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List of religious populations

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Projected size of major religious groups for 2023[1]
Religion Percent
Christianity
 
 30.7%
Islam
 
 24.9%
Unaffiliated
 
 15.6%
Hinduism
 
 15.1%
Buddhism
 
 6.6%
Folk religions
 
 5.6%
Sikhism
 
 0.3%
Other religions
 
 1.2%

The list of religious populations article provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution and size of religious groups around the world. This article aims to present statistical information on the number of adherents to various religions, including major faiths such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and others, as well as smaller religious communities. It also includes the percentage of nonreligious and atheistic populations.

The data is primarily sourced from organizations like the Pew Research Center, global surveys, census reports, and research studies, offering insights into the demographic composition of religious affiliations across different regions and countries. The list also explores trends in religious growth, decline, and shifts, reflecting the dynamic nature of religious adherence in the global context.

Current world estimates

Pew Research Center made its "Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050"[2] based on 2010 baseline estimates. Although 2020 is already in the past, new estimates for 2020 are still work in progress.[3] Their methodology is published as an appendix.[4]

Notes

Largest religion by country

A map showing the prevailing religious population by country based on the Pew Research Center's 2010 baseline estimates[2]

By proportion

Christians

Further information: Christianity

Countries and territories with the greatest proportion of Christians from Christianity by country, as of 2010:

Christian population percentage by country, June 2014[5]
  1.  Vatican City 100% (100% Roman Catholic)
  2.  Pitcairn Islands 100% (100% Seventh-day Adventist)[6]
  3.  East Timor 99.6%[7] (mostly Roman Catholic)
  4.  Samoa ~99.0% (mostly Protestant)[8]
  5.  Armenia 98.5% (96% Oriental Orthodox)
  6.  American Samoa 98.3% (mostly Protestant; ARDA claim)[9][better source needed]
  7.  Malta 98.1%[10] (mostly Roman Catholic)
  8.  Venezuela 98.0%[11] (71% Roman Catholic)
  9.  Greece 98.0%[12] (95% Eastern Orthodox)
  10.  Marshall Islands 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[13]
  11.  Tonga 97.2% (mostly Protestant)[14]
  12.  San Marino 97.0%[15] (~97% Roman Catholic)
  13.  Paraguay 96.9%[16] (mostly Roman Catholic)
  14.  El Salvador 96.4% (mostly Roman Catholic; ARDA claim)[17][better source needed]
  15.  Kiribati 96.0% (mostly Protestant)[18]
  16.  Federated States of Micronesia ~96.0% (mostly Protestant)[19]
  17.  Barbados 95.1% (mostly Protestant)[20]
  18.  Papua New Guinea 94.8% (mostly Protestant; ARDA claim)[21][better source needed]
  19.  Mexico 94.6% (mostly Roman Catholic)
  20.  Peru 94.5%[22] (mostly Roman Catholic)
  21.  Romania 93.0% (mostly Eastern Orthodox)[23]
  22.  Poland 92.9% (mostly Roman Catholic)[24]
  23.  Croatia 91.1% (mostly Roman Catholic)[25]
  24.  Philippines 90.0% (mostly Roman Catholic)

Muslims

Further information: Muslims

Countries and territories with a considerable proportion of Muslims from Islam by country as of 2010, excluding foreign workers in brackets:

Data is based on the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life[26]

Muslim Percentage by country, 2020
  1.  Maldives 100%[27]
  2.  Mauritania 99.9%[28]
  3. State of Palestine Gaza Strip 99.9%[29]
  4.  Morocco 99.9%[30]
  5.  Yemen 99.8% (65% Sunni, 33.5% Zaydi, 1.5% Ismaili)[26]
  6.  Somalia 99.7%[31]
  7.  Afghanistan 99.7%[32] (90% Sunni 10% Shi'a)[26]
  8.  Iran 99.6% (95% Shi'a, 5% Sunni)[33]
  9.  Tunisia 99.5%
  10.  Azerbaijan 99.2% (Shi'a)[26]
  11.  Iraq 99.0% (67% Shi'a, 33% Sunni)[26]
  12.  Niger 99.0% (mostly Sunni)[26]
  13.  Turkey 98.6% (85% Sunni, 15% Shi’a)[34]
  14.  Comoros 98.3%[35]
  15.  Algeria 98.0%
  16.  Saudi Arabia 97.2% (90% Sunni, 10% Shi'a)[26]
  17.  Sudan 97.0%[36]
  18.  Djibouti 96.9%[26]
  19.  Libya 96.6%[37]
  20.  Pakistan 96.4% (85% Sunni 12% Shi'a 3% Other)[38]
  21.  Bangladesh 90.4% (85% Sunni 5.4% Shi'a)[39]
  22.  Egypt 89.3%[40]
  23.  Indonesia 86.7%[41]
  24.  Malaysia 61.3%
  25.  Nigeria 53.5%
  26.  Ethiopia 41.0%

Irreligious and atheists

See also: List of countries by irreligion
Further information: Irreligion

Countries with the greatest proportion of people without religion, including agnostics and atheists, from Irreligion by country (as of 2020):[42]

Nonreligious population by country as of 2010[43]
  1.  Czech Republic 78.4%
  2.  North Korea 71.3%
  3.  Estonia 60.2%
  4.  Hong Kong 54.7%
  5.  China 51.8%
  6.  New Zealand 48.2%[44]
  7.  South Korea 46.6%
  8.  Latvia 45.3%
  9.  Netherlands 44.3%
  10.  Uruguay 41.5%
  11.  Mongolia 36.5%
  12.  Spain 35.5%[45]
  13.  France 31.9%
  14.  United Kingdom 31.2%
  15.  Belgium 31.0%
  16.  Vietnam 29.9%
  17.  Sweden 29.0%
  18.  Australia 28.6%
  19.  Belarus 28.6%
  20.  United States 28.0%[46]
  21.  Luxembourg 26.7%
  22.  Germany 26.3%
  23.  Canada 23.9%[47]
  24.  Cuba 23.2%
  25.   Switzerland 22.8%
  26.  Finland 20.8%
  27.  Hungary 20.0%
  28.  Slovenia 18.8%

Data is ranked by mean estimate in parentheses. Irreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular people, and those having no formal religious adherence. It does not necessarily mean that those of this group don't belong to any religion. Some religions have harmonized with local cultures and can be seen as a cultural background rather than a formal religion. Additionally, the practice of officially associating a family or household with a religion, while not formally practicing the affiliated religion, is common in many countries. Thus, over half of this group is theistic and/or influenced by religious principles, but nonreligious/non-practicing and not true atheists or agnostics. See Spiritual but not religious.

Hindus

Further information: Hinduism

Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus from Hinduism by country as of 2010:

Hindu population by country as of 2010
  1.    Nepal 81.3%[48]
  2.  India 79.8%[49]
  3.  Mauritius 48.54%[50]
  4.  Fiji 27.9%[51]
  5.  Bhutan 25.0%[52]
  6.  Guyana 24.8%[53]
  7.  Suriname 22.3%[54]
  8.  Trinidad and Tobago 18.2%[55]
  9.  United Arab Emirates 15.0%[56]
  10.  Sri Lanka 12.6%[57]
  11.  Kuwait 12.0%[58]
  12.  Bangladesh 9.6%[59]
  13.  Bahrain 8.1%[60]
  14.  Réunion 6.7%[61]
  15.  Malaysia 6.3%[62]
  16.  Singapore 5.1%
  17.  Oman 3.0%
  18.  New Zealand 2.6%[63]
  19.  Pakistan 2.2%[64]
  20.  Seychelles 2.1%[65]
  21.  Indonesia 1.7%[66]
  22.  United Kingdom 1.7%[67]
  23.  Canada 1.5%[68]
  24.  United States 0.7%[69]

Buddhists

Further information: Buddhism

Countries with the greatest proportion of Buddhists from Buddhism by country as of 2010:[70]

Buddhist population by country as of 2010
  1.  Cambodia 96.9%
  2.  Thailand 93.2%
  3.  Myanmar 80.1%
  4.  Bhutan 74.7%
  5.  Sri Lanka 69.3%
  6.  Laos 66.0%
  7.  Mongolia 55.1%
  8.  Japan 36.2% - 66.7%[73]
  9.  Taiwan 35.1%
  10.  Singapore 33.2%
  11.  South Korea 22.9%
  12.  Malaysia 19.8%
  13.  China 18.2%
  14.  Macau 17.3%
  15.  Vietnam 16.4%
  16.  Hong Kong 13.2%
  17.    Nepal 10.3%

Chinese traditional religionists

Further information: Confucianism and Taoism

As a spiritual practice, Taoism has made fewer inroads in the West than Buddhism and Hinduism. Despite the popularity of its great classics the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching, the practice of Taoism has not been promulgated in America with much success;[74] these religions are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of bigger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. Nonetheless, Taoist ideas and symbols such as taijitu have become popular throughout the world through tai chi, qigong, and various martial arts.[75]

  1.  Taiwan 33.0–80.0%[76]
  2.  China 30.0%[77]
  3.  Hong Kong 28.0%[78]
  4.  Macau 13.9%[79]
  5.  Singapore 8.5%[80]
  6.  Malaysia 2.6%[81]
  7.  South Korea 0.2–1.0%[82]
  8.  Philippines 0.01–0.05%
  9.  Indonesia 0.05%

The Chinese traditional religion has 184,000 believers in Latin America, 250,000 believers in Europe, and 839,000 believers in North America as of 1999.[83][84]

Ethnic and indigenous religionists

Indigenous statistics come from the U.S. Department of State's International Religious Freedom Act (2009),[85] based on the highest estimate of people identified as indigenous or followers of indigenous religions that have been well-defined. Due to the syncretic nature of these religions, the numbers may not reflect the actual number of practitioners.

  1.  Togo 35.6%[86]
  2.  South Sudan 32.9%[87]
  3.  Guinea-Bissau 30.9%[88]
  4.  North Korea 29.5%[89]
  5.  Côte d'Ivoire 25.0%
  6.  Sudan 25.0%[90]
  7.  Burundi 20.0%
  8.  Benin 17.9%[91][better source needed]
  9.  Burkina Faso 15.0%
  10.  South Africa 15.0%[92]
  11.  Democratic Republic of the Congo 12.0%
  12.  Central African Republic 10.0%
  13.  Gabon 10.0%
  14.  Lesotho 10.0%
  15.  Nigeria 10.0%
  16.  Sierra Leone 10.0%[93]
  17.  Kenya 9.0%
  18.  Palau 9.0%[94]
  19.  Ghana 8.5%
  20.  Guinea 5.0%

Sikhs

Further information: Sikhism

Countries with the greatest proportion of Sikhs:

Sikhism by country
  1.  Canada 2.12%[95][96]
  2.  India 1.72%[101]
  3.  Cyprus 1.10%[102]
  4.  United Kingdom 0.88%[103]
  5.  New Zealand 0.88%[104]
  6.  Australia 0.83%[105][106]
  7.  Oman 0.75%[107]
  8.  UAE 0.56%[108]
  9.  Italy 0.37%[122]
  10.  Singapore 0.35%[123]

The Sikh homeland is the Punjab state, in India, where Sikhs make up approximately 58% of the population. This is the only place where Sikhs are in the majority. Sikhs have emigrated to countries all over the world – especially to English-speaking and East Asian nations. In doing so they have retained, to an unusually high degree, their distinctive cultural and religious identity. Sikhs are not ubiquitous worldwide in the way that adherents of larger world religions are, and they remain primarily an ethnic religion. But they can be found in many international cities and have become an especially strong religious presence in the United Kingdom and Canada.[124] Sikhism is also the fastest growing religion in New Zealand and Australia.[125][126]

Spiritists

Further information: Kardecist spiritism
  1.  Cuba 10.3%
  2.  Jamaica 10.2%
  3.  Brazil 4.8%
  4.  Suriname 3.6%
  5.  Haiti 2.7%
  6.  Dominican Republic 2.2%
  7.  The Bahamas 1.9%
  8.  Nicaragua 1.5%
  9.  Trinidad and Tobago 1.4%
  10.  Guyana 1.3%
  11.  Venezuela 1.1%
  12.  Colombia 1.0%
  13.  Belize 1.0%
  14.  Honduras 0.9%
  15.  Puerto Rico 0.7%
  16.  Panama 0.5%
  17.  Iceland 0.5%
  18.  Guadeloupe 0.4%
  19.  Argentina 0.2%
  20.  Guatemala 0.2% (ARDA claim)[127][better source needed]

Spiritist estimates come from a single source, which gives a relative indication of the size of the Spiritist communities within each country.

Jews

Main article: Jewish population by country
Further information: Jews

Countries with the greatest proportion of Jews (as of 2017):[128]

Jewish population by country as of 2020
  1.  Israel 73.60%
  2.  Gibraltar 2.00%
  3.  United States 1.76%
  4.  Canada 1.07%
  5.  France 0.70%
  6.  Hungary 0.485%
  7.  Uruguay 0.483%
  8.  Australia 0.47%
  9.  United Kingdom 0.44%
  10.  Argentina 0.41%
  11.  U.S. Virgin Islands 0.36%
  12.  Belgium 0.259%
  13.  Panama 0.25%
  14.  Latvia 0.24%
  15.   Switzerland 0.22%
  16.  Netherlands 0.17%
  17.  Estonia 0.154%
  18.  Bermuda 0.154%
  19.  Sweden 0.152%
  20.  Germany 0.14%
  21.  South Africa 0.124%
  22.  Ukraine 0.124%
  23.  Russia 0.122%
  24.  Denmark 0.112%
  25.  New Zealand 0.11%[63]

By population

Christians

Largest Christian populations (as of 2011):

  1.  United States 229,157,250[129] (details)
  2.  Brazil 169,213,130[130]
  3.  Russia 114,198,444[131]
  4.  Mexico 106,204,560[132]
  5.  Nigeria 80,510,000[133]
  6.  Philippines 78,790,000[134]
  7.  China 67,070,000[133]
  8.  Democratic Republic of the Congo 63,150,000[133]
  9.  Italy 55,832,000
  10.  Ethiopia 51,477,950
  11.  Germany 50,752,580[135]
  12.  Colombia 44,502,000
  13.  Ukraine 41,973,000
  14.  South Africa 40,243,000
  15.  France 39,560,000[133]
  16.  Spain 38,568,000
  17.  Poland 36,526,000
  18.  Kenya 33,625,790
  19.  Argentina 33,497,100
  20.  United Kingdom 33,200,417
  21.  Uganda 29,943,000
  22.  Indonesia 29,403,015[136][137]
  23.  India 28,436,000
  24.  Venezuela 28,340,790
  25.  Peru 27,365,100

Muslims

Largest Muslim populations (as of 2017):

  1.  Indonesia 229,000,000[138] (details)
  2.  Pakistan 215,000,000[139]
  3.  India 209,000,000[140]
  4.  Bangladesh 153,000,000[141]
  5.  Nigeria 117,000,000[142]
  6.  Egypt 87,500,000[143]
  7.  Iran 82,000,000[144]
  8.  Turkey 79,850,000[138]
  9.  Ethiopia 48,000,000[145]
  10.  Sudan 44,000,000[146]
  11.  Iraq 41,000,000[147]
  12.  Algeria 39,000,000[148]
  13.  Morocco 38,000,000[30]
  14.  Afghanistan 37,000,000[149]
  15.  Saudi Arabia 33,000,000[150]
  16.  Uzbekistan 33,648,090[151]
  17.  Yemen 30,000,000[152]
  18.  China 28,000,000[153]
  19.  Russia 25,000,000[154]
  20.  Tanzania 22,000,000[155]
  21.  Niger 22,000,000[156]

Hindus

Largest Hindu populations (as of 2020):[157]

  1.  India 1,120,000,000
  2.    Nepal 28,600,000
  3.  Bangladesh 14,274,430
  4.  Indonesia 4,640,000
  5.  Pakistan 4,400,000
  6.  Sri Lanka 3,090,000
  7.  United States 2,510,000
  8.  Malaysia 1,940,000
  9.  United Arab Emirates 1,239,610
  10.  United Kingdom 1,030,000
  11.  Myanmar 890,000[158]
  12.  South Africa 749,870
  13.  Mauritius 665,820
  14.  Canada 610,000
  15.  South Africa 540,000
  16.  Saudi Arabia 440,000
  17.  Australia 410,000
  18.  Tanzania 403,570
  19.  Singapore 380,000
  20.  Qatar 360,000
  21.  Kuwait 330,000
  22.  Trinidad and Tobago 310,000[55]
  23.  Fiji 270,000[citation needed]
  24.  Guyana 200,000[159]
  25.  Yemen 200,000[160]
  26.  Bhutan 190,000
  27.  Suriname 120,785[161]
  28.  Germany 120,000

Buddhists

Largest Buddhist populations[162]

  1.  China 244,130,000
  2.  Thailand 64,420,000
  3.  Japan 45,820,000
  4.  Myanmar 38,410,000
  5.  Sri Lanka 14,450,000
  6.  Vietnam 14,380,000
  7.  Cambodia 13,690,000
  8.  South Korea 11,050,000
  9.  India 9,250,000
  10.  Malaysia 5,010,000
  11.  United States 3,800,023
  12.  Indonesia 2,062,000

Sikhs

Largest Sikh population (as of 2023)

Main article: Sikhism by country
  1.  India 23,786,000[163][a][164][165]
  2.  Canada 771,790[166][167]
  3.  United Kingdom 524,000[168]
  4.  United States ~280,000[189]
  5.  Australia 210,400[190][191]
  6.  Italy 210,000 [200]
  7.  Malaysia 100,000[201][202][203]
  8.  Thailand 70,000[204]
  9.  United Arab Emirates 52,000[108]
  10.  Philippines 50,000[205][206]
  11.  New Zealand 40,908[207]
  12.  Oman 35,540[208]
  13.  Portugal 35,000[209]
  14.  France 30,000[210]
  15.  Spain 26,000[211]
  16.  Germany 25,000[212]
  17.  Greece 20,000[213]
  18.  Kuwait 15,000[214][215]
  19.  Hong Kong 15,000[216]
  20.  Netherlands 15,000[217]

Jews

Main article: Jewish population by country

Largest Jewish populations (as of 2017):[128]

  1.  Israel 6,451,000
  2.  United States 5,700,000
  3.  France 456,000
  4.  Canada 390,000
  5.  United Kingdom 289,500
  6.  Argentina 180,500
  7.  Russia 176,000
  8.  Germany 116,500
  9.  Australia 113,200
  10.  Brazil 93,800
  11.  South Africa 69,300
  12.  Ukraine 53,000
  13.  Hungary 47,500
  14.  Mexico 40,000
  15.  Netherlands 29,800
  16.  Belgium 29,300
  17.  Italy 27,300
  18.   Switzerland 18,700
  19.  Chile 18,300
  20.  Uruguay 16,900
  21.  Turkey 15,300
  22.  Sweden 15,000
  23.  Spain 11,800
  24.  Belarus 10,000
  25.  Panama 10,000

Baháʼís

Main article: Baháʼí Faith by country
Further information: Baháʼí Faith

Largest Baháʼí populations (as of 2010) in countries with a national population ≥200,000:[218][better source needed]

  1.  India 1,897,651
  2.  United States 512,864
  3.  Kenya 422,782
  4.  Vietnam 388,802
  5.  Congo, Democratic Republic of the 282,916
  6.  Philippines 275,069
  7.  Iran 251,127
  8.  Zambia 241,112
  9.  South Africa 238,532
  10.  Bolivia 215,359
  11.  Tanzania 190,419
  12.  Venezuela 169,811
  13.  Uganda 95,098
  14.  Chad 94,499
  15.  Pakistan 87,259
  16.  Myanmar 78,915
  17.  Colombia 70,504
  18.  Malaysia 67,549
  19.  Thailand 65,096
  20.  Papua New Guinea 59,898

Jains

As of 2005, per ARDA:[219][better source needed]

  1.  India 5,146,697
  2.  United States 79,459
  3.  Kenya 68,848
  4.  United Kingdom 35,000
  5.  Canada 12,101
  6.  Tanzania 9,002
  7.    Nepal 6,800
  8.  Uganda 2,663
  9.  Myanmar 2,398
  10.  Malaysia 2,052
  11.  South Africa 1,918
  12.  Fiji 1,573
  13.  Japan 1,535
  14.  Belgium 1,500
  15.  Australia 1,449
  16.  Suriname 1,217
  17.  Ireland 1,000
  18.  Réunion 981
  19.  Hong Kong 500 families[220]
  20.  Yemen 229

See also

Religions:

Notes

  1. ^ Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.[163]

References

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  2. ^ a b Wormald, Benjamin (2 April 2015). "The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Appendix A: Methodology". The Global Religious Landscape. Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012.
  5. ^ "Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center.
  6. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  7. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. ^ "Catholic Church". Gcatholic.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
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  10. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  11. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  12. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  13. ^ "Marshall Islands". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  14. ^ "2006 Tonga Census". Spc.int. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  15. ^ "San Marino". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. US Department of State: Diplomacy in Action. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  16. ^ "US Department of State – Paraguay – International Religious Freedom Report 2005". Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
  17. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives – National Profiles". Thearda.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Kiribati". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  19. ^ "Micronesia, Federated States of". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
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  196. ^ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  197. ^ "The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community". The Wire. It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.
  198. ^ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
  199. ^ "The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry". Homegrown. Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air
  200. ^ [192][193][194][195][196][197][115][116][198][118][199][120][121]
  201. ^ "Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister". The Economic Times. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.
  202. ^ "Malaysia gets first Sikh minister". WION. Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population
  203. ^ "On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience". SikhNet. 20 January 2023. The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.
  204. ^ "Thailand". U.S. Department of State.
  205. ^ "Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President". The Indian Express. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  206. ^ "Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple - Gurdwara Philippines". 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  207. ^ "Losing our religion | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  208. ^ ARDA claim: "National Profiles". www.thearda.com.[better source needed]
  209. ^ "Portugal Fact Sheet". Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal). Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available.
  210. ^ "France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen". The Wire. 6 May 2017.
  211. ^ Garha, Nachatter Singh (6 February 2020). "Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges". Religions. 11 (2): 76. doi:10.3390/rel11020076. hdl:2183/38589.
  212. ^ "Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V." remid.de (in German). Retrieved 16 August 2017. Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017
  213. ^ Lavin, Talia (26 April 2015). "Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece". Huffington Post. The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day
  214. ^ "Kuwait To Seek Closure of "Illegal" Sikh Temple". Outlook India. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  215. ^ Pinto, Christina (14 August 2019). "Sikh Gurdwara discovered by 'intrepid' local reporter". Times Kuwait. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  216. ^ "Hong Kong stories: Getting to know the city's Sikh community". Young Post. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  217. ^ Lawrence, Mary (22 May 2022). "Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs" [Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about]. Trouw. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023. In Nederland wonen zo'n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara's. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]
  218. ^ ARDA claim: "Most Baháʼí Nations (2010)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  219. ^ "Most Jainist Nations (2005)". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  220. ^ "Jain festival Paryushana uses prayer, fasting and meditation to ask for forgiveness". Young Post. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
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