List of the Paleozoic life of Virginia
Appearance
This list of the Paleozoic life of Virginia contains the various prehistoric life-forms whose fossilized remains have been reported from within the US state of Virginia and are between 538.8 and 252.17 million years of age.
A
[edit]- †Acanthocrania
- †Acanthoparypha – type locality for genus
- †Acanthoparypha chiropyga – type locality for species
- †Acanthoparypha perforata – type locality for species
- †Acmarhachis
- †Adiantities
- †Aechimina
- †Agassizocrinus
- †Agassizocrinus ovalis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Allorisma
- †Ambocoelia
- †Ambonychia
- †Amecephalina
- †Amphigenia
- †Amphilichas
- †Amplexograptus
- †Amplexopora
- †Ampyx
- †Ampyxina
- †Ampyxina lanceola – type locality for species
- †Ampyxina powelli
- †Anazyga
- †Ancanthoparypha
- †Anguloceras – type locality for genus
- †Anguloceras depressum – type locality for species
- †Anguloceras ovatum – type locality for species
- †Anguloceras rotundum – type locality for species
- †Anolotichia
- †Anolotichia explanata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Anoplia
- †Anoplotheca
- †Antagmus
- †Anthracospirifer
- †Aphelaspis
- †Aphelaspis quadrata – tentative report
- †Apianurus
- †Apianurus barbatus – type locality for species
- †Apianurus glaber – type locality for species
- †Archaeocyathus
- †Archaeosycon
- †Archaeosycon balsami – type locality for species
- †Archimedes
- †Arthrorhachis
- †Athyris
- †Atlanticocoelia
- †Atrypa
- †Aulopora
- †Aviculopecten
B
[edit]- †Bassleroceras
- †Bathyholcus
- †Bathyurus
- †Batostoma
- †Batostoma campensis
- †Batostoma sevieri
- †Batostoma suberassum – or unidentified comparable form
- †Batostomella
- †Bellerophon
- †Bellerophon scissile – or unidentified comparable form
- †Bellerophon spergensis – tentative report
- †Bellimurina
- †Berounella
- †Billingsaria
- †Bilobia
- †Bimuria
- †Bimuria immatura – type locality for species
- †Bimuria lamellosa
- †Bimuria superba
- †Blountia
- †Blountiella
- †Blountiella buttsi – tentative report
- †Bollia – tentative report
- †Bonnemaia
- †Bonnia
- †Bothriolepis
- †Bothriolepis virginiensis – type locality for species
- †Brachyprion
- †Bronteopsis
- †Bucanella
- †Bucanella nana – or unidentified comparable form
- †Bucania
- †Bumastoides
- †Bumastus
- †Bumastus lioderma – or unidentified comparable form
- †Buthotrephis
- †Buthotrephis flexuosa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Buthotrephis gracilis
- †Buthotrephis inosculata
- †Byssonychia
- †Bythopora
C
[edit]- †Caborcella
- †Calipernurus
- †Calipernurus insolitus – type locality for species
- †Callixylon
- †Calymene
- †Calyptaulax
- †Calyptaulax annulata
- †Calyptaulax annulatus
- †Calyptaulax callicephala
- †Calyptaulax callirachis – type locality for species
- †Calyptaulax confluens
- †Calyptaulax gracilens – or unidentified comparable form
- †Camarocladia
- †Camarotoechia
- †Camarotoechia contracta
- †Camarotoechia quadriplicata
- †Camarotoechia varians – or unidentified comparable form
- †Camerella
- †Campbelloceras
- †Canarekka
- †Canarekka varians – or unidentified comparable form
- †Caneyella
- †Carabocrinus
- †Cardiopteris
- †Cardiopteris abbensis – type locality for species
- †Cardiopteris irregularis – type locality for species
- †Carickia
- †Cariniferella
- †Carniferella
- †Caryocystites
- †Cavifera
- †Cavifera concinna – or unidentified comparable form
- †Centrotarphyceras
- †Ceramoporella
- †Ceratocephala
- †Ceratocephala laciniata – type locality for species
- †Ceratocephala rarispina – type locality for species
- †Ceratocephala triacantheis – type locality for species
- †Ceratocephala tridens
- †Ceratopea – type locality for genus
- †Ceratopea grandis
- †Ceratopea keithi – type locality for species
- †Ceratopsis
- †Ceraurinella – type locality for genus
- †Ceraurinella chondra – type locality for species
- †Ceraurinella typa – type locality for species
- †Ceraurus
- †Charionella
- †Chasmatopora
- †Chasmotopora
- †Chazydictya – tentative report
- †Cheilocephalus
- †Cheirocrinus
- †Cheirocrinus angulatus – tentative report
- †Chepuloceras – type locality for genus
- †Chepuloceras inelegans – type locality for species
- †Chlidanophyton
- †Chomatopyge
- †Chomatopyge falcata – type locality for species
- †Chomatopyge marginifera – type locality for species
- †Chonetes
- †Christiania
- †Cincinnetina
- †Cladopora
- †Clarkoceras – tentative report
- †Cleiocrinus
- †Cleiocrinus tessellatus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Cleiothyridina
- †Cleiothyridina sublamellosa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Cleirocrinus
- †Cleirocrinus tessellatus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Climacograptus
- †Cliothyridina
- †Coeloclema – tentative report
- †Coelospira
- †Coleoloides
- †Colpomya
- †Columbocystis
- †Columnaria
- †Composita
- †Composita subquadrata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Conocardium
- †Conocerina
- †Conotreta
- †Constellaria
- †Constellirostra
- †Conularia
- †Coosia
- †Coosina
- †Corineorthis
- †Cornellites
- †Cornulites
- †Cornulites flexuosus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Craniops
- †Crepicephalus
- †Crossia
- †Cryptolithus
- †Cryptophragmus
- †Ctenodonta
- †Ctenoloculina
- †Cuneamya
- †Cupularostrum
- †Cybeloides
- †Cyclospira
- †Cymatonota
- †Cymatonota pholadis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Cypricarculana – tentative report
- †Cypricardella
- †Cyrtoceras
- †Cyrtodonta
- †Cyrtodontula
- †Cyrtonella
- †Cyrtonotella
- †Cyrtospirifer
- †Cystelasma
- †Cystiphylloides
- †Cystiphyllum
- †Cystodictya
D
[edit]- †Dactylogonia
- †Dactylogonia palustris – or unidentified related form
- †Dakeoceras
- †Dalmanella
- †Dalmanella bassleri
- †Dalmanella costellata
- †Dalmanella fertilis
- †Dalmanella rogata
- †Dalmanella sculpta – or unidentified comparable form
- †Dalmanites – or unidentified comparable form
- †Decoroproetus
- †Dekayia
- †Delocrinus
- †Densastroma
- †Dermatostroma
- †Devonochonetes
- †Devonochonetes scitulus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Diabolocrinus
- †Diacanthaspis
- †Diacanthaspis cooperi – type locality for species
- †Diacanthaspis lepidus – type locality for species
- †Diacanthaspis orandensis – type locality for species
- †Diacanthaspis scitulus – type locality for species
- †Diacanthaspis secretus – type locality for species
- †Diacanthaspis ulrichi – type locality for species
- †Diaphragmus
- †Dicellograptus
- †Dicellomus
- †Dichotrypa
- †Dichotrypa flabellum – tentative report
- †Dictyoclostus
- †Dielasma
- †Dielasma arkansanum – or unidentified comparable form
- †Dimeropyge
- †Dimeropyge spinifera – type locality for species
- †Dimeropyge virginiensis – type locality for species
- †Dinorthis
- †Dionide
- †Diplograptus
- †Diplograptus foliaceus
- †Diplograptus vespertinus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Dizygopleura
- †Doleroides
- †Doleroides ponderosus – type locality for species
- †Dolichoharpes
- †Donaldina
- †Douvillina
- †Drabia
- †Drepanella
- †Dromopus
- †Dunderbergia
- †Dunderbergia simplex
- †Dunderbergia variagranula – or unidentified comparable form
- †Dystactispongia
- †Dystactospongia
E
[edit]- †Ecculiomphalus
- †Eccyliopterus
- †Echinoconchus
- †Echinoconchus elegans – or unidentified related form
- †Echinocrinus
- †Echinosphaerites
- †Ectenoceras
- †Edmondia – tentative report
- †Edmondia
- †Elliptoglossa
- †Embolophyllum
- †Encrinuroides
- †Eodevonaria
- †Eoharpes
- †Eomonorachus
- †Eophacops
- †Eoplectodonta
- †Eopsongia
- †Eoptychoparia
- †Eospongia
- †Eotomaria
- †Epiphyton
- †Eridorthis
- †Eridorthis inexpecta – type locality for species
- †Eridotrypa
- †Escharopora
- †Esharopora
- †Ethmophyllum
- †Euchasma
- †Euphemites
- †Eurychilina
- †Eurychilina latimarginata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Eurychilina subradiata
- †Eurystomites
- †Eustephanella
F
[edit]- †Fardenia
- †Favosites
- †Fenestralia
- †Fenestrellina
- †Fenestrellina regalis – tentative report
- †Fenestrellina serratula
- †Fenestrellina tenax
- †Finkelnburgia
- †Fletcheria – tentative report
- †Fletcheria incognita – or unidentified comparable form
- †Flexicalymene
- †Foerstia
- †Furcitella
- †Furcitella plicata – type locality for species
G
[edit]- †Gasconadia
- †Genselia
- †Girtyella
- †Girvanella
- †Glaphyraspis
- †Glauconome
- †Glenodonta
- †Globocrinus
- †Globocrinus unionensis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Glyptambonites
- †Glyptambonites glyptus – type locality for species
- †Glyptambonites musculosus
- †Glyptometopsis
- †Glyptopora
- †Glyptorthis
- †Glyptorthis bellarugosa
- †Glyptorthis bellatula – type locality for species
- †Glyptorthis equiconvexa
- †Glyptorthis glypta – type locality for species
- †Glyptorthis senecta – type locality for species
- †Glyptorthis uniformis – type locality for species
- †Gnetopsis
- †Gonioceras
- †Grammysia
- †Graphiadactyllis
- †Graptodictya
- †Grenevievella – or unidentified comparable form
- †Grivanella
H
[edit]- †Hallopora
- †Harpidella
- †Healdia
- †Hebertella
- †Helcionella
- †Helicotoma
- †Helicotoma declivis
- †Helicotoma granosa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Helicotoma tennesseensis
- †Helicotoma verticalis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Heliomeroides
- †Heliomeroides teres – type locality for species
- †Hellopora
- †Hemiphragma
- †Hemithecella – type locality for genus
- †Hemithecella expansa – type locality for species
- †Hemitrypa
- †Hesperorthis
- †Hesperorthis tricenaria – or unidentified comparable form
- †Heterotrypa
- †Holdenia
- †Holia
- †Holia cimelia – type locality for species
- †Holia secristi – type locality for species
- †Holopea
- †Homagnostus
- †Homotelus
- †Homotelus elongatus
- †Homotelus simplex – or unidentified comparable form
- †Hormotoma
- †Howellella
- †Hustedograptus
- †Hustedograptus teretiusculus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Hyboaspis
- †Hyolithellus
- †Hypseloconus
- †Hypseloconus bessemerense – or unidentified comparable form
- †Hystricurus – tentative report
I
[edit]K
[edit]- †Kingstonia
- †Kionoceras
- †Kirkbyella
- †Komaspidella
- †Kootenia
- †Krausella
- †Kullervo
- †Kullervo ornata – type locality for species
- †Kullervo parva – type locality for species
- †Kutorgina
L
[edit]- †Labyrinthus
- †Lagenospermum
- †Lambeophyllum
- †Laticrura – type locality for genus
- †Laticrura magna – type locality for species
- †Laticrura pionodema – type locality for species
- †Latouchella
- †Lecanospira
- †Leiorhynchus
- †Leperditella
- †Leperditia
- †Lepidodendron
- †Lepidodendropsis
- †Leptaena
- †Leptaena ordovicica – type locality for species
- †Leptellina
- †Leptellina transversa – type locality for species
- †Leptobolus
- †Leptocoelia
- †Leptocyrtoceras
- †Leptodesma
- †Levisoceras
- †Lichenaria
- Lingula
- †Lingula nicklesi – or unidentified comparable form
- †Lingula nympha – or unidentified comparable form
- †Lingulasma
- †Lingulasma compactum – type locality for species
- †Lingulella – tentative report
- †Liocalymene
- †Liospira
- †Lithostrontionella
- †Llanoaspis
- †Lonchodomas
- †Lonchodomas carinatus – type locality for species
- †Longispina
- †Lophonema – tentative report
- †Lophospira
- †Loxobucania
- †Loxoplocus
- †Lyrodesma
M
[edit]- †Maclurina
- †Macluritella
- †Macluritella gyroceras
- †Macluritella multiseptarius – tentative report
- †Macluritella uniangulata
- †Maclurites
- †Macrocoelia
- †Macropyge – tentative report
- †Marginovatia
- †Marvillia
- †Maryvillia
- †Mastigobolbina
- †Meekospira
- †Megambonia
- †Mesotaphraspis – type locality for genus
- †Mesotaphraspis inornata – type locality for species
- †Mesotaphraspis parva – type locality for species
- †Mesotrypa
- †Meteoraspis
- †Mexicaspis
- †Michelinoceras
- †Microplasma
- †Mimella
- †Miraspis
- †Modiolopsis
- †Monogonoceras
- †Monotrypa
- †Monticulipora
- †Multicostella
- †Multispinula
- †Muriceras
- †Mytilarca
N
[edit]- †Naticopsis
- †Nemagraptus
- †Neozaphrentis
- †Nervostrophia
- †Nicholsonella
- †Nicholsonells
- †Nidulites
- †Nileus
- †Niobe
- †Nisusia
- †Nolichuckia
- †Norwoodella
- †Nothognathella
- Nucula
- Nuculana
- †Nuculites
- †Nuculopsis
- †Nuia
O
[edit]- †Odontopleura
- †Oepikina
- †Oepikina minnesoteniss – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
- †Oepikina minnesotensis
- †Olenellus
- †Olenoides
- †Omospira
- †Omospira laticincta – or unidentified comparable form
- †Onchocephalites
- †Onchocephalus
- †Onniella
- †Onychoceras
- †Ophileta
- †Ophiletina
- †Opikina
- †Opikina matutina – type locality for species
- †Opikina varia
- †Orbiculoidea
- †Orbignyella
- †Orthambonites
- †Orthoceras
- †Orthodesma
- †Orthorhynchula
- †Orthorhynchula linneyi – or unidentified comparable form
- †Orthotetes
- †Otarion
- †Ottoseetaxis
- †Oulodus
- †Ovatia
- †Ovatia ovata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Oxoplecia
- †Ozarkispira
- †Ozarkispira subelevata – type locality for species
- †Ozarkodina
P
[edit]- †Pachendoceras
- †Pachendoceras brevicameratum – type locality for species
- †Pachendoceras parvum
- †Pachydictya
- †Pachydictya robusta
- †Pachydictya senilis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Pachydomella – tentative report
- †Pachyglossella
- †Pagetia
- †Palaeoneilo
- †Palaeophycus – tentative report
- †Palaeostrophomena
- †Palaeostrophomena subtransversa – type locality for species
- †Paleocrinus
- †Paleocrinus striatus – or unidentified comparable form
- †Paleyoldia
- †Paractinoceras
- †Parallelostroma
- †Parallelostroma kaugatomicum
- †Parallelostroma keyserense – type locality for species
- †Parallelostroma longicolumnum – type locality for species
- †Parallelostroma microporum
- †Parallelostroma multicolumnum – type locality for species
- †Parallelostroma typicum
- †Paraparchites – tentative report
- †Pararaphistoma – or unidentified comparable form
- †Parastrophina
- †Paratalarocrinus – type locality for genus
- †Paratalarocrinus transitorius – type locality for species
- †Paterina
- †Pattella
- †Paucicrura
- †Pauorthis
- †Paupospira
- †Paurorthis
- †Pemphigaspis
- †Pentremites
- †Pentremites planus – tentative report
- †Perimecocoelia
- †Peronopora
- †Phaenopora
- †Phestia
- †Phillipsia
- †Pholidops
- †Phragmolites
- †Phragmolites triangularis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Phragmorthis – type locality for genus
- †Phragmorthis buttsi – type locality for species
- †Phyllodictya
- †Phylloporina
- Pinna
- †Pionodema
- †Plaesiomys
- †Platyceras
- †Platycrinus
- †Platyrachella
- †Platystrophia
- †Plectocamara
- †Plectoceras
- †Plectonotus
- †Plectorthis
- †Plectorthis exfoliata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Plethobolbina
- †Plethrospira – tentative report
- †Plexodictyon
- †Plexodictyon waparksi – or unidentified comparable form
- †Pliomerella
- †Pocononia
- †Pocononia whitei – type locality for species
- †Pojetaconcha – tentative report
- †Poliella
- †Polylopia
- †Polypora
- †Polypora impressa – tentative report
- †Posidonia
- †Praenucula
- †Prasopora
- †Primaspis
- †Primaspis ascitus – type locality for species
- †Primitiella
- †Prioniodina
- †Prismostylus
- †Probolichas
- †Probolichas pandus – type locality for species
- †Productella
- †Productorthis
- †Productus
- †Proetus
- †Prothyris
- †Protobarinophyton
- †Protolepidodendron
- †Protoleptostrophia
- †Protostigmaria
- †Protozyga
- †Protozyga uniplicata – type locality for species
- †Prozacanthoides
- †Pseudagnostus
- †Pseudosphaerexochus
- †Pterinea
- †Pterocephalops
- †Pterocrinus
- †Pterygometopus
- †Ptychoglyptus
- †Ptychopleurella
- †Ptychopleurella mediocostata – type locality for species
- †Ptychopleurella rectangulata – type locality for species
- †Ptychopleurella sulcata
- †Punctospirifer
- †Punctospirifer transversa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Punctospirifer transversus
Q
[edit]R
[edit]- †Rafinesquina
- †Rafinesquina altenata
- †Rafinesquina alternata
- †Rafinesquina deltoidea – or unidentified comparable form
- †Rafinesquina fracta
- †Rafinesquina obsoleta – or unidentified comparable form
- †Rafinesquina planulata – type locality for species
- †Rafinesquina pulchella
- †Raphistomina
- †Raymondaspis
- †Raymondella
- †Receptaculites
- †Redstonia
- †Regnellicystis
- †Remopleurides
- †Remopleurides asperulus – type locality for species
- †Remopleurides caelatus – type locality for species
- †Remopleurides caphyroides – type locality for species
- †Remopleurides eximius – type locality for species
- †Remopleurides plaesiourus – type locality for species
- †Remopleurides simulus – type locality for species
- †Resserella
- †Reticestus – tentative report
- †Reticulariina
- †Reticulariina spinosa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Reuschella
- †Reuschella americana – type locality for species
- †Reuschella edsoni
- †Rhacophyton
- †Rhacopteris
- †Rhinidictya
- †Rhipidomena
- †Rhodea
- †Rhodea blacksburgensis – type locality for species
- †Rhodea vespertina – type locality for species
- †Rhombopora
- †Rhynchotrema
- †Rhytimya
- †Robergia
- †Robergiella
- †Robergiella sagittalis – type locality for species
- †Robsonoceras
- †Rodea
- †Rodea vespertina – type locality for species
- Rostricellula
- †Rothpletzella
- †Ruedemannia
S
[edit]- †Salterella
- †Salteria
- †Sanguinolites
- †Scaphorthis
- †Scaphorthis perplexa – type locality for species
- †Scenellopora
- †Schellwienella – tentative report
- †Schizambon
- †Schizodus
- †Schizophoria
- †Schizotreta
- †Schuchertella
- †Scotoharpes
- †Sedgwickia
- †Sellenopora
- †Septopora
- †Sinuopea
- †Sinuopea basiplanata – or unidentified related form
- †Siphonodella
- †Skenidioides
- †Skenidioides mediocostatus – type locality for species
- †Skenidioides transversus – type locality for species
- Solemya
- †Solenopora
- †Sowerbyella
- †Sowerbyella acquistriata – or unidentified related form
- †Sowerbyella aequistriata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Sowerbyella curdsvillensis
- †Sowerbyella delicatula
- †Sowerbyella lebanonensis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Sowerbyella levanonensis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Sowerbyella negrita – or unidentified comparable form
- †Sowerbyella pisum
- †Sowerbyella rugosa
- †Sowerbyella sericea – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
- †Sowerbyella silicica – type locality for species
- †Sowerbyella socialis
- †Sowerbyites
- †Sowrbyella
- †Spathella
- †Spathognathodus
- †Spencella
- †Sphaerexochus
- †Sphaerexochus hapsidotus – type locality for species
- †Sphaerexochus pulcher – type locality for species
- †Sphaerocoryphe
- †Sphaerocoryphe gemina – type locality for species
- †Sphaerocoryphe longispina – type locality for species
- †Sphenotreta
- †Spinatrypa
- †Spirifer
- †Spirifer bifurcatus
- †Spirifer macrus
- †Spirifer marcyi – tentative report
- †Spirifer mesistrialis
- †Spirifer stratiformis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Spirifer striatiformis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Spirifer varicosus
- †Spirifer winchelli – tentative report
- †Spongophylloides
- †Spyroceras
- †Stegerhynchus
- †Stenoblepharum – broadly construed
- †Stenoblepharum strasburgense – type locality for species
- †Stenopareia
- †Stictopora
- †Strepulites
- †Stromatocerium
- †Stromatoceruium
- †Strophomena
- †Strphomena
- †Subligaculum
- †Subulites
- †Sulevorthis
- †Synprioniodina
- †Syringopora
- †Syringothyris
- †Syringothyris textus – or unidentified comparable form
T
[edit]- †Tabulipora
- †Taenicephalites
- †Talarocrinus
- †Talarocrinus trijugis – or unidentified comparable form
- †Tancrediopsis
- †Taphrorthis
- †Telephina
- †Tentaculites
- †Tentaculites lowdoni – type locality for species
- †Tentaculites minutus
- †Tentaculites scalaris
- †Terranovella
- †Teteracamera – tentative report
- †Tetracamera
- †Tetradium
- †Tetradium cellulosum
- †Tetradium clarki – tentative report
- †Tetradium columnare – tentative report
- †Tetradium racemosum
- †Tetradium syringoporoides
- †Tetralobula
- †Thaleops
- †Titanambonites
- †Torynifer
- †Torynifer pseudolineata – or unidentified comparable form
- †Torynifer pseudolineatus
- †Tretaspis
- †Tricrepicephalus
- †Trinodus
- †Triphyllopteris
- †Triphyllopteris alleghanensis
- †Triphyllopteris biloba – type locality for species
- †Triphyllopteris lascuriana
- †Triphyllopteris latilobata – type locality for species
- †Triphyllopteris lescuriana
- †Triphyllopteris lesuriana
- †Triphyllopteris rarinervis – type locality for species
- †Triphyllopteris uberis
- †Triphyllopteris virginiana
- †Trocholitoceras
- †Trochonema
- †Trochonema bellulum
- †Trochonema trochonemoides – tentative report
- †Trochonema umbilicata
- †Tropidodiscus
- Trypanites
- †Tryplasma
- †Tubulibairdia
- †Tylothyris
U
[edit]V
[edit]- †Valcourea
- †Valcourea crassa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Valcourea deflecta – or unidentified comparable form
- †Valcourea delfecta – or unidentified comparable form
- †Valcourea semicarinata – type locality for species
- †Vanuxemia
- †Vanuxemia crassa – or unidentified comparable form
W
[edit]- †Wilkingia
- †Wilsoniella
- †Woosteroceras
- †Woosteroceras chepultepecense – type locality for species
Z
[edit]- †Zaphrenthis
- †Zaphrentites
- †Zaphrentites spinulosa – or unidentified comparable form
- †Zelophyllum
- †Zygobolba
- †Zygosella
- †Zygospira
References
[edit]- Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". Retrieved 17 December 2021.