List of wars involving Chad
This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Chad.
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chadian Civil War (1965–1979) |  FROLINAT (from 1966)
|
 Chad
|
Government Overthrow
|
| Chadian–Libyan conflict (1978–1987) |
|
Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups[11] Supported by: |
Chadian/French victory
|
| Toyota War (1986 – 1987) | Decisive Chadian and French victory
| ||
| First Congo War (1996–1997) |  Zaire
|
 AFDL Rwanda Uganda[29] Burundi[30] Angola[30] SPLA[17] Eritrea[31]Supported by:  South Africa[32] Zambia[33] Zimbabwe[32] Ethiopia[34] Tanzania[35] United States (covertly)[36]
|
AFDL victory
|
| Second Congo War (1998–2003) |
Note: Rwanda and Uganda fought a short war in June 2000 over Congolese territory. |
Stalemate
| |
| Central African Republic Bush War (2004 – 2007) | Rebels:
...and others
|
 Central African Republic Chad
|
|
| Chadian Civil War (2005 – 2010) | Chad France Libya NMRD[37] JEM[38]Supported by:  Ukraine[39] Israel[40] Romania
|
Rebels: |
Government victory |
| Boko Haram insurgency (2009 – present) | Multinational Joint Task Force |  Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL from 2015)[b]
|
Ongoing (Map of the current military situation)
|
| Chadian intervention in northern Mali (2013 – present) |  AQIM
|
Ongoing | |
| Insurgency in Northern Chad (2016 – present) | Chad
|
FACT | Ongoing
|
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.[26] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.[27] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.[28]
- ^ Following Mohammed Yusuf's death, Boko Haram splintered into numerous factions which no longer operated under a unified leadership. Though Abubakar Shekau eventually became the preeminent commander of the movement, he never really controlled all Boko Haram groups. Instead the factions were loosely allied, but also occasionally clashed with each other.[64][65] This situation changed in 2015, when Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL.[66][67] The leadership of ISIL eventually decided to replace Shekau as local commander with Abu Mus'ab al-Barnawi, whereupon the movement split completely. Shekau no longer recognized the authority of ISIL's central command, and his loyalists started to openly fight the followers of al-Barnawi.[66] Regardless, Shekau did never officially renounce his pledge of allegiance to ISIL as a whole; his forces are thus occasionally regarded as "second branch of ISWAP". Overall, the relation of Shekau with ISIL remains confused and ambiguous.[68]
- ^ The exact origin of Ansaru is unclear, but it had already existed as Boko Haram faction[72] before officially announcing its foundation as separate group on 1 January 2012.[72][73][74] The group has no known military presence in Nigeria since 2015, but several of its members appear to be still active.[75]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Cooper & Grandolini 2015, p. 37.
- ^ Cooper & Grandolini 2015, p. 28.
- ^ Pollack 2004, p. 375.
- ^ Cooper & Grandolini 2015, p. 33.
- ^ a b S. Nolutshungu, p. 164
- ^ a b c d Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57
- ^ "Les liaisons dangereuses de Habré : Israël pactise avec le diable (4/5) – Jeune Afrique". 20 July 2015.
- ^ "Les liaisons dangereuses de Habré : l'Irak fait valser les valises (3/5) – Jeune Afrique". 20 July 2015.
- ^ Middle East Review. World of Information. 1988. p. 30.
- ^ Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57–58
- ^ a b Seale 1992, p. 289.
- ^ "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني ... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد". Raseef22. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781590336496 – via Google Books.
- ^ Middle East Review. World of Information. 1988. p. 30.
- ^ أمجد عرفات (4 December 2018). "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد". Raseef22 (in Arabic).
- ^ Talhami, Ghada Hashem (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-59033-649-6. OCLC 52049589 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
- ^ Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119.
In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
- ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 116–118.
- ^ Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011.
Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.
- ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–377.
- ^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
francewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
CARwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112.
- ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 117, 130, 143.
- ^ Prunier (2009), p. 130.
- ^ Prunier (2009), p. 143.
- ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.
- ^ a b Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011.
Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
- ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8.
In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
- ^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
nyererewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.
- ^ Inglés National Movement for Reform and Development
- ^ Inglés Justice and Equality Movement
- ^ "В Европе разобрались куда Украина поставляет оружие". KP.UA (in Russian). 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
- ^ Pileggi, Tamar. "Chad said to condition resumed ties with Israel on 'extensive' weapons sales". Times of Israel.
- ^ Francés Front uni pour le changement
- ^ Francés Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement
- ^ Francés Rassemblement des forces pour le changement
- ^ Francés Concorde Nationale Tchadienne
- ^ Francés Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire
- ^ Francés Union des Forces Démocratiques pour le Progrès
- ^ Francés Rassemblement pour la démocratie et la liberté
- ^ Francés Union des Forces pour la démocratie et le développement-Fondamentale
- ^ Francés Socle pour le changement, l'unité et la démocratie
- ^ Francés Conseil National du Redressement
- ^ Francés Union des forces de la résistance
- ^ Francés Union des forces pour le changement et la démocratie
- ^ Francés Front pour le salut de la République
- ^ Francés Union des Forces de Résistance
- ^ Alianza formada en 2008 por el UFDD, el UFDD-F y el RFC.
- ^ Francés Front populaire pour la renaissance nationale
- ^ Francés Union démocratique pour le changement
- ^ Francés Mouvement Populaire pour la Renaissance et le Developpement
- ^ "Chad profile". BBC News. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed 3 December 2014 9:56am EST.
- ^ Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine AFP for Yahoo! News, 16 January 2015 4:54 PM.
- ^ West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.
- ^ African Troops Free Dozens of Boko Haram Victims, Voice of America, Apr 10, 2021. Accessed April 11, 2021.
- ^ a b TRADOC G-2 (2015), pp. 4, 19.
- ^ ICG 2014, pp. ii, 22, 26, 27.
- ^ a b Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (5 August 2018). "The Islamic State West Africa Province vs. Abu Bakr Shekau: Full Text, Translation and Analysis". Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ "Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Fox News. Associated Press. March 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
- ^ Warner & Hulme (2018), p. 22.
- ^ "Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State". The Wall Street Journal. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.(subscription required)
- ^ "Boko Haram Split Creates Two Deadly Forces". Voice of America. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup". 360nobs. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
- ^ a b ICG 2014, p. 26.
- ^ Sudarsan Raghavan (31 May 2013). "Nigerian Islamist militants return from Mali with weapons, skills". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ Steve White (13 March 2013). "Nigerian hostage deaths: British hostage executed in error". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ Jacob Zenn (9 December 2017). "Electronic Jihad in Nigeria: How Boko Haram Is Using Social Media". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
Sources
[edit]- Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert (2015). Libyan Air Wars: Part 1: 1973–1985 (online ed.). Havertown: Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-910777-51-0.
- Plaut, Martin (2016). Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-066959-1.
- Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)". African Affairs. 103 (412): 359–383. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh050. JSTOR 3518562.
- Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
- Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11128-7.
- Warner, Jason; Hulme, Charlotte (2018). "The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 11 (7). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 21–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
- TRADOC G-2 (2015). Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency" (PDF). Africa Report (216). Brussels: International Crisis Group. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2016.