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Lomatium

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Lomatium
Lomatium utriculatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Selineae
Genus: Lomatium
Raf.[1]
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Cogswellia Spreng.
  • Cusickia M.E.Jones
  • Cynomarathrum Nutt. ex Coult. & Rose
  • Leptotaenia Nutt.
  • Orogenia S.Watson

Lomatium is a genus in the family Apiaceae. It consists of about 100 species.[1] Its common names include biscuitroot, Indian parsley, and desert parsley.[2] It is in the family Apiaceae and therefore related to many familiar edible species such as carrots and celery. Native to western Northern America and northern Mexico, some Lomatium species are extensively used by Native Americans in the inland Pacific Northwest as a staple food.

Description

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Lomatium roots range from woody taproots to more fleshy underground tuberous-thickened roots. The plants are green and grow the most during the spring when water is available, and many species then set seed and dry out completely above ground before the hottest part of the year, while storing the energy they gained from photosynthesizing while water was available to them in their deep roots. For most of the year, the plant is not visible; the brown tops often are blown off or easily crushed, but it lies dormant underground for the next spring.

The leaves are mainly basal and dissected (ternately, pinnately, or ternate-pinnately dissected or compound), many look like ferns or can be mistaken for them. The flowers are arranged in compound umbels, without involucral bracts (or with inconspicuous bracts). The flowers are white or yellow, more rarely a purple or maroon color. As with most Apiaceae, the fruit sets the genus apart from other yellow- or white-flowered look-alikes such as Cymopterus. Uniquely, they are dorsally flattened and winged, which can be papery or corky, but help the seed to disperse further on the wind. The dorsal ribs may or may not be on the fruit, but are narrowly winged if at all.[2]

Taxonomy

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The genus Lomatium was established by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1819. Kurt Sprengel published the name Cogswellia in 1920; this is regarded as an illegitimate name as it was superfluous.[3]

Selected species

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As of December 2022, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[1]

Distribution and habitat

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The species is native to western Northern America and northern Mexico.[1]

Most lomatiums are desert species or grow on bluffs or mountain slopes where water is limited for most of the year.

Ecology

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It grows in a variety of habitats throughout western North America, from coastal bluffs to piles of basalt rock.

Conservation

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Many species' habitats are under threat by grazing, development, and wildfires. Also, some concern exists about particular species such as L. dissectum, which is mainly harvested from the wild for herbal uses.

Because the genus is so difficult to identify, but has great genetic diversity, new species are still being found today such as L.  tarantuloides,.[4] Many species often have a very limited geographical range, with the plants being few in number.

Uses

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Several species, including L. cous,[5] L. geyeri, and L. macrocarpum, are sometimes known as biscuit roots for their starchy edible roots. These are or have been traditional Native American foods, eaten cooked or dried and ground into flour.[6] Some Native Americans ground Lomatium into mush and shaped it into cakes and stored them for later use. Their flavor has been compared to celery, parsnip, or stale biscuits. Lomatium continues to be harvested and eaten by Indigenous people, including members of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation,[7] the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs,[8] and the Yakama Nation.[9]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Lomatium Raf." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  2. ^ a b Hitchcock & Cronquist (1973). Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. pp. 327–334. ISBN 0295952733.
  3. ^ "Lomatium Raf". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  4. ^ Darrach, M.E.; C.E. Hinchlif (18 February 2014). "Lomatium tarantuloides (Apiaceae), a new narrowly endemic species from northeast Oregon" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2014 (27): 1–8. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  5. ^ Nyerges, Christopher (2017). Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. ISBN 978-1-4930-2534-3. OCLC 965922681.
  6. ^ Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 96. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  7. ^ Flatt, Courtney (10 October 2023). "How some Northwest tribes cultivate land for First Foods, traditional medicines". Northwest Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  8. ^ Mapes, Lynda (10 July 2022). "First Foods: How Native people are revitalizing the natural nourishment of the Pacific Northwest". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  9. ^ Gibson, Flora (18 June 2024). "Festival of Nations celebrates Indigenous culture". Columbia Gorge News. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
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