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A collared aracari (Pteroglossus torquatus) in Costa Rica

Toucans are birds in the family Ramphastidae in the order Piciformes. There are currently 43 extant species of toucans recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (1 species)
 VU Vulnerable (0 species)
 NT Near threatened (5 species)
 LC Least concern (28 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the toucan’s range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,[3] the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

[edit]

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 43 species of toucans in five genera.[1] This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Family Ramphastidae

Toucans

[edit]
Genus Aulacorhynchus – Gould, 1835 – 11 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Wagler's toucanet

A. wagleri[b]
(Sturm, J. H. C. F., & Sturm, J. W., 1841) 		Southwestern Mexico
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population stable[4]

Emerald toucanet

A. prasinus[b]
(Gould, 1833)

Four subspecies
  • A. p. warneri
  • A. p. prasinus
  • A. p. virescens
  • A. p. volcanius
Eastern Mexico to Nicaragua
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[5]

Blue-throated toucanet

A. caeruleogularis[b]
Gould, 1853

Two subspecies
  • A. c. caeruleogularis
  • A. c. cognatus
Costa Rica to northwestern Colombia
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population stable[6]

White-throated toucanet[c]

A. albivitta[d]
(Boissonneau, 1840)

Four subspecies
  • A. a. lautus
  • A. a. griseigularis
  • A. a. phaeolaemus
  • A. a. albivitta
Colombia, western Venezuela and eastern Ecuador
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[7]

Black-throated toucanet

A. atrogularis[d][e]
(Sturm, J. H. C. F. & Sturm, J. W., 1841)

Four subspecies
  • A. a. cyanolaemus
  • A. a. dimidiatus
  • A. a. atrogularis
Central Ecuador to western Bolivia
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Groove-billed toucanet

A. sulcatus[f]
(Sturm, J. H. C. F. & Sturm, J. W., 1841)

Three subspecies
  • A. s. sulcatus
  • A. s. erythrognathus
  • A. s. calorhynchus
Northeastern Colombia and northern Venezuela
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Chestnut-tipped toucanet

A. derbianus
Gould, 1835 		Southeastern Colombia to central Bolivia
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Tepui toucanet

A. whitelianus
Salvin & Godman, 1882

Three subspecies
  • A. w. duidae
  • A. w. whitelianus
  • A. w. osgoodi
Southern Venezuela and southern Guyana
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[9]

Crimson-rumped toucanet

A. haematopygus
(Gould, 1835)

Two subspecies
  • A. h. haematopygus
  • A. h. sexnotatus
Western Venezuela to eastern Ecuador
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population stable[10]

Yellow-browed toucanet

A. huallagae
Carriker, 1933 		Northern Peru
Map of range 		 EN 


600–1,500 Population declining[11]

Blue-banded toucanet

A. coeruleicinctis
D'Orbigny, 1840 		Central Peru to southeastern Bolivia
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Genus Pteroglossus – Illiger, 1811 – 14 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Green aracari

P. viridis
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Northeastern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population stable[13]

Lettered aracari

P. inscriptus[g]
Swainson, 1822

Two subspecies
  • P. i. inscriptus
  • P. i. humboldti
Western and southern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Red-necked aracari

P. bitorquatus[h]
Vigors, 1826

Three subspecies
  • P. b. sturmii
  • P. b. reichenowi
  • P. b. bitorquatus
Southern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Ivory-billed aracari

P. azara[i]
Vieillot, 1819

Two subspecies
  • P. a. flavirostris
  • P. a. azara
Northwestern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Brown-mandibled aracari

P. mariae[i]
Gould, 1854 		Southwestern Amazon rainforest  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Black-necked aracari

P. aracari
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies
  • P. a. atricollis
  • P. a. aracari
  • P. a. wiedii
Northeastern and eastern South America
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Chestnut-eared aracari

P. castanotis
Gould, 1834

Two subspecies
  • P. c. castanotis
  • P. c. australis
Western Amazon rainforest to southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[15]

Many-banded aracari

P. pluricinctus
Gould, 1835 		Northwestern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[16]

Collared aracari

P. torquatus[j]
(Gmelin, J. F., 1788)

Three subspecies
  • P. t. torquatus
  • P. t. erythrozonus
  • P. t. nuchalis
Mexico to Venezuela
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Stripe-billed aracari

P. sanguineus[j]
Gould, 1854 		Western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador  LC 


Unknown Population declining[18]

Pale-mandibled aracari

P. erythropygius[j]
Gould, 1843 		Western Ecuador  LC 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Fiery-billed aracari

P. frantzii
Cabanis, 1861 		Costa Rica and Panama
Map of range 		 LC 


50,000–499,999 Population declining[20]

Curl-crested aracari

P. beauharnaisii
Wagler, 1831 		Western Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Saffron toucanet

P. bailloni
(Vieillot, 1819) 		Southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina
Map of range 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[22]

Genus Selenidera – Gould, 1837 – 6 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Yellow-eared toucanet

S. spectabilis
Cassin, 1858 		Honduras to southwestern Colombia
Map of range 		 LC 


50,000–499,999 Population declining[23]

Guianan toucanet

S. piperivora
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Northeastern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population stable[24]

Golden-collared toucanet

S. reinwardtii[k]
(Wagler, 1827)

Two subspecies
  • S. r. reinwardtii
  • S. r. langsdorffii
Western Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Tawny-tufted toucanet

S. nattereri
(Gould, 1835) 		Northcentral Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[25]

Gould's toucanet

S. gouldii
(Natterer, 1837) 		Southern Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Spot-billed toucanet

S. maculirostris
(Lichtenstein, M. H. C., 1823) 		Southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Genus Andigena – Gould, 1851 – 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey-breasted mountain toucan

A. hypoglauca
(Gould, 1833)

Two subspecies
  • A. h. hypoglauca
  • A. h. lateralis
Central Colombia to Peru
Map of range 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[28]

Plate-billed mountain toucan

A. laminirostris
Gould, 1851 		Southeastern Colombia to southern Ecuador
Map of range 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Hooded mountain toucan

A. cucullata
(Gould, 1846) 		Southeastern Peru to central Bolivia
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[30]

Black-billed mountain toucan

A. nigrirostris
(Waterhouse, 1839)

Three subspecies
  • A. n. occidentalis
  • A. n. spilorhynchus
  • A. n. nigrirostris
Western Venezuela to northern Peru
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Genus Ramphastos – Linnaeus, 1758 – 8 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Red-breasted toucan

R. dicolorus
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Channel-billed toucan

R. vitellinus[l][m]
Lichtenstein, M. H. C., 1823

Three subspecies
  • R. v. culminatus
  • R. v. vitellinus
  • R. v. ariel
Amazon rainforest and eastern and southeastern Brazil  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Citron-throated toucan

R. citreolaemus[l]
Gould, 1844 		Northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela  LC 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Choco toucan

R. brevis
Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 		Northwestern Colombia to southwestern Ecuador
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[34]

Keel-billed toucan

R. sulfuratus
Lesson, R. P., 1830

Two subspecies
  • R. s. sulfuratus
  • R. s. brevicarinatus
Eastern Mexico to northwestern Venezuela
Map of range 		 NT 


50,000–499,999 Population declining[35]

Toco toucan

R. toco
Müller, P. L. S., 1776

Two subspecies
  • R. t. toco
  • R. t. albogularis
Northeastern, central, and southeastern South America
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[36]

White-throated toucan

R. tucanus[n]
Linnaeus, 1758

Three subspecies
  • R. t. tucanus
  • R. t. cuvieri
  • R. t. inca
Amazon rainforest
Map of range 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Yellow-throated toucan

R. ambiguus
Swainson, 1823

Three subspecies
  • R. a. swainsonii
  • R. a. ambiguus
  • R. a. abbreviatus
Central and northwestern South America
Map of range 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[2]
  2. ^ a b c The Clements Checklist treats the Wagler's, emerald, and blue-throated toucanets as a one species, the northern emerald-toucanet.[3]
  3. ^ Called greyish-throated toucanet by the IUCN.
  4. ^ a b The Clements Checklist treats the white-throated and black-throated toucanets as a one species, the southern emerald-toucanet.[3]
  5. ^ The IUCN splits the black-throated toucanet sensu lato into two species, the black-billed toucanet (A. cyanolaemus) and black-throated toucanet sensu stricto (A. atrogularis).[2]
  6. ^ The IUCN splits the groove-billed toucanet sensu lato into two species, the yellow-billed toucanet (A. calorhynchus) and groove-billed toucanet sensu stricto (A. sulcatus).[2]
  7. ^ The IUCN splits the lettered aracari sensu lato into two species, the Humboldt's aracari (P. humboldti) and lettered aracari sensu stricto (P. inscriptus).[2]
  8. ^ The IUCN splits the red-necked aracari into two species, the western red-necked aracari (P. sturmii) and eastern red-necked aracari (P. bitorquatus).[2]
  9. ^ a b The Clements Checklist and IUCN treat the brown-billed aracari as a subspecies of the ivory-billed aracari.[3][2]
  10. ^ a b c The Clements Checklist treats the stripe-billed and pale-billed aracaris as subspecies of the collared aracari.[3]
  11. ^ The IUCN splits the golden-collared toucanet into two species, the red-billed toucanet (S. reinwardtii) and green-billed toucanet (S. langsdorffii).[2]
  12. ^ a b The Clements Checklist treats the citron-throated toucan as a subspecies of the channel-billed toucan.[3]
  13. ^ The IUCN splits the channel-billed toucan sensu lato into three species, the yellow-ridged toucan (R. culminatus), Ariel toucan (R. ariel), and channel-billed toucan sensu stricto (R. vitellinus).[2]
  14. ^ The IUCN splits the white-throated toucan into two species, the red-billed toucan (R. tucanus) and Cuvier's toucan (R. cuvieri).[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Clements, James F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2022). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022". Clements Checklist. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  4. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Aulacorhynchus wagleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22726177A186729530. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  5. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Aulacorhynchus prasinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22726170A168664135. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  6. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Aulacorhynchus caeruleogularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22726263A186724272. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  7. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aulacorhynchus albivitta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42611196A95138483. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42611196A95138483.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  8. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aulacorhynchus derbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727086A94940722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727086A94940722.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  9. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aulacorhynchus whitelianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727094A94940906. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727094A94940906.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  10. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aulacorhynchus haematopygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681978A92927477. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681978A92927477.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  11. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Aulacorhynchus huallagae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22681981A155420330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22681981A155420330.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681984A92927922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681984A92927922.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681994A95210922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681994A95210922.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  14. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus aracari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682017A92928534. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682017A92928534.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  15. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus castanotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682014A92928299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682014A92928299.en. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  16. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus pluricinctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682038A92928914. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682038A92928914.en. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  17. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22726200A94914704. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22726200A94914704.en. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  18. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Pteroglossus sanguineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22726208A168666334. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  19. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus erythropygius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724652A94874977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724652A94874977.en. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  20. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Pteroglossus frantzii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682028A168668139. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus beauharnaisii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682041A92929106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682041A92929106.en. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  22. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pteroglossus bailloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682044A92929297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682044A92929297.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  23. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Selenidera spectabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22682071A168669309. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  24. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Selenidera piperivora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682084A92930820. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682084A92930820.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  25. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Selenidera nattereri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682081A92930636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682081A92930636.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  26. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Selenidera gouldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682096A92931217. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682096A92931217.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  27. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Selenidera maculirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682093A92931021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682093A92931021.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  28. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Andigena hypoglauca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682055A92929841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682055A92929841.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  29. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Andigena laminirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682050A92929574. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682050A92929574.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  30. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Andigena cucullata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682061A92930101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682061A92930101.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  31. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Andigena nigrirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22682066A130076475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682066A130076475.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  32. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Ramphastos dicolorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22682129A131278894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682129A131278894.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  33. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ramphastos citreolaemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T62220237A95192753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62220237A95192753.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  34. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ramphastos brevis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22682105A92931639. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682105A92931639.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  35. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Ramphastos sulfuratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22682102A168670038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22682102A168670038.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  36. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Ramphastos toco". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22682164A113557535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22682164A113557535.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  37. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ramphastos ambiguus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727999A94967701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727999A94967701.en. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
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