former quarry that was converted for the Third Reich garden show of 1939 (and was used as a collection point for Jews awaiting transportation to concentration camps). The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s, including the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 International Gardening Show, and runs miniature trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults. The viewing tower (Killesbergturm) offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart.

On the northern edge of the Rosensteinpark is the famous 'Wilhelma', Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound, with its ornate pavilions, greenhouses, walls and gardens was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of Württemberg. It currently houses around 8000 animals and some 5000 plant species and contains the biggest magnolia grove in Europe.

Other parks in Stuttgart include the historic Botanischer Garten der Universität Hohenheim and Landesarboretum Baden-Württemberg at Castle Hohenheim (which date back to 1776 and are still used to catalog and research plant species), Uhlandshöhe hill (between the city center, Bad Cannstatt and Frauenkopf, and home to Stuttgart observatory), the Weißenburgpark (a five-hectare park in the Bopser area of Stuttgart South which dates back to 1834 and is now home to a 'tea house' and the 'marble room' and offers a relaxing view across the city center), the Birkenkopf a Schuttberg (at 511 m (1,677 ft) the highest point in central Stuttgart, where many ruins were laid to commemorate the Second World War), and the Eichenhain park in Sillenbuch (declared a nature reserve in 1958 and home to 200 oak trees, many 300–400 years old).

There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See, which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near [Mühlhausen]. There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a 3 km (1.9 mi) trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies.

In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two 'Feuersee's (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the Johanneskirche (St. Johns) church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen.

Cemeteries in Stuttgart include:

The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart, the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626, an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951
The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Südheimer Platz by funicular railway
The Pragfriedhof, with its Art Nouveau crematorium. Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Nevsky.
The Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985

The city boasts the second-largest mineral water deposits in Europe after Budapest,^[138]^[140] with over 250 springs within the urban area.^[140] The Athenebrunnen (or Fountain of Pallas Athena) is along Jean-Amery-Weg in the western part of Stuttgart, dating from 1911.

Culture and events

Stuttgart is known for its rich cultural heritage, in particular its State Theatre (Staatstheater) and State Gallery (Staatsgalerie). The Staatstheater is home to the State opera and three smaller theatres. It regularly stages opera, ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts. The Staatstheater was named Germany/Austria/Switzerland "Theatre of the year" in 2006; the Stuttgart Opera has won the 'Opera of the year' award six times.^[141] Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydée.

Stuttgart is also home to one of Germany's most prestigious symphony orchestras, the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, with famous English conductor Sir Roger Norrington, who developed a distinct sound of that orchestra, known as the Stuttgart Sound. They mostly perform in the Liederhalle concert hall.

The city offers two Broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events.

As a result of Stuttgart's long history of viticulture (Even today there are vineyards less than 500 m (1,640 ft) from the Main Station), there are more than 400 flights of stairs (known in the local dialect as the "Stäffele") around the city, equivalent to approximately 20 km (12 mi) of steps.^[142] Later, in the early 19th century, the city continued to grow and many vineyards were replaced by houses and streets and the Stäffele were used as footpaths to connect the newly built neighborhoods. Some of the stairs were elaborately decorated with fountains and plantings.^[142]

The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour.

Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 17th century and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond.^[143] For example, Gaisburger Marsch is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart's Gaisburg area of Stuttgart East.

The Cannstatter Volksfest in the district of 'Bad Cannstatt'

In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a "regional specialty", thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg.^[144]

In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of Killesberg. In 2006 it was also one of the host cities of the Football World Cup. In 2007, Stuttgart hosted the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. In 2008 it was host to the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships.^{[citation needed]} In 2015, Stuttgart hosted the Protestant Kirchentag (church convention) festival, a festival that takes place in a different German city every two years.^[145]

Regular events that take place in Stuttgart:

The world-famous annual 'Volksfest', originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich. There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year.
With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007^[146] and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart's Christmas Market, running from late November to 23 December,^[147] is the largest and one of the oldest traditional Christmas markets in Europe.^[147] It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas.^[148]
The Fish Market (Hamburger Fischmarkt, late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from Hamburg
The Summer Festival (Stuttgart Sommerfest, usually in early August) with shows, music, children's entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz, Stuttgart^[149] and adjacent parks
The Lantern Festival (Lichterfest, early July) in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions
The Wine Village (Weindorf, late August/early September) – vintages are sold at this event held at Schillerplatz and Marktplatz (Market Square).^[149]

Museums

Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in Baden-Württemberg. The foremost of these is the Old State Gallery (opened in 1843, extended in 1984) which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by Rubens, Rembrandt, Monet, Renoir, Cézanne and Beuys. Next door to the Old State Gallery is the New State Gallery (1980) with its controversial modern architecture. Among others, this gallery houses works from Max Beckmann, Dalí, Matisse, Miró, Picasso, Klee, Chagall and Kandinsky.

The Old Castle is also home to the State Museum of Württemberg which was founded in 1862 by William I of Württemberg. The museum traces the rich history of Württemberg with many artifacts from its dukes, counts and kings, as well as earlier remnants dating back to the Stone Age. On the Karlsplatz side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944.

Other leading museums in Stuttgart include:

The History Museum (Haus der Geschichte, 1987), examining local history, finds, the conflict between modern society and its cultural history
State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS) in Park Rosenstein housed in Castle Rosenstein (with an emphasis on biology and natural history) and Löwentor Museum (paleontology and geology, home of the Steinheim skull and many unique fossils from the triassic, jurassic and tertiary periods)
The Mercedes-Benz Museum (1936, moved in 2006), now the most visited museum in Stuttgart (440,000 visits per year).^[150] The museum traces the 125-year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the Mercedes-Benz brand of today.
Stuttgart Art Museum (Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, 2005), the number two museum in Stuttgart in terms of visitors with a strong leaning towards modern art (the foremost exhibition of Otto Dix works). The museum stands on the corner of Schlossplatz, Stuttgart in a huge glass cube, in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture.
The Porsche Museum (1976; reopened in 2008 on new premises)
Hegel House (Hegelhaus), birthplace of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which documents his life works
The Linden Museum, established in 1911, a leading international ethnological museum^[151]
Stuttgart Tram Museum (Straßenbahnwelt Stuttgart) in Bad Cannstatt, a display of historical vehicles dating back to 1868
Theodor Heuss House (Theodor-Heuss-Haus, 2002) in Killesbergpark, a tribute to the life and times of the former German president
The North Station Memorial (Gedenkstätte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart) in memory of the 2000 or so Jewish holocaust victims deported by the Nazis from the now disused North Station

Churches

Stuttgart is the seat of a Protestant bishop (Protestant State Church in Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based Pentecostal Gospel Forum is the largest place of worship (megachurch) in Germany.^[152] It is also home to a large English speaking church, The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart.^[153]

Libraries

The Württembergische Landesbibliothek (WLB) is one of two state libraries for Baden-Württemberg. The WLB is specifically responsible for the administrative regions of Stuttgart and Tübingen. Especially devoted to the National Library of acquiring, cataloging, archiving and provision of literature about Württemberg, called Württembergica. Together with the Badische Landesbibliothek (BLB) in Karlsruhe it also has the legal deposit for Baden-Württemberg, making it an archive library.

The Stuttgart University Library (UBS) is a central institution of the University of Stuttgart. It forms the center of the library system of the university, ensuring the supply of research, teaching and studies with literature and other information resources. It stands next to the members of the university and citizens of the city are available. Together with other research libraries and documentation centers in the Stuttgart area – such as the University of Hohenheim Library – it forms the UBS Library Information System of the Stuttgart Region (BISS).

The Central State Archive Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the Ministries of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1965, it is located right next to the WLB and belongs since 2005 as a department of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in. It includes the stocks of the county and the duchy Württemberg until 1806, the Württemberg central authorities of the 19th and 20th century and the early 19th century as a result of media coverage of fallen Württemberg gentlemen and imperial cities in South Württemberg.

The Stadtarchiv Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the provincial capital Stuttgart. The archived material is in principle open to the public and can be consulted in the reading room in Bellingweg 21 in Bad Cannstatt.

The Landeskirchliche Archives preserve the stocks of the Württemberg church leaders and of other ecclesial bodies and institutions: the ducal and royal Württemberg consistory, the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council, deanery and parish archives, educational institutions, the works and associations as well as estates and collections. It also has the microfilms of all church books (especially baptism, marriage, and family Death's Register) in the area of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg.

The "Archive instigator" is dedicated to the dead of the city. Since 2005, the instigators are working on a memoir about "The dead town". So far, about 5,000 names of victims of the regime of National Socialism have been acquired.

There are two large tours that are available to visitors to Stuttgart. The first is the Hop-on Hop-off bus tour (also called the CityTour Stuttgart), lasting from 10 AM to 4 PM that takes visitors around the city.^[154] The other is the Neckar-Käpt'n, only available from May to October, which cruises on the Neckar river from its dock at Wilhelma in Bad Cannstatt.^[147]

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1400	4,000	—
1707	16,000	+300.0%
1837	36,041	+125.3%
1900	166,699	+362.5%
1920	315,796	+89.4%
1930	377,461	+19.5%
1940	454,600	+20.4%
1950	497,677	+9.5%
1961	637,539	+28.1%
1971	632,947	−0.7%
1981	583,001	−7.9%
1991	579,988	−0.5%
2001	587,152	+1.2%
2011	585,890	−0.2%
2022	610,458	+4.2%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:^[155]

Stuttgart has a population of about 630,000 and is the 6th largest city in Germany. Stuttgart reached its population peak of over 100,000 in 1874. In 1946, when Stuttgart became the capital of Baden-Württemberg state, it had a population of about 415,000. In 1960s the industrialization boomed in Stuttgart due to its automobile companies Mercedes-Benz and Porsche and other companies came to Stuttgart. It also saw the growth of foreign population, mostly from Turkey, Greece, India, Italy and former Yugoslavian countries. The population of Stuttgart hasn't changed a lot since then due to its high rent of the city where many people moved to neighbouring municipalities.

Largest groups of foreign residents, 2022^[156]^{[needs update]}
Nationality	Population
Turkey	17,900
Croatia	15,468
Italy	14,021
Greece	13,757
Ukraine	8,138
Romania	6,121
Serbia	5,844
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,963
Syria	4,585
Portugal	4,172
Poland	4,162
India	3,624
Kosovo	3,363
Spain	3,233
France	3,212
China	3,134
Iraq	3,099
Bulgaria	3,041
Hungary	2,738
Austria	2,643

Immigrants

More than half of the population today is not of Swabian background, as many non-Swabian Germans have moved here due to the employment situation, which is far better than in most areas of Germany. Since the 1960s, many foreigners have also immigrated to Stuttgart to work here (as part of the "Gastarbeiter" program); another wave of immigrants came as refugees from the Wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Thus, as of 2022, 47% of the city's population is of foreign background. In 2000, 22.8% of the population did not hold German citizenship, in 2022 this had increased to 27.6%.^[157] By end of 2018 the largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (17,900), Greeks (13,757), Italians (14,021), Croats (15,268), Serbs (5,844) followed by immigrants from Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Poland, France, Austria, Morocco and Cameroon. 39% of foreign nationals come from the European Union (mostly Italy, Greece, and Poland).^[156]

Religion

The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in 1534 as a direct result of the Reformation.^[158] Since this time Württemberg has been predominantly Protestant. However, since 1975 the number of Protestants in Stuttgart has dropped from around 300,000 to 200,000. In 2014, 26.2% of inhabitants were Protestant and 24.0% were Roman Catholic. 49.8% of the population fell into other categories: Muslims, Jews and those who either followed no religion or one not accounted for in official statistics.^[159]

Unemployment

Unemployment in the Stuttgart Region is above the average of Baden-Württemberg, but very low compared to other metropolitan areas in Germany. In November 2008, before the annual winter rise, unemployment in the Stuttgart Region stood at 3.8%, 0.1% lower than the rate for Baden-Württemberg, in February 2009 it was 4.7%. Unemployment in the actual city of Stuttgart during the same periods stood at 5.2% and 6.0% (8 November and 9 February respectively). By comparison: unemployment for the whole of Germany stood at 7.1% (8 Nov) and 8.5% (9 Feb).^[160]^[161]

Crime rates

Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany. In 2003, 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitants (versus the average for all German cities of 12,751).^[162] Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind Munich.^[163] 60% of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003, ranking second behind Nuremberg.

Government and politics

When Stuttgart was run as a (or within) the Duchy of Württemberg, it was governed by a type of protectorate called a Vogt appointed by the Duke. After 1811 this role was fulfilled by a City Director or 'Stadtdirektor'. After 1819 the community elected its own community mayor or 'Schultheiß'. Since 1930 the title of Oberbürgermeister (the nearest equivalent of which would be an executive form of lord mayor in English) has applied to Stuttgart and all other Württemberg towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants.

At the end of the Second World War, French administrators appointed the independent politician Arnulf Klett as Burgomaster, a role he fulfilled without interruption until his death in 1974. Since this time Stuttgart has mainly been governed by the CDU. One former mayor was Manfred Rommel (son of perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II, Erwin Rommel).

As the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament, or Landtag as well as all Baden-Württemberg state departments.

In June 2009, for the first time the Greens gained the most seats in a German city with more than 500,000 inhabitants, effectively changing the balance of power in the city council. For the first time since 1972 the CDU no longer held the most seats, toppling its absolute majority shared with the Independent Party and the FDP. According to the German newspaper Die Welt, the main reason for the Greens' victory was disgruntlement with the controversial Stuttgart 21 rail project.^[164]

Mayor

The current mayor of Stuttgart is Frank Nopper of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 8 November 2020, with a runoff held on 29 November, and the results were as follows:


Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
Candidate		Party	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Frank Nopper	Christian Democratic Union	69,338	31.8	83,812	42.3
	Veronika Kienzle	Alliance 90/The Greens	37,620	17.2	Withdrew
	Marian Schreier	Independent (SPD)	32,678	15.0	73,209	36.9
	Hannes Rockenbauch	Independent (Left/SÖS/Pirate/DiB)	30,465	14.0	35,349	17.8
	Martin Körner	Social Democratic Party	21,281	9.8	Withdrew
	Sebastian Reutter	Independent	9,494	4.4	Withdrew
	Michael Ballweg	Independent	5,687	2.6	2,439	1.2
	Malte Kaufmann	Alternative for Germany	4,712	2.2	Withdrew
	Ralph Schertlen	Independent	2,113	1.0	1,183	0.6
	John Heer	Independent	1,774	0.8	Withdrew
	Nili Widerker	Independent	1,322	0.6	770	0.4
	Marco Völker	Independent	734	0.3	392	0.2
	Friedhild Anni Miller	Independent	722	0.3	616	0.3
	Werner Ressdorf	Independent	143	0.1	114	0.1
Other			40	0.0	266	0.1
Valid votes			218,123	99.8	198,150	99.6
Invalid votes			540	0.2	751	0.4
Total			218,663	100.0	198,901	100.0
Electorate/voter turnout			446,375	49.0	445,577	44.5
Source: City of Stuttgart (1st round, 2nd round)

City council

The Stuttgart city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows:


Party		Votes	%	+/-	Seats	+/-
	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	3,171,829	23.4	4.0	14	3
	Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)	3,108,129	22.9	3.4	14	2
	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	1,510,248	11.1	0.5	7	0
	Alternative for Germany (AfD)	1,123,835	8.3	2.2	5	1
	Free Democratic Party (FDP)	1,001,837	7.4	0.5	4	1
	Free Voters Baden-Württemberg (FW)	839,576	6.2	0.9	4	0
	The Left (Die Linke)	608,218	4.5	0.8	3	0
	Stuttgart Ecological Social (SÖS)	562,541	4.1	0.3	2	1
	Volt Germany (Volt)	386,158	2.8	New	2	New
	City People (Stadtisten)	263,983	1.9	0.6	1	1
	Die PARTEI (PARTEI)	214,257	1.6	0.1	1	0
	Climate List Baden-Württemberg (Klima)	180,150	1.3	New	1	New
	Animal Protection Party (Tierschutz)	160,855	1.2	0.2	1	0
	Stuttgarter List	116,110	0.9	New	0	New
	Diversity (Vielfalt)	112,314	0.8	New	0	New
	Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)	93,061	0.7	0.0	0	0
	Feminist List (FeLi)	60,131	0.4	0.2	0	0
	Children First	59,375	0.4	New	0	New
Valid ballots		244,771	100.0
Invalid ballots		5,620	2.2
Total		250,391	100.0		60	±0
Electorate/voter turnout		433,626	57.7	0.2
Source: City of Stuttgart

City districts

The city of Stuttgart is administratively divided into 23 city districts^[165] – five "inner" districts and 18 "outer" districts. Each district has a council headed by a district director. From there, the districts are broken down into quarters. Since the changes in city statutes on 1 July 2007 and 1 January 2009, the total number of quarters rose to 152.^[166]

The 23 city districts and their quarters
Inner Districts
Stuttgart-Center (10), Stuttgart-North (11), Stuttgart-East (8), Stuttgart-South (7), Stuttgart-West (9)
Outer Districts
Bad Cannstatt (18), Birkach (3), Botnang (4), Degerloch (5), Feuerbach (8), Hedelfingen (4), Möhringen (9), Mühlhausen (5), Münster (1), Obertürkheim (2), Plieningen (5), Sillenbuch (3), Stammheim (2), Untertürkheim (8), Vaihingen (12), Wangen (1), Weilimdorf (6), Zuffenhausen (11)

Economy

Headquarters of Mercedes-Benz Group in Stuttgart

The Stuttgart area is known for its high-tech industry. Companies include Mercedes-Benz Group,^[167] Porsche,^[168] Robert Bosch GmbH,^[169] McKesson Europe, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Sika AG – all of whom have their world or European headquarters here.

Stuttgart is home to Germany's ninth biggest exhibition center, Stuttgart Trade Fair, which lies on the city outskirts next to Stuttgart Airport. Hundreds of SMEs are still based in Stuttgart (often termed Mittelstand), many still in family ownership with strong ties to the automotive, electronics, engineering and high-tech industry.

The cradle of the automobile

The automobile and motorcycle were purported to have been invented in Stuttgart (by Karl Benz and subsequently industrialized in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft). As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile'.^[12] Today, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle. A number of auto-enthusiast magazines are published in Stuttgart.^[170]

Science and research and development

The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organisations. No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart.^[76] 45% of Baden-Württemberg's R&D capacities are concentrated in the Swabian capital.^[171] More than 11% of all German R&D costs are invested in the Stuttgart region (approximately 4.3 billion euros per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (e.g. University of Stuttgart, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology^[26] and several Stuttgart Universities of Applied Sciences), the area is home to six Fraunhofer institutes, four institutes of collaborative industrial research at local universities, two Max-Planck institutes and a major establishment of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR).

Financial services

The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt). Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total (e.g. LBBW Bank, Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz Life Assurance).

*Kriegsberg* vineyard in the city center

A history of wine and beer

Stuttgart is the only city in Germany where wine grapes are grown within the urban area, mainly in the districts of Rotenberg, Uhlbach and Untertürkheim.

Wine-growing in the area dates back to 1108 when, according to State archives, Blaubeuren Abbey was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from 'Monk Ulrich'. In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine-growing community in the Holy Roman Empire. Wine remained Stuttgart's leading source of income well into the 19th century.

Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing cities with more than 400 hectares of vine area, thanks in main to its location at the center of Germany's fourth largest wine region, the Württemberg wine growing area which covers 11,522 ha (28,470 acres) and is one of only 13 official areas captured under German wine law. The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival ('Weindorf').

Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwaben Bräu.

Education

Stuttgart and its region have been home to some significant figures of German thought and literature, the most important ones being Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Hölderlin.

The city, in its engineering tradition as the cradle of the automobile, has also always been a fruitful place of research and innovation. Stuttgart has Germany's second-highest number of institutions (six) of applied research of the Fraunhofer Society (after Dresden).

Tertiary education

The city is not considered a traditional university city, but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education. The most significant of them are:

University of Stuttgart, it is the fourth biggest university in Baden-Württemberg after Heidelberg, Tübingen and Freiburg. Founded in 1829, it was a Technische Hochschule ("Technical University") until 1967, when it was renamed to "university". Its campus for social sciences and architecture is located in the city centre, near the main train station, while the natural science campus is in the southwestern city district of Vaihingen. Historically, it has been especially renowned for its faculty of architecture (Stuttgarter Schule). Today, its main focus is on engineering and other technical subjects.
University of Hohenheim, founded in 1818 as an academy for agricultural science and forestry. While these subjects are still taught there today, its other focus today is on business administration. It is located in Hohenheim quarter of the southern city district of Plieningen.
State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart, founded in 1857, located in the city center, next to the Neue Staatsgalerie
State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart, one of the biggest art colleges in Germany, founded in 1761, located in the Killesberg quarter of the northern city district Stuttgart-Nord
Stuttgart Media University (Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart), founded in 2001 as a university of applied sciences, a merger of the former College of Printing and Publishing and the College of Librarianship, located in Vaihingen
Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart), founded in 1832 as a college for craftsmanship, university of applied sciences since 1971, located in the city center, near the University of Stuttgart's city-center campus
University of Cooperative Education Baden-Württemberg, founded in 1974, with a focus on practical experience, subjects are business, technology and social work

Historically, an elite military academy existed in Stuttgart in the late 18th century (1770–1794), the Hohe Karlsschule, at Solitude Castle. Friedrich Schiller and the city's most famous Classicist architect, Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret, were among its many esteemed alumni.

Primary and secondary education

The first Waldorf School (also known as Rudolf Steiner School) was founded here in 1919 by the director of the Waldorf Astoria tobacco factory, Emil Molt, and Austrian social thinker Rudolf Steiner, a comprehensive school following Steiner's educational principles of anthroposophy and humanistic ideals. Today, four of these schools are located in Stuttgart.

The Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium was created in 1668 from a historical Latin School as a model high school with the goal of modernising education. Later, the Dillman-Gymnasium, Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium and Karls-Gymnasium emerged from it.

International School

Since 1985 Stuttgart is home to the International School of Stuttgart,^[172] one of fewer than 100 schools worldwide that offer all three International Baccalaureate programs- the IB Primary Years (Early Learning to Grade 5), IB Middle Years (Grade 6 to 10), IB Diploma (grades 11–12).^[173] The International School of Stuttgart is accredited by both the Council of International Schools and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.^[174]

Media and publishing

One of the headquarters of the public Südwestrundfunk (SWR; Southwest Broadcasting) channels (several radio and one TV channel; regional focus on the southwestern German States of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate) is located in Stuttgart (the other ones being Baden-Baden and Mainz). It also has a Landesmedienzentrum, a state media center.

Furthermore, the city is a significant centre of publishing and specialist printing, with renowned houses such as Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Ernst Klett Verlag (schoolbooks), Kohlhammer Verlag, Metzler Verlag and Motor Presse having their head offices there. The Reclam Verlag is located in nearby Ditzingen.

The newspapers Stuttgarter Zeitung (StZ; regional, with significant supra-regional, national and international sections) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten (StN; regional) are published here as well as a number of smaller, local papers such as Cannstatter Zeitung.

As is the case wherever the US military is stationed, there is an American Forces Network (AFN) station. It transmits on FM on 102.3 MHz from Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf and on AM on 1143 kHz from Hirschlanden transmitter.

Transport

Following the suit of other German cities such as Berlin, Cologne and Hanover, on 1 March 2008 a low emission zone (LEZ) came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality. This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart 'Environmental zone' (Umweltzone), including vehicles from abroad.^[175]^[176]

Local transport

Stuttgart has a light rail system known as the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In the city center and densely built-up areas, the Stadtbahn runs underground. Stations are signposted with a 'U' symbol, which stands for unabhängig (independent), due to the system being mostly separated from road traffic.^[177] Until 2007, Stuttgart also operated regular trams. Stuttgart also has a large bus network. Stadtbahn lines and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB). The outlying suburbs of Stuttgart and nearby towns are served by a suburban railway system called the Stuttgart S-Bahn, using tracks supplied by the national Deutsche Bahn AG (DB).

A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the Zahnradbahn, a rack railway that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the southern inner-city district of the city and the district of Degerloch. It is the only urban rack railway in Germany. Stuttgart also has a Standseilbahn, a funicular railway that operates in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof). In Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill overlooking the city, there is the miniature railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).

Rail links

Stuttgart is a hub in the Intercity-Express and Intercity networks of Deutsche Bahn AG (DB), with through services to most other major German cities. It also operates international services to Strasbourg, Vienna, Zürich and Paris (five times a day, journey time 3 hours 11 minutes).^[178]

Long-distance trains stop at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus, which is also used by Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail networks (see above) operate underneath the terminus.^[179]

Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with marshalling yards and a container terminal in the Obertürkheim area of Hedelfingen.^{[citation needed]}

Rail: The Stuttgart 21 project

After years of political debate and controversy, plans were approved in October 2007 to convert the existing above-ground main train station to an underground through station. The Stuttgart 21 project will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart's enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines. Building work started in 2010 with controversial modifications to the Hauptbahnhof and was slated to be completed in 2019, then 2021 and now 2025.

Air transport

Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport (German: Flughafen Stuttgart, IATA airport code STR), an international airport approximately 13 km (8 mi) south of the city centre on land belonging mainly to neighboring towns. It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city center using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3 or Stadtbahn line U6. Stuttgart airport is Germany's only international airport with one runway. Despite protests and local initiatives, surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway.^[180]

Road transport

Stuttgart is served by Autobahn A8, that runs east–west from Karlsruhe to Munich, and Autobahn A81 that runs north–south from Würzburg to Singen. The Autobahn A831 is a short spur entering the southern side of Stuttgart.

Besides these Autobahns, Stuttgart is served by a large number of expressways, many of which are built to Autobahn standards, and were once intended to carry an A-number. Important expressways like B10, B14, B27 and B29 connect Stuttgart with its suburbs. Due to the hilly surroundings, there are many road tunnels in and around Stuttgart. There are also a number of road tunnels under intersections in the center of Stuttgart.

Waterways

Stuttgart has an inland port in Hedelfingen on the Neckar.

Sport

Football

VfB Stuttgart's home ground, the MHPArena in Bad Cannstatt. In the background: the Stuttgart Spring Festival

As in many parts of Germany, football is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to 'The Reds' and 'The Blues'. 'The Reds', VfB Stuttgart, are the most famous and popular local club. An established team currently playing in the German Bundesliga, VfB was founded in 1893 and has won five German titles since 1950, most recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB is based at the MHPArena in Bad Cannstatt.

'The Blues', Stuttgarter Kickers, are the second most important football team; their most successful years date back to the time when young Jürgen Klinsmann started his career as forward in their team. They currently play in the Regionalliga Südwest (fourth division) at the smaller Gazi Stadium close to the TV tower in Degerloch.

Other lower-division football teams are Sportfreunde Stuttgart – most famous for taking part in the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first World Cup^[181] – and FV Zuffenhausen.

Other sports

TV Bittenfeld has been playing in the men's Handball-Bundesliga since the 2015–2016 season under the name TVB 1898 Stuttgart. The home venue is the Scharrena Stuttgart, part of the home games also take place in the Porsche-Arena for capacity reasons. VfL Pfullingen/Stuttgart played in the Bundesliga from 2001 to 2006, where they played their home games in the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle. In the 1990–1991 season, SG Stuttgart-Scharnhausen also played in the Bundesliga.

Since 2008, the women's volleyball team Allianz MTV Stuttgart (until 2010 Allianz Volley Stuttgart, until 2012 Smart Allianz Stuttgart) plays in the Deutsche Volleyball-Bundesliga. They became German champions in 2019 and 2022, having previously been runners-up four times in a row from 2015 to 2018, and also won the German cup four times and reached the final of CEV Cup. CJD Feuerbach was German champion in women's volleyball three times. The club withdrew its first team from the Bundesliga in 1996 for financial reasons.

Stuttgart has two major ice hockey teams. Stuttgart Rebels EC, plays in the "Landesliga" (4th tier) at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch. The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers play in the first division of the DEL. The Steelers play in the new Ege Trans Arena in Bietigheim.

The strongest local water polo team is SV Cannstatt, which won the German championship in 2006.

Stuttgart has three American Football teams: the Stuttgart Silver Arrows, who play in the Regionalliga Südwest, and the Stuttgart Scorpions as part of the German Football League, who play in Stuttgarter Kickers' Gazi Stadium. With Stuttgart Surge a third team was founded in 2021 as part of the European League of Football (ELF) and is likewise supposed to play in the Gazi Stadium.

Australian Football is practiced by the Stuttgart Emus – one of only six active teams in Germany. It participates in the Australian Football League Germany when they play their home games in the Eberhard-Bauer-Stadion.

TC Weissenhof is a Stuttgart-based women's tennis team that has won the German championship four times. Another women's team is TEC Waldau Stuttgart (German champions in 2006).

HTC Stuttgarter Kickers is one of the most successful field hockey clubs in Germany, having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006.

Stuttgart has also hosted the Stihl Timbersports Series in world logging championships.

Locally renowned for their zeal are the "Stuttgart Valley Roller Girls".

Sporting events

Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events, including the FIFA World Cup 1974, the finals stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1985, the UEFA Euro 1988, and the World Championships in Athletics 1993. It was also one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, three of them second round matches, including the third and fourth place playoff, were played at the Gottlieb Daimler Stadium (today MHPArena). Stuttgart was also 2007 European Capital of Sport,^[182] hosting events such as the UCI World Cycling Championships Road Race and the IAAF World Athletics Final.

Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts, where the annual Mercedes Cup tennis tournament is played, the Porsche Arena (hosting tennis, basketball and handball), the Schleyerhalle (boxing, equestrianism/show jumping, gymnastics, track cycling etc.), and Scharrena Stuttgart.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Stuttgart is twinned with:^[183]

St Helens, United Kingdom (1948)
Cardiff, United Kingdom (1955)
St. Louis, United States (1960)
Strasbourg, France (1962)
Mumbai, India (1968)
Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisia (1971)
Cairo, Egypt (1979)
Łódź, Poland (1988)
Brno, Czech Republic (1989)
Samara, Russia (1992)

The city district of Bad Cannstatt is twinned with:^[184]

Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary

The city district of Vaihingen is twinned with:^[184]

Melun, France

The city district of Zuffenhausen is twinned with:^[184]

La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, France

Friendships

Stuttgart has friendly relations with:^[184]

Ōgaki, Japan
Nanjing, China
Shavei Tzion, Israel

People

In popular culture

Gaming

In the 2003 video game Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour, GLA forces attacked the US base in Stuttgart in their final mission. In the first Chinese mission, the player must reclaim the city from the GLA.^[185]
Herbert Ludwig, more commonly known as the Medic in Valve's 2007 first-person shooter game Team Fortress 2 is a native of Stuttgart,^[186] but was raised in Rottenburg am Neckar.^[187]
In the 2008 adventure game episode Sam & Max: Night of the Raving Dead, the title characters travel to Stuttgart to kill a vampire.^[188]
Reinhardt, one of the tank classes in Blizzard's 2016 team based shooter Overwatch, originates from Stuttgart. Furthermore, the game also features the map Eichenwalde, which is a fictional castle town near the city.^[189]

Novels

In the 2005 novel The Book Thief, protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book.^[190]

TV and cinema

In the 2012 film The Avengers, the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart, where he intends to steal a large quantity of iridium for his schemes. These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland, Ohio, and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film's depiction of the city.^[191]

Gallery

Stuttgart at night, looking northwest

Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road
The Markthalle Stuttgart (Stuttgart Market Hall)
The 216 m (709 ft) Fernsehturm Stuttgart (Stuttgart Television Tower) at night
Castle Rosenstein
Neues Schloss at night
The Hegel Museum, birthplace of Hegel
Stuttgart annual Christmas Market
Old downtown area of Stuttgart
Romantic view on the downtown area seen from upper Lenzhalde
The Haus der Wirtschaft (House of Commerce)
Schlossplatz
The grave chapel atop the Württemberg
The mild climate and hilly landscape are perfect for viticulture, as the Romans discovered. Pictured are vineyards near Obertürkheim.
View of Stuttgart from atop the Birkenkopf
View from the Killesbergpark
Neckar river flowing through Hedelfingen and Obertürkheim
Vineyards on the Neckar river in the Mühlhausen area of Stuttgart during the Autumn of 2006

Notes

^ Sixth in Germany behind Munich, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Berlin, and Hamburg^[7]
^ 10th in Europe and third in Germany, behind Munich and Berlin^[8]
^ The history of Stuttgart's coat of arms is long. The Chorographia Württemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 (p. 225) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing dexter, on a field or. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952).
^ This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a Herzog.
^ Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.^[97]
^ "When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized ... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves ... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."^[102]
^ Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.
^ The nature of Stuttgart's hilly landscape often makes changes in the city's height. By the Neckar, the elevation is about 207 m (679 ft), whereas the highest elevation Bernhartshöhe is 549 m (1,801 ft) – something rather unique in large German cities.

References

^ Oberbürgermeisterwahl Stuttgart 2020, Staatsanzeiger.
^ ^a ^b "Stuttgart" (in German). Initiativkreis Europäische Metropolregionen. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität – vierteljährlich" (in German). statistik-bw.de. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023.
^ "Städte-Vergleich: Stuttgart fällt im Ranking zurück" (in German). stuttgarter-zeitung.de. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^ "The State and its people". State of Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Mercer's 2015 Quality of Living City Rankings". Mercer. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Innovation Cities™ Index 2015 : Global". Innovation-Cities.com. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ "Introduction to Stuttgart". The New York Times. 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[unreliable source?]}
^ "Stuttgart, Germany". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Things to Do in Germany". TripSavvy.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Top Ten facts on Stuttgart, Slide 8". Global Blue. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Friedmann, Jan; Gorris, Lothar (11 August 2017). "Stuttgart: Eine Autostadt auf der Suche nach einer neuen mobilen Zukunft – DER SPIEGEL". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ Fischer, Konrad (31 May 2017). "Feinstaub und Fahrverbote: In Stuttgart stirbt der Diesel". www.wiwo.de (in German). Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ Hägler, Max (15 June 2017). "Vorarbeit aus Stuttgart". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ "About Stuttgart". StudyInStuttgart.com. Study in Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ""Will Jemand Eis?" Da Isses: Neues Logo für Stuttgart". Kessel.tv. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Stuttgart". world-cities.eu. European Union. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Dorling 2001, p. 15.
^ "Neue Daten zur Migration in Deutschland verfügbar". Destatis.de. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische (29 April 2023). "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund". bpb.de (in German). Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Das Mittelalter (bis 1500)" [The Middle Ages (until 1500)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Stuttgart's History". Stuttgart Information. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Stuttgart". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte – kurz gefasst". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Brandl, Ulrich; Federhofer, Emmi (2010). Ton + Technik. Römische Ziegel. Stuttgart: Theiss. ISBN 978-3-8062-2403-0.
^ Gühring 2004, p. 52.
^ ^a ^b "Early history of Stuttgart". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Chronicle Stuttgart". Pangloss. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Kirn 2007.
^ C. Sebastian Sommer, "Die städtischen Siedlungen im rechtsrheinischen Obergermanien" in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Der Funktionswandel des öffentlichen Raumes, (Xantener Berichte 2, 1992, 119 ff.
^ Greule, Albrecht (2007). "Keltische Ortsnamen in Baden-Württemberg. Wir können alles – außer Latein". In Schmidt, Susanne (ed.). Imperium Romanum. Roms Provinzen an Neckar, Rhein und Donau. Theiss, Konrad. pp. 80–84. ISBN 9783806221404.
^ ^a ^b "The History of Stuttgart". World Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
^ Pantel, Mike. "History of Baden-Württemberg". Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Dorling 2001, p. 294.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Stadtarchiv Stuttgart – Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte im Überblick" [City Archive Stuttgart – An overview of Stuttgart's city history] (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b "Altes Schloss". Landesmuseum Wurttemberg. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Vorläufer des großen Bauernkriegs zwischen 1476 und 1517" [Forerunner of the great Peasants' War between 1476 and 1517] (in German). Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Burg, David F. (2004). "Tax Rebellions". A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 9781135959999. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Bietenholz & Deutscher 2003, p. 464.
^ "Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg – Der Mord im Böblinger Wald" [Duke Ulrich of Württemberg – The Murder in the Böblinger Forest]. Geschichtsverein-koengen.de (in German). 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ulrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 567–568. This work in turn cites:
- L. F. Heyd, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Tübingen, 1841–1844)
- B. Kugler, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1865)
- H. Ulmann, Fünf Jahre württembergischer Geschichte 1515–1519 (Leipzig, 1867)
- Johannes Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (Freiburg, 1890) Eng. trans. by A. M. Christie and M. A. Mitchell (London, 1900 seq.)
- C. F. von Stälin, Wirtembergische Geschichte. Bd. iv. (Stuttgart, 1873)
- J. Wille, Philipp der Grossmüthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wirtemberg (Tübingen, 1882)
^ "Schnepf, Erhard". Christian Cyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Fuchs 2004, p. 50.
^ "Werksansicht". Digital.wlb-stuttgart.de. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Prinzebau Stuttgart". Stuttgart Marketing GmbH. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Neuzeit (1500 bis 1800)" [The History of Stuttgart: The Modern Era (1500 to 1800)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Dieterle, p. 33.
^ Dieterle, p. 34.
^ Wilson 2009, p. 789.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dieterle, p. 37.
^ "Das Leben der Magdalena Sibylla von Hessen Darmstadt: Grafentochter wird Herzogin". echo-online.de. Echo. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Dorling 2001, p. 292.
^ "Neues Schloss Stuttgart". Region Stuttgart. Stuttgart Marketing GmbH. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Solitude Palace". Baden-Wurttemberg. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Schloss Hohenheim". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Akademie". das Gebäude. Archived from the original on 17 February 2003. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Dieterle, p. 47.
^ "Le traité de paix de Presbourg, 26 décembre 1805" (in French). Napoleon.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Confederation of the Rhine". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek". Portal.d-nb.de (in German). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Die Geschichte des Cannstatter Volksfestes". Cannstatter Volkfest. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "History: University of Hohenheim". University of Hohenheim. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Statistical Reports of Baden-Württemberg" (PDF). Statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Profile". University of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Geschichte der Hochschule". Musikhochschule Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Kitchen 2000, p. 187.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kitchen 2000, p. 188.
^ ^a ^b "Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Moderne (ab 1800)" [History of Stuttgart: Modern Era (after 1800)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Jubiläumssäule". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Königsbau". Stuttgart Information. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Historische Einwohnerzahlen der Stuttgarter Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 1834 bis 1900" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Stuttgart – Where Business Meets the Future. CD issued by Stuttgart Town Hall, Department for Economic Development, 2005.
^ "Lenin: The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart (Proletary)". marxists.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Hauptbahnhof Stuttgart". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Dunkel 2014, pp. 132–135.
^ "Germans Request Armistice". 1918: A Fateful Ending. The History Place. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Sauer, Paul (1994). Württembergs letzter König: Das Leben Wilhelms II (in German). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3421067029.
^ Haffner 2004, p. 225–226.
^ Butler, p. 99.
^ "Karl Strölin". Archived from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Von Zeit zu Zeit" (in German). Stuttgart Zeitung newspaper, online historical archive. May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Müller, Roland. "Die Stuttgarter Kriegsfilmchronik – Ein besonderer Bestand im Stadtarchiv". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2018. (Uppsats)
^ Barber, Chris (2003). Birth of the Beetle: the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche. Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-85960-959-7.
^ Gilmore, Bob (April 1985). "The KdF Brochure". VW Trends. p. 45.
^ "Staatspolizeileitstelle im Hotel Silber". Hotel Silber. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Federal 1995, p. 87.
^ "Stuttgart – Baden-Württemberg's Jewish Centre". germany.travel. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Jewish Life – and Loss – in Stuttgart". Stuttgart Steps. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Bauz & Breugemann 2013, p. 277.
^ ^a ^b "Memorial Deportation Jews Stuttgart". TracesOfWar.com. Traces of War. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Wuerttemberg". JewishVirtualLibrary.org. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Federal 1995, p. 88.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Stuttgart im zweiten Weltkrieg: 2. Weltkrieg (1939 bis 1945)" [Stuttgart in the second world war: World War II (1939 to 1945)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Endgültige Ergebnisse der Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011" [Final results of the 2011 building and housing census] (PDF). zensus2011.de (in German).
^ Stanton, Shelby L. (2006). World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division 1939–1946 (Revised ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0811701570.
^ Faltin, Thomas (18 April 2015). "Die offizielle Statistik zählt 1389 Vergewaltigungen". Stuttgarter-Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Bruhns, Annette (30 March 2005). "Der Krieg gegen die Frauen". Der Spiegel (in German). Spiegel-Verlag. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ MacDonogh 2009.
^ Willis, Frank Roy (1968). France, Germany and the New Europe, 1945–1967. Stanford University Press.
^ "Displaced persons camps". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Speech by J.F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State Restatement of Policy on Germany Stuttgart". usa.usembassy.de. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Ennen, Edith; Höroldt, Dietrich (1967). "Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Bonn". Stollfuß Verlag: 278–279.
^ "Strasbourg, twin city". en.strasbourg.eu (in German). City of Strasbourg. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Stuttgart und Ludwigsburg: Abschied mit Rede an die deutsche Jugend" (in German). Landeszantrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Theophil, Roland. "Die Queen besucht Stuttgart". vonzeitzuzeit.de. Stuttgarter-Zeitung. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Our State". Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Ausländer in Stuttgart 1955 bis 2005" (PDF). Statistik und Informationsmanagement. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Kellerhof, Sven Felix. "Anwälte, die Sprengstoff zu Terroristen trugen". Die Welt. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Knobbe, Martin (27 April 2007). "Der Ankläger und sein Informant". Stern (in German). Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "The European Council [Stuttgart Summit 1983], Stuttgart, 17–19 June 1983" (PDF). Pittsburgh University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Moser, Patrick (14 June 1989). "Gorbachev invites West German on Soviet space mission". UPI. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Sauer, p. 140.
^ "Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1993". Structurae. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Reserve, Army. "Stuttgart military community: A look back to 1967 | EUCOM, Stronger Together". Eucom.mil. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946–52)". History.army.mil. 1 July 1946. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "United States Constabulary, Bamberg/Heidelberg/Vaihingen, Germany, 1946–1950". USArmyGermany.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Vandiver, John. "Monument unveiled for U.S. Constabulary". Stripes. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "History | U.S. Army in Europe". Eur.army.mil. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Killebrew (Retired), Colonel Robert (9 October 2008). "U.S. Africa Command Stands Up". Africom.mil. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "DOD announces plans to adjust posture of land forces in Europe" (PDF). Media.Defense.Gov. 16 February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Tenant Units". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ EB (1911).
^ EB (1878).
^ "Population and Area". Region-Stuttgart.org (in German). Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Network of European Metropolitan Areas in Germany: Stuttgart". deutsche-metropolregionen.org. IKM. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Climate: Baden-Württemberg". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Stuttgart Climate, Temperatures, and Weather Averages". ClimaTemps.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg" (in German). Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Woppowa, Stefan; Odenhausen, Michael. "Storm Front Andreas – A 15-Minute Hailstorm With Catastrophic Consequences". genre.com. GenRe. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Mit Silberjodid in die Gewitterwolken". Stuttgarter-Nachrichten. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ "Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – Startseite". Dwd.de (in German). Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ "Stuttgart extreme values". KNMI. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Bekker 2005, p. 445.
^ McLachlan, p. 245
^ ^a ^b "Typical Stuttgart". Official website of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Stuttgart State Opera". Official website of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Stuttgarter Stäffele". stuttgart.de. City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Culinary A to Z". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Die Schwäbische Maultasche steht jetzt unter Schutz der Europäischen Union". shortnews.de. 23 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Thousands gather in Stuttgart for Germany's festival of faith and action". World Council of Churches. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ "Willkommen in der Weihnachtsmarkt-Stadt Stuttgart". in.Stuttgart Veranstaltungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG (in German). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Christiani 2015, p. 311.
^ McLachlan, p. 254
^ ^a ^b Peters, p. 430
^ "Mercedes-Benz Museum". State Capital Stuttgart. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "The Linden Museum – the World in Stuttgart". Lindenmuseum.de. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Gospel Forum". Gospel-Forum.de. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart". IBCStuttgart.de. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Christiani 2015, p. 310.
^ "Regionaldaten". Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Stuttgart in Zahlen" (PDF). Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Stuttgart in Zahlen". Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ Schlaich, Heckel & Heun 1997, p. 28.
^ "Religiöse Vielfalt in einer wachsenden Stadt – Kirche und Religion in Stuttgart im Zeitverlauf" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Stuttgart Journal". Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Stuttgart Zeitung 27 February 2008, regional unemployment figures
^ "Kriminalität im Großstadt- und Regionalvergleich 2003" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "City of Hamburg website" (in German). Hamburg.de. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ ""Stuttgart 21" zieht CDU und SPD nach unten" [Stuttgart 21 pulls down CDU and SPD]. Die Welt (in German). 7 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Discover the city". stuttgart.de/en. City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Schorske, Carl E. (1955). German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780674351257. Retrieved 14 October 2018. stuttgart city districts.
^ "Contact". Daimler AG. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
^ "Historie". Porsche Engineering. Porsche. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.,
^ "Bosch". Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
^ Chen, Aric (7 January 2007). "Stuttgart, Germany; Motor Stadt (Psst! This Isn't Michigan)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[unreliable source?]}
^ "Die Bedeutung von Stuttgart als Hochschulstandort". www.statistik-bw.de. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
^ Schoolyard, Inc. "International School of Stuttgart". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "International School of Stuttgart – Quick Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Schoolyard, Inc. "About IIS". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Umweltzone und Feinstaub-Plakette: Fragen und Antworten". Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ PDF showing the areas of Stuttgart in the Low Emission Zone ^{[dead link‍]}
^ Germany, Stuttgarter Nachrichten, Stuttgart. "U für Unabhängig: Stuttgart als Stadtbahn-Baustelle". stuttgarter-nachrichten.de (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Mit dem ICE/TGV nach Paris" (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "German Railway | G2Rail". www.g2rail.com. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
^ Stuttgarter Nachrichten German newspaper report on planned 2nd runway ^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Lipton Trophy". Rsssf.com. 20 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "European Capital of Sport 2007". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Stuttgarts Städtepartnerschaften". stuttgart.de (in German). Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Weitere Partnerschaften". stuttgart.de (in German). Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
^ "Command & Conquer 3 Tiberium Wars – Walkthrough". IGN. 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Team Fortress 2 – Medic". TeamFortress.com. Valve. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Medic". Official Team Fortress Wiki. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Sam & Max Episode 203: Night of the Raving Dead FAQ and Walkthrough". GameFAQs.com. GameFaqs. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ "Overwatch: Neue Karte "Eichenwalde" mit Deutschland als Schauplatz". PC Games Hardware (in German). 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^ "The Book Thief: Book Summary". CliffsNotes. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ Bhatia, Kabir (4 May 2012). "'The Avengers' drawing giggles from Germans". WKSU 89.7 (Kent, Ohio). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

Sources

Bauz, Ingrid; Breuggemann, Roland (2013). Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Württemberg und Hohenzollern. Stuttgart, BW: Schmetterling-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89657-138-0.
Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1887), "Stuttgart" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 22 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
Bekker, Henk (2005). Adventure Guide Germany. Hunter Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58843-503-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (2003). Contemporaries of Erasumus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Vol. 1–3, A–Z. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8577-1. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Stuttgart" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 25 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press
Dieterle, Elizabeth; Muller, Werner; Schorr, Dieter; Schbert, Dieter; Schukra, Harald (1983). Stuttgart Portrat Einer Stadt. Munich, BV: Kunstverlag Josef Bühn. ASIN B00232CMRW.
Dorling Kindersley (6 August 2001). Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany. New York City, NY: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-6646-5.
Dunkel, Franziska (2014). uftalarm. In: Fastnacht der Hölle. Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Sinne. Stuttgart, BW: Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg.
Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation. Vol. 1. Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia: Federal Agency for Civic Education. 1995. ISBN 3-89331-208-0.
Fuchs, Karlheinz (October 2004). Baukunst im deutschen Sudwesten. Leinfelden-Echterdingen, BW: DRW-Verlag. ISBN 3-87181-491-1.
Gühring, Albrecht; Matthias, Beer; Binder, Petra; Ehmer, Hermann; Friederich, Susanne; Heinz, Reinhard; Juréwitz, Peter; Kull, Ulrich; Meyle, Wolfgang; Müller, Roland; Raberg, Frank; Rees, Werner (2004). Zuffenhausen. Village – Town – City District. Zuffenhausen, Baden-Württemberg: Association For the Promotion of Home and Care Partnership and of Young and Old People. ISBN 3-00-013395-X.
Haffner, Sebastian (1 March 2004). Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19 (in German). Reinbek, Schleswig-Holstein: Rowohlt Verlag. ISBN 3-463-40423-0.
Kirn, Daniel (2007). Stuttgart – Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 978-3-86680-137-0.
Kitchen, Martin (4 September 2000). Illustrated History of History. Cambridge Illustrated Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45341-7.
MacDonogh, Giles (24 February 2009). After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. New York City: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00338-9.
McLachlan, Gordon (2004). The Rough Guide to Germany. London, England: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-293-4.
Peters, Kurt; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea; Johnstone, Sarah; O'Carroll, Etain; Oliver, Jeanne; Parkinson, Tom; Williams, Nicola (2004). Germany. Melbourne, Australia: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-471-4.
Schulte-Peevers, Andrea; Christiani, Kerry; Di Duca, Marc; Le Nevez, Catherine (15 March 2016). "Stuttgart and the Black Forest". Germany. Melbourne, Australia: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74321-023-9.
Schlaich, Klaus; Heckel, Martin; Heun, Werner (1997). Gesammelte Aufsätze: Kirche und Staat von der Reformation bis zum Grundgesetz (in German). Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-146727-1.
Wilson, Peter (2009). The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03634-5.

Preceded by Zagreb, Yugoslavia (1957)	World Gymnaestrada host city 1961	Succeeded by Vienna, Austria (1965)

[8] Sixth in Germany behind Munich, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Berlin, and Hamburg^[7]

[10] 10th in Europe and third in Germany, behind Munich and Berlin^[8]

[29] The history of Stuttgart's coat of arms is long. The Chorographia Württemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 (p. 225) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing dexter, on a field or. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952).

[43] This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a Herzog.

[102] Of those, 67.8% of the residential buildings and 75% of the Industrial structures were destroyed.^[97]

[108] "When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized ... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves ... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."^[102]

[120] Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.

[134] The nature of Stuttgart's hilly landscape often makes changes in the city's height. By the Neckar, the elevation is about 207 m (679 ft), whereas the highest elevation Bernhartshöhe is 549 m (1,801 ft) – something rather unique in large German cities.

[1] Oberbürgermeisterwahl Stuttgart 2020, Staatsanzeiger.

[pop_metro-2] "Stuttgart" (in German). Initiativkreis Europäische Metropolregionen. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.

[pop_urban-3] "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität – vierteljährlich" (in German). statistik-bw.de. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2019.

[4] "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022" [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023.

[5] "Städte-Vergleich: Stuttgart fällt im Ranking zurück" (in German). stuttgarter-zeitung.de. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022.

[6] "The State and its people". State of Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[7] "Mercer's 2015 Quality of Living City Rankings". Mercer. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[9] "Innovation Cities™ Index 2015 : Global". Innovation-Cities.com. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[11] "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

[12] "Introduction to Stuttgart". The New York Times. 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[unreliable source?]}

[13] "Stuttgart, Germany". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Amondson-14] "Things to Do in Germany". TripSavvy.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[15] "Top Ten facts on Stuttgart, Slide 8". Global Blue. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[16] Friedmann, Jan; Gorris, Lothar (11 August 2017). "Stuttgart: Eine Autostadt auf der Suche nach einer neuen mobilen Zukunft – DER SPIEGEL". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.

[17] Fischer, Konrad (31 May 2017). "Feinstaub und Fahrverbote: In Stuttgart stirbt der Diesel". www.wiwo.de (in German). Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2022.

[18] Hägler, Max (15 June 2017). "Vorarbeit aus Stuttgart". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.

[19] "About Stuttgart". StudyInStuttgart.com. Study in Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[20] "Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[21] ""Will Jemand Eis?" Da Isses: Neues Logo für Stuttgart". Kessel.tv. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[22] "Stuttgart". world-cities.eu. European Union. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDorling200115-23] Dorling 2001, p. 15.

[24] "Neue Daten zur Migration in Deutschland verfügbar". Destatis.de. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[25] Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische (29 April 2023). "Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund". bpb.de (in German). Retrieved 9 January 2024.

[GeschStutt1-26] "Das Mittelalter (bis 1500)" [The Middle Ages (until 1500)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[StuttInfo-27] "Stuttgart's History". Stuttgart Information. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[EBStutt-28] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Stuttgart". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[StadtHist-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte – kurz gefasst". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[31] Brandl, Ulrich; Federhofer, Emmi (2010). Ton + Technik. Römische Ziegel. Stuttgart: Theiss. ISBN 978-3-8062-2403-0.

[FOOTNOTEGühring200452-32] Gühring 2004, p. 52.

[auto-33] "Early history of Stuttgart". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Pangloss-34] "Chronicle Stuttgart". Pangloss. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEKirn2007-35] Kirn 2007.

[36] C. Sebastian Sommer, "Die städtischen Siedlungen im rechtsrheinischen Obergermanien" in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Der Funktionswandel des öffentlichen Raumes, (Xantener Berichte 2, 1992, 119 ff.

[37] Greule, Albrecht (2007). "Keltische Ortsnamen in Baden-Württemberg. Wir können alles – außer Latein". In Schmidt, Susanne (ed.). Imperium Romanum. Roms Provinzen an Neckar, Rhein und Donau. Theiss, Konrad. pp. 80–84. ISBN 9783806221404.

[WorldTravGuide-38] "The History of Stuttgart". World Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[39] Pantel, Mike. "History of Baden-Württemberg". Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDorling2001294-40] Dorling 2001, p. 294.

[GesichichtePDF-41] "Stadtarchiv Stuttgart – Stuttgarter Stadtgeschichte im Überblick" [City Archive Stuttgart – An overview of Stuttgart's city history] (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[LanMus:AltSch-42] "Altes Schloss". Landesmuseum Wurttemberg. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[EBUlrichDuke-44] "Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Peasant_Rebellions-45] "Vorläufer des großen Bauernkriegs zwischen 1476 und 1517" [Forerunner of the great Peasants' War between 1476 and 1517] (in German). Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Tax_Rebellions-46] Burg, David F. (2004). "Tax Rebellions". A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 9781135959999. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[FOOTNOTEBietenholzDeutscher2003464-47] Bietenholz & Deutscher 2003, p. 464.

[48] "Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg – Der Mord im Böblinger Wald" [Duke Ulrich of Württemberg – The Murder in the Böblinger Forest]. Geschichtsverein-koengen.de (in German). 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[49] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ulrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 567–568. This work in turn cites:
L. F. Heyd, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Tübingen, 1841–1844)

B. Kugler, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1865)

H. Ulmann, Fünf Jahre württembergischer Geschichte 1515–1519 (Leipzig, 1867)

Johannes Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (Freiburg, 1890) Eng. trans. by A. M. Christie and M. A. Mitchell (London, 1900 seq.)

C. F. von Stälin, Wirtembergische Geschichte. Bd. iv. (Stuttgart, 1873)

J. Wille, Philipp der Grossmüthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wirtemberg (Tübingen, 1882)

[54] L. F. Heyd, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Tübingen, 1841–1844)

[55] B. Kugler, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1865)

[56] H. Ulmann, Fünf Jahre württembergischer Geschichte 1515–1519 (Leipzig, 1867)

[57] Johannes Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (Freiburg, 1890) Eng. trans. by A. M. Christie and M. A. Mitchell (London, 1900 seq.)

[58] C. F. von Stälin, Wirtembergische Geschichte. Bd. iv. (Stuttgart, 1873)

[59] J. Wille, Philipp der Grossmüthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wirtemberg (Tübingen, 1882)

[50] "Schnepf, Erhard". Christian Cyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEFuchs200450-51] Fuchs 2004, p. 50.

[52] "Werksansicht". Digital.wlb-stuttgart.de. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[53] "Prinzebau Stuttgart". Stuttgart Marketing GmbH. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[GeschStutt2-54] "Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Neuzeit (1500 bis 1800)" [The History of Stuttgart: The Modern Era (1500 to 1800)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDieterle33-55] Dieterle, p. 33.

[FOOTNOTEDieterle34-56] Dieterle, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTEWilson2009789-57] Wilson 2009, p. 789.

[FOOTNOTEDieterle37-58] Dieterle, p. 37.

[59] "Das Leben der Magdalena Sibylla von Hessen Darmstadt: Grafentochter wird Herzogin". echo-online.de. Echo. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDorling2001292-60] Dorling 2001, p. 292.

[61] "Neues Schloss Stuttgart". Region Stuttgart. Stuttgart Marketing GmbH. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[62] "Solitude Palace". Baden-Wurttemberg. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[63] "Schloss Hohenheim". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[64] "Akademie". das Gebäude. Archived from the original on 17 February 2003. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDieterle47-65] Dieterle, p. 47.

[66] "Le traité de paix de Presbourg, 26 décembre 1805" (in French). Napoleon.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[EBConfedRhine-67] "Confederation of the Rhine". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[68] "DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek". Portal.d-nb.de (in German). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[69] "Die Geschichte des Cannstatter Volksfestes". Cannstatter Volkfest. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[70] "History: University of Hohenheim". University of Hohenheim. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[71] "Statistical Reports of Baden-Württemberg" (PDF). Statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[72] "Profile". University of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[73] "Geschichte der Hochschule". Musikhochschule Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEKitchen2000187-74] Kitchen 2000, p. 187.

[FOOTNOTEKitchen2000188-75] Kitchen 2000, p. 188.

[GeschStutt3-76] "Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Moderne (ab 1800)" [History of Stuttgart: Modern Era (after 1800)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[77] "Jubiläumssäule". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[78] "Königsbau". Stuttgart Information. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[PopPDF-79] "Historische Einwohnerzahlen der Stuttgarter Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 1834 bis 1900" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Where_Business_Meets_the_Future-80] Stuttgart – Where Business Meets the Future. CD issued by Stuttgart Town Hall, Department for Economic Development, 2005.

[81] "Lenin: The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart (Proletary)". marxists.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[82] "Hauptbahnhof Stuttgart". City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDunkel2014132–135-83] Dunkel 2014, pp. 132–135.

[84] "Germans Request Armistice". 1918: A Fateful Ending. The History Place. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[85] Sauer, Paul (1994). Württembergs letzter König: Das Leben Wilhelms II (in German). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3421067029.

[FOOTNOTEHaffner2004225–226-86] Haffner 2004, p. 225–226.

[FOOTNOTEButler99-87] Butler, p. 99.

[Strölin-88] "Karl Strölin". Archived from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[89] "Von Zeit zu Zeit" (in German). Stuttgart Zeitung newspaper, online historical archive. May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[stuttg-90] Müller, Roland. "Die Stuttgarter Kriegsfilmchronik – Ein besonderer Bestand im Stadtarchiv". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2018. (Uppsats)

[91] Barber, Chris (2003). Birth of the Beetle: the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche. Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-85960-959-7.

[92] Gilmore, Bob (April 1985). "The KdF Brochure". VW Trends. p. 45.

[93] "Staatspolizeileitstelle im Hotel Silber". Hotel Silber. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEFederal199587-94] Federal 1995, p. 87.

[95] "Stuttgart – Baden-Württemberg's Jewish Centre". germany.travel. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[96] "Jewish Life – and Loss – in Stuttgart". Stuttgart Steps. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEBauzBreugemann2013277-97] Bauz & Breugemann 2013, p. 277.

[northmem-98] "Memorial Deportation Jews Stuttgart". TracesOfWar.com. Traces of War. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[99] "Wuerttemberg". JewishVirtualLibrary.org. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEFederal199588-100] Federal 1995, p. 88.

[GeschStutt4-101] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Stuttgart im zweiten Weltkrieg: 2. Weltkrieg (1939 bis 1945)" [Stuttgart in the second world war: World War II (1939 to 1945)]. Die Geschichte von Stuttgart (in German). 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[103] "Endgültige Ergebnisse der Gebäude- und Wohnungszählung 2011" [Final results of the 2011 building and housing census] (PDF). zensus2011.de (in German).

[104] Stanton, Shelby L. (2006). World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division 1939–1946 (Revised ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0811701570.

[105] Faltin, Thomas (18 April 2015). "Die offizielle Statistik zählt 1389 Vergewaltigungen". Stuttgarter-Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[106] Bruhns, Annette (30 March 2005). "Der Krieg gegen die Frauen". Der Spiegel (in German). Spiegel-Verlag. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEMacDonogh2009-107] MacDonogh 2009.

[109] Willis, Frank Roy (1968). France, Germany and the New Europe, 1945–1967. Stanford University Press.

[110] "Displaced persons camps". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[111] "Speech by J.F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State Restatement of Policy on Germany Stuttgart". usa.usembassy.de. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Ennen-112] Ennen, Edith; Höroldt, Dietrich (1967). "Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Bonn". Stollfuß Verlag: 278–279.

[Strasbourg-113] "Strasbourg, twin city". en.strasbourg.eu (in German). City of Strasbourg. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[114] "Stuttgart und Ludwigsburg: Abschied mit Rede an die deutsche Jugend" (in German). Landeszantrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[115] Theophil, Roland. "Die Queen besucht Stuttgart". vonzeitzuzeit.de. Stuttgarter-Zeitung. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[116] "Our State". Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[117] "Ausländer in Stuttgart 1955 bis 2005" (PDF). Statistik und Informationsmanagement. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[118] Kellerhof, Sven Felix. "Anwälte, die Sprengstoff zu Terroristen trugen". Die Welt. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[119] Knobbe, Martin (27 April 2007). "Der Ankläger und sein Informant". Stern (in German). Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[121] "The European Council [Stuttgart Summit 1983], Stuttgart, 17–19 June 1983" (PDF). Pittsburgh University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[122] Moser, Patrick (14 June 1989). "Gorbachev invites West German on Soviet space mission". UPI. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTESauer140-123] Sauer, p. 140.

[124] "Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1993". Structurae. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[125] Reserve, Army. "Stuttgart military community: A look back to 1967 | EUCOM, Stronger Together". Eucom.mil. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[126] "The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946–52)". History.army.mil. 1 July 1946. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[127] "United States Constabulary, Bamberg/Heidelberg/Vaihingen, Germany, 1946–1950". USArmyGermany.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[128] Vandiver, John. "Monument unveiled for U.S. Constabulary". Stripes. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[129] "History | U.S. Army in Europe". Eur.army.mil. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[130] Killebrew (Retired), Colonel Robert (9 October 2008). "U.S. Africa Command Stands Up". Africom.mil. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[131] "DOD announces plans to adjust posture of land forces in Europe" (PDF). Media.Defense.Gov. 16 February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[132] "Tenant Units". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-133] EB (1911).

[FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-135] EB (1878).

[136] "Population and Area". Region-Stuttgart.org (in German). Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[137] "Network of European Metropolitan Areas in Germany: Stuttgart". deutsche-metropolregionen.org. IKM. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[138] "Climate: Baden-Württemberg". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Climate-139] "Stuttgart Climate, Temperatures, and Weather Averages". ClimaTemps.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Web-140] "Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg" (in German). Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[141] Woppowa, Stefan; Odenhausen, Michael. "Storm Front Andreas – A 15-Minute Hailstorm With Catastrophic Consequences". genre.com. GenRe. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[142] "Mit Silberjodid in die Gewitterwolken". Stuttgarter-Nachrichten. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[WMO-143] "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Stuttgart-Schnarrenberg". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[144] "Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – Startseite". Dwd.de (in German). Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

[145] "Stuttgart extreme values". KNMI. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

[FOOTNOTEBekker2005445-146] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Bekker 2005, p. 445.

[147] McLachlan, p. 245

[Typical-148] "Typical Stuttgart". Official website of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[149] "Stuttgart State Opera". Official website of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[Stäffele-150] "Stuttgarter Stäffele". stuttgart.de. City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[151] "Culinary A to Z". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[152] "Die Schwäbische Maultasche steht jetzt unter Schutz der Europäischen Union". shortnews.de. 23 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[153] "Thousands gather in Stuttgart for Germany's festival of faith and action". World Council of Churches. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2022.

[154] "Willkommen in der Weihnachtsmarkt-Stadt Stuttgart". in.Stuttgart Veranstaltungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG (in German). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEChristiani2015311-155] Christiani 2015, p. 311.

[156] McLachlan, p. 254

[Peters,_p._430-157] Peters, p. 430

[158] "Mercedes-Benz Museum". State Capital Stuttgart. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[159] "The Linden Museum – the World in Stuttgart". Lindenmuseum.de. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[160] "Gospel Forum". Gospel-Forum.de. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[161] "The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart". IBCStuttgart.de. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[FOOTNOTEChristiani2015310-162] Christiani 2015, p. 310.

[163] "Regionaldaten". Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2019.

[stuttgart_de-164] "Stuttgart in Zahlen" (PDF). Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[165] "Stuttgart in Zahlen". Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 9 January 2024.

[FOOTNOTESchlaichHeckelHeun199728-166] Schlaich, Heckel & Heun 1997, p. 28.

[167] "Religiöse Vielfalt in einer wachsenden Stadt – Kirche und Religion in Stuttgart im Zeitverlauf" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[168] "Stuttgart Journal". Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[169] Stuttgart Zeitung 27 February 2008, regional unemployment figures

[170] "Kriminalität im Großstadt- und Regionalvergleich 2003" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[171] "City of Hamburg website" (in German). Hamburg.de. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[172] ""Stuttgart 21" zieht CDU und SPD nach unten" [Stuttgart 21 pulls down CDU and SPD]. Die Welt (in German). 7 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[173] "Discover the city". stuttgart.de/en. City of Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[174] Schorske, Carl E. (1955). German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780674351257. Retrieved 14 October 2018. stuttgart city districts.

[175] "Contact". Daimler AG. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[176] "Historie". Porsche Engineering. Porsche. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.,

[177] "Bosch". Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[NYT-178] Chen, Aric (7 January 2007). "Stuttgart, Germany; Motor Stadt (Psst! This Isn't Michigan)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2018.^{[unreliable source?]}

[179] "Die Bedeutung von Stuttgart als Hochschulstandort". www.statistik-bw.de. Retrieved 7 July 2022.

[180] Schoolyard, Inc. "International School of Stuttgart". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[181] "International School of Stuttgart – Quick Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[182] Schoolyard, Inc. "About IIS". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[183] "Umweltzone und Feinstaub-Plakette: Fragen und Antworten". Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[184] PDF showing the areas of Stuttgart in the Low Emission Zone ^{[dead link‍]}

[185] Germany, Stuttgarter Nachrichten, Stuttgart. "U für Unabhängig: Stuttgart als Stadtbahn-Baustelle". stuttgarter-nachrichten.de (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[186] "Mit dem ICE/TGV nach Paris" (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[187] "German Railway | G2Rail". www.g2rail.com. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

[188] Stuttgarter Nachrichten German newspaper report on planned 2nd runway ^{[dead link‍]}

[189] "Lipton Trophy". Rsssf.com. 20 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[190] "European Capital of Sport 2007". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[191] "Stuttgarts Städtepartnerschaften". stuttgart.de (in German). Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2020.

[partnerships-192] "Weitere Partnerschaften". stuttgart.de (in German). Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2020.

[193] "Command & Conquer 3 Tiberium Wars – Walkthrough". IGN. 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[194] "Team Fortress 2 – Medic". TeamFortress.com. Valve. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[195] "Medic". Official Team Fortress Wiki. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[196] "Sam & Max Episode 203: Night of the Raving Dead FAQ and Walkthrough". GameFAQs.com. GameFaqs. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[197] "Overwatch: Neue Karte "Eichenwalde" mit Deutschland als Schauplatz". PC Games Hardware (in German). 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

[198] "The Book Thief: Book Summary". CliffsNotes. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[199] Bhatia, Kabir (4 May 2012). "'The Avengers' drawing giggles from Germans". WKSU 89.7 (Kent, Ohio). Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

[1]

[4]

[3]

[2]

[5]

[6]

[a]

[b]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[c]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[d]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[e]

v t e Capitals of states of the Federal Republic of Germany
Capitals of area states	Dresden (Saxony) Düsseldorf (North Rhine-Westphalia) Erfurt (Thuringia) Hanover (Lower Saxony) Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein) Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt) Mainz (Rhineland-Palatinate) Munich (Bavaria) Potsdam (Brandenburg) Saarbrücken (Saarland) Schwerin (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg) Wiesbaden (Hesse)
City-states¹	Berlin City of Bremen (State of Bremen) Hamburg
Capitals of former states	Freiburg im Breisgau (South Baden, 1949–1952) Stuttgart (Württemberg-Baden, 1949–1952) Tübingen (Württemberg-Hohenzollern, 1949–1952)
¹ Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.

v t e Cities in Germany by population
1,000,000+	Berlin Cologne Hamburg Munich
500,000–999,999	Bremen Dortmund Dresden Düsseldorf Essen Frankfurt am Main Hanover Leipzig Nuremberg Stuttgart
200,000–499,999	Aachen Augsburg Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Braunschweig Chemnitz Duisburg Erfurt Freiburg im Breisgau Gelsenkirchen Halle (Saale) Karlsruhe Kassel Kiel Krefeld Lübeck Magdeburg Mainz Mannheim Münster Mönchengladbach Oberhausen Rostock Wiesbaden Wuppertal
100,000–199,999	Bergisch Gladbach Bottrop Bremerhaven Darmstadt Erlangen Fürth Göttingen Gütersloh Hagen Hamm Hanau Heidelberg Heilbronn Herne Hildesheim Ingolstadt Jena Koblenz Leverkusen Ludwigshafen Moers Mülheim an der Ruhr Neuss Offenbach am Main Oldenburg Osnabrück Paderborn Pforzheim Potsdam Recklinghausen Regensburg Remscheid Reutlingen Saarbrücken Salzgitter Siegen Solingen Trier Ulm Wolfsburg Würzburg
Complete list Municipalities Metropolitan regions Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants

v t e The City of Stuttgart
About Stuttgart	Architecture List of buildings in Stuttgart List of streets and squares in Stuttgart Banking Cuisine Culture Economy Geography History Media People Politics Science Sport Transport
Areas	Bad Cannstatt Birkach Degerloch Feuerbach Hedelfingen Möhringen Mühlhausen Münster Obertürkheim Plieningen Sillenbuch Stammheim Untertürkheim Vaihingen Wangen Weilimdorf Zuffenhausen

v t e Regions, and urban and rural districts in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany
Regions	Freiburg Karlsruhe Stuttgart Tübingen
Urban districts	Baden-Baden Freiburg Heidelberg Heilbronn Karlsruhe Mannheim Pforzheim Stuttgart Ulm
Rural districts	Alb-Donau Biberach Bodensee Böblingen Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Calw Emmendingen Enz Esslingen Freudenstadt Göppingen Heidenheim Heilbronn Hohenlohe Karlsruhe Konstanz Lörrach Ludwigsburg Main-Tauber Neckar-Odenwald Ortenau Ostalbkreis Rastatt Ravensburg Rems-Murr Reutlingen Rhein-Neckar Rottweil Schwäbisch Hall Schwarzwald-Baar Sigmaringen Tübingen Tuttlingen Waldshut Zollernalb
Districts of German states (Full list) Baden-Württemberg Bavaria Brandenburg Bremen Hesse Lower Saxony Mecklenburg-Vorpommern North Rhine-Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate Saarland Saxony Saxony-Anhalt Schleswig-Holstein Thuringia

Authority control databases
International	ISNI 2 VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Australia Czech Republic Spain Croatia Vatican Israel
Geographic	MusicBrainz area Pleiades
Academics	CiNii
Other	IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA RISM