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Man plays a piano while singing into microphone. He is wearing dark shades.
Billy Joel in 1994

"We Didn't Start the Fire" is a 1989 hit single by American musician Billy Joel in which the lyrics tell the history of the United States from 1949 to 1989 through a series of cultural references.[1][a] In total, the song contains 118[2][3] or 119[4][5][b] references to historical people, places, events, and phenomena.[6] The idea for creating a song chronicling news events and personalities originally came to Joel from a conversation he had with Sean Lennon, wherein Lennon claimed that nothing of note happened in the news during the early life of Joel.[7] In his effort to prove Lennon wrong, Joel began listing various important global events such as the Korean War, Little Rock Crisis, and Hungarian Revolution.[7] The references are presented in roughly chronological order,[3] beginning with Joel's birth in 1948 and culminating in 1989, when Joel had turned 40 years old.[6] The song proved divisive, with some praising its educational value and others criticizing the melody.[7][8]

List

[edit]

Lists cataloging every reference in the song have previously been published by Encyclopædia Britannica,[5] Far Out,[2] and Ranker.[4]

No. Lyric Subject Date Description Ref.[c]
1 "Harry Truman"
Harry S. Truman
 November 2, 1948 Democratic party candidate Truman unexpectedly wins the 1948 United States presidential election. [9]
2 "Doris Day"
Doris Day
 June 25, 1948 Starring Day in her debut role, the movie Romance on the High Seas is released, making her a celebrity singer and actress. [10]
3 "Red China"
Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
 October 1, 1949 Following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China is established. [11]
4 "Johnnie Ray"
Johnnie Ray
 1949 Ray signs a contract with Okeh Records, which starts his career as a famous rock and roll musician. [12][13]
5 "South Pacific"
South Pacific (musical)
 April 7, 1949 South Pacific debuts on Broadway to critical and popular success. [14]
6 "Walter Winchell"
Walter Winchell
 1950 Winchell stands "at the height of his popularity" but soon comes under public scrutiny for his promotion of McCarthyism. [15]
7 "Joe DiMaggio"
Joe DiMaggio
 February 7, 1949 DiMaggio signs a contract to play for the New York Yankees, becoming the first American league player to earn over $99,000. [16]
8 "Joe McCarthy"
Joseph McCarthy
 February 9, 1950 Senator McCarthy gives his Lincoln Day speech, launching his career as an anticommunist fearmonger. [17]
9 "Richard Nixon"
Richard Nixon
 November 7, 1950 Nixon is elected to the United States Congress as senator. [18]
10 "Studebaker"
Studebaker
 1950 The car manufacturer enters a period of financial decline which leads to it merging with Packard to form Studebaker-Packard four years later. [19][20]
11 "Television"
Golden Age of Television
 1948 A "golden age" of television in the United States begins, ending in 1958. [21]
12 "North Korea"
Korean War
 June 25, 1950 The communist North invades its anticommunist counterpart in a major intensification of the Cold War. [22]
13 "South Korea"
14 "Marilyn Monroe"
Marilyn Monroe
 1950 Monroe appears in five movies in one year: Right Cross, The Asphalt Jungle, All About Eve, The Fireball, and A Ticket to Tomahawk. [23]
15 "Rosenbergs"
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
 April 5, 1951 The Rosenbergs are sentenced to death on the charge of conspiracy to commit espionage for the Soviet Union by sharing classified information relating to the development of nuclear weapons. [24]
16 "H-bomb"
Hydrogen bomb
 January 1950 The United States government under the Truman administration begins developing and testing thermonuclear weapons. [25]
17 "Sugar Ray"
Sugar Ray Robinson vs. Jake LaMotta
 February 14, 1951 In their final boxing match, Robinson beats LaMotta with such brutality that the event is dubbed "The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre." [26]
18 "Panmunjom"
Panmunjom
 August 1951 Negotiations for a ceasefire to the Korean War relocate to the village of Panmunjom, where an armistice agreement would be signed two years later. [27][28]
19 "Brando"
Marlon Brando
 1951 Brando performs in the first film rendition of A Streetcar Named Desire, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. [29]
20 "The King and I"
The King and I
 March 29, 1951 The Broadway musical premieres to critical and popular success, earning several Tony Awards. [30][31]
21 "The Catcher in the Rye"
The Catcher in the Rye
 July 16, 1951 The novel is published to both critical acclaim and moral controversy due to obscene content. [32]
22 "Eisenhower"
Dwight D. Eisenhower
 November 4, 1952 Eisenhower is elected president of the United States. [18]
23 "Vaccine"
Salk polio vaccine
 July 2, 1952 Jonas Salk begins testing vaccines which would later prove successful in preventing the disease polio. [33]
24 "England’s got a new queen"
Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II
 February 6, 1952 George VI dies, causing his heiress Elizabeth to be proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom. [34]
25 "Marciano"
Rocky Marciano
 September 23, 1952 Marciano becomes world heavyweight boxing champion after knocking out his predecessor Jersey Joe Walcott. [35]
26 "Liberace"
Liberace
 February 3, 1952 Consisting of live musical shows hosted by Liberace himself, The Liberace Show begins airing on television to popular success. [36]
27 "Santayana goodbye"
George Santayana
 September 26, 1952 Santayana, an influential Spanish-American philosopher, died of cancer in Rome, Italy. [37]
28 "Joseph Stalin"
Death of Joseph Stalin
 March 5, 1953 Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies, ending his reign of totalitarianism. [38]
29 "Malenkov"
Georgy Malenkov
 March 6, 1953 Malenkov succeeds Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union. [39]
30 "Nasser"
Gamal Abdel Nasser
 July 23, 1952 Nasser successfully leads the Free Officers movement in overthrowing King Farouk in the 1952 Egyptian revolution. [40]
31 "Prokofiev"
Sergei Prokofiev
 March 5, 1953 The renowned Russian composer dies of a stroke on the same day as Joseph Stalin. [41]
32 "Rockefeller"
Divorce between Winthrop Rockefeller and Barbara "Bobo" Sears[d]
 June 19, 1954 Rockefeller pays $5,750,000 to Sears in a divorce settlement, a record-breaking amount. [42]
33 "Campanella"
Roy Campanella
 November 27, 1953 Campanella receives the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award for a second time, which he would win again two years later. [43]
34 "Communist Bloc"
Communist Bloc
 June 17, 1953 The Communist government of East Germany receives military aid from the Soviet Union to quell a workers' uprising. [44]
35 "Roy Cohn"
Roy Cohn
 July 1954 Cohn resigns as Chief Counsel of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations due to the Army–McCarthy hearings, during which he had served as McCarthy's top aide. [45][46]
36 "Juan Perón"
Juan Perón
 September 19, 1955 Argentine president Perón is ousted in a military coup. [47]
37 "Toscanini"
Arturo Toscanini
 April 4, 1954 The virtuoso conductor performs his final concert with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. [48]
38 "Dacron"
Dacron
 1954 Surgeon Michael DeBakey begins experimenting with the polyester fiber, eventually using it to develop the first artificial arterial patches. [49]
39 "Dien Bien Phu Falls"
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
 May 7, 1954 The Viet Minh capture the key city of Điện Biên Phủ, a decisive victory in the First Indochina War. [50]
40 "Rock Around the Clock"
Rock Around the Clock
 April 12, 1954 Bill Haley & His Comets release their rendition of the song, which would later achieve commercial success in 1955. [51]
41 "Einstein"
Albert Einstein
 April 18, 1955 The renowned physicist dies of heart failure. [52]
42 "James Dean"
James Dean
 September 30, 1955 The celebrity actor dies in a car crash at age 24. [53]
43 "Brooklyn’s got a winning team"
Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1955 World Series
 October 4, 1955 The baseball team becomes the World Series champion after beating the New York Yankees. [54]
44 "Davy Crockett"
Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier
 May 25, 1955 An edited compilation of the titular miniseries releases as a standalone movie. [55]
45 "Peter Pan"
Peter Pan
 February 5, 1953 Disney releases the animated movie to critical success. [56]
46 "Elvis Presley"
Elvis Presley
 November 21, 1955 The "King of Rock and Roll" signs a recording contract with RCA Victor. [57]
47 "Disneyland"
Disneyland
 July 17, 1955 The first Disneyland amusement park opens in Anaheim, California. [58]
48 "Bardot"
Brigitte Bardot
 November 28, 1956 Bardot stars as the leading actress in And God Created Woman, establishing her status as a sex symbol. [59]
49 "Budapest"
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
 October 23, 1956 A revolution against the Communist Hungarian government breaks out in Budapest, Hungary's capital. [60]
50 "Alabama"
Montgomery bus boycott
 December 5, 1955 African American activist Rosa Parks incites a boycott of public transit in Montgomery, Alabama after being convicted of violating racial segregation laws in a segregated bus. [61]
51 "Khrushchev"
Nikita Khrushchev
 February 25, 1956 Soviet leader Khrushchev delivers his "Secret Speech", a denunciation of Joseph Stalin's cult of personality and a herald of his policy of De-Stalinization. [62]
52 "Princess Grace"
Grace Kelly
 April 18, 1956 The American actress marries Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, thereafter becoming Princess of Monaco. [63]
53 "Peyton Place"
Peyton Place
 September 24, 1956 The novel is released and achieves commercial success, staying on a best-seller list for 26 weeks. [64]
54 "Trouble in the Suez"
Suez Crisis
 July 26, 1956 Egyptian president Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, provoking a Franco–Israeli–British invasion of Egypt. [65]
55 "Little Rock"
Little Rock Crisis
 September 24, 1957 American president Eisenhower deploys members of the 101st Airborne Division to guard the entry of nine African American students into Little Rock Central High School. [66]
56 "Pasternak"
Boris Pasternak
 November 23, 1957 Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago is published to critical acclaim and wins the Nobel Prize in Literature the following year. [67]
57 "Mickey Mantle"
Mickey Mantle
 November 22, 1957 The baseballer wins his second consecutive MVP award, leading the league in walks and runs scored. [68]
58 "Kerouac"
Jack Kerouac
 September 5, 1957 Kerouac's novel On the Road is published to critical acclaim. [69]
59 "Sputnik"
Sputnik 1
 October 4, 1957 Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, was launched into orbit by the Soviet Union. [70]
60 "Chou En-Lai"
Zhou Enlai
 January 1957 Chinese premier Zhou begins engaging in shuttle diplomacy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. [71]
61 "Bridge on the River Kwai"
The Bridge on the River Kwai
 October 2, 1957 The movie is first released and later wins seven Academy Awards, including an Academy Award for Best Picture. [72]
62 "Lebanon"
1958 Lebanon crisis
 May 8, 1957 The United States sends 15,000 marines around Beirut to aid president Camille Chamoun of Lebanon. [73]
63 "Charles de Gaulle"
Charles de Gaulle
 December 21, 1958 De Gaulle is elected the first president of the French Fifth Republic. [74]
64 "California baseball"
Major League Baseball relocations of 1950s–1960s
 1958 The New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both move to California, thereafter becoming the San Francisco Giants and the Los Angeles Dodgers. [75]
65 "Starkweather homicide"
Charles Starkweather
 December 1, 1957 Starkweather begins a murder spree, eventually claiming 11 lives by January 1958. [76]
66 "Children of Thalidomide"
Thalidomide scandal
 1957 The immunomodulatory drug thalidomide is first introduced in the European market. Later brought to the United States, it would be linked to thousands of birth defects and stillbirths. [77]
67 "Buddy Holly"
The Day the Music Died
 February 3, 1959 American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson die in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. [78][79]
68 "Ben-Hur"
Ben-Hur
 November 18, 1959 The Biblical epic film Ben-Hur releases to overwhelmingly positive reviews. [80][81][82]
69 "Space monkey"
Miss Baker
 May 28, 1959 A squirrel monkey named Miss Baker and a rhesus macaque named Able become the first two animals to be launched into space by the United States and safely return. Other monkeys and apes followed them before humans went to space. [83]
70 "Mafia"
Vito Genovese
 April 17, 1959 American Mafia mobster Vito Genovese is sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta. [84][85]
71 "Hula hoops"
Hula hoop
 1958 Australian businessman Alex Tolmer begins selling hoops made of plastic, and rights are purchased by the American toy company Wham-O. The toy becomes a massive fad in the United States, reaching over 100 million sales in two years. [86]
72 "Castro"
Fidel Castro
 February 16, 1959 Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro becomes the fifteenth Prime Minister of Cuba after the end of the Cuban Revolution. [87][88]
73 "Edsel is a no-go"
Edsel
 November 19, 1959 The Ford Motor Company's Edsel brand of automobiles performs very poorly, and the word "Edsel" becomes a shorthand for any massive and embarrassing failure. [89]
74 "U-2"
1960 U-2 incident
 May 1, 1960 An American Lockheed U-2 is shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces deep within Soviet territory, embarassing the United States on the international stage and causing the cancellation of a summit in Paris. [90][91]
75 "Syngman Rhee"
Syngman Rhee
 July 24, 1948 Syngman Rhee wins a landslide victory in the 1948 South Korean presidential election, becoming the first President of South Korea. [92]
76 "Payola"
Payola
 1959 Radio disc jockeys illegally accept bribes to play certain music, causing investigations and criminal charges being filed against several radio hosts such as Alan Freed. In sessions before the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight, 335 DJs admitted to having received over $263,000 in bribes. [93]
77 "Kennedy"
John F. Kennedy
 January 20, 1961 John F. Kennedy is sworn in as the 35th president of the United States. [94]
78 "Chubby Checker"
Chubby Checker
 July 1960 American singer Chubby Checker releases a hit cover of "The Twist", popularizing the dance move into a dance craze. [95]
79 "Psycho"
Psycho
 September 8, 1960 The horror film Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock releases, becoming Hitchcock's most famous and influential work. [96]
80 "Belgians in the Congo"
Congo Crisis
 July 5, 1960 – November 25, 1965 After the fall of the Belgian Congo, a series of civil wars break out in the country, with Belgian troops attempting to regain control. The crisis serves as a proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union. [97]
81 "Hemingway"
Ernest Hemingway
 July 2, 1961 Writer Ernest Hemingway commits suicide in his home in Idaho. [98]
82 "Eichmann"
Adolf Eichmann
 June 1, 1962 Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann is executed by hanging in Israel. [99]
83 "Stranger in a Strange Land"
Stranger in a Strange Land
 June 1, 1961 Robert A. Heinlein's science fiction novel becomes iconic and influential in the counterculture of the 1960s. [100]
84 "Dylan"
Bob Dylan
 1960s American musician Bob Dylan becomes hugely influential in the 1960s, with his music becoming emblematic of the decade's social changes. [101][102]
85 "Berlin"
Berlin Wall
 August 13, 1961 East Germany begins construction of a wall separating East Berlin and West Berlin, with the primary goal of preventing East Germans from defecting to the West. [103]
86 "Bay of Pigs Invasion"
Bay of Pigs Invasion
 April 17–20, 1961 The United States launches a failed invasion of Cuba via Playa Girón, attempting to overthrow the Castro government. [104][105]
87 "Lawrence of Arabia"
Lawrence of Arabia
 April 8, 1963 The 1962 film, an adaptation of Seven Pillars of Wisdom and based on the life of T. E. Lawrence, is nominated for ten Oscars at the 35th Academy Awards, winning seven. [106]
88 "British Beatlemania"
Beatlemania
 c.1963 – 1966 The Beatles become hugely popular in the United Kingdom, with British press using the term "Beatlemania" to describe the ecstatic, female-led fandom. Beatlemania spreads from the United Kingdom to the United States in 1964. [107][108]
89 "Ole Miss"
Ole Miss riot of 1962
 September 30 – October 1, 1962 A race riot, stoked by Mississippi's state authorities, breaks out at the University of Mississippi (commonly known as Ole Miss) after the admission of James Meredith, a black student, into the formerly segregated school. President John F. Kennedy quells the riot by mobilizing over 20,000 United States Army troops to combat the 3,000 rioters. [109]
90 "John Glenn"
John Glenn
 February 20, 1962 John Glenn becomes the third American in space and the first American to orbit the Earth. [110]
91 "Liston beats Patterson"
Sonny Liston vs. Floyd Patterson II
 July 22, 1963 Boxer Sonny Liston becomes the world heavyweight champion after knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round of their fight. [111]
92 "Pope Paul"
Pope Paul VI
 June 21, 1963 Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini is elected as the successor of Pope John XXIII, taking the papal name of Paul VI. [112]
93 "Malcolm X"
Malcolm X
 February 21, 1965 American civil rights leader Malcolm X is assassinated by Thomas Hagan, a member of the Nation of Islam. [113]
94 "British politician sex"
Profumo affair
 c. early 1960s John Profumo, the British Secretary of State for War serving under the Conservative Harold Macmillan, has an extramarital affair with Christine Keeler. The scandal ends Profumo's career and contributes to the Conservative Party's defeat in the 1964 United Kingdom general election. [114][115]
95 "JFK blown away"
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
 November 22, 1963 American president John F. Kennedy is shot in the head by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. [116][117]
96 "Birth control"
Griswold v. Connecticut
 June 7, 1965 The Supreme Court of the United States rules that married couples have the right to use birth control without government restriction. [118][119]
97 "Ho Chi Minh"
Ho Chi Minh
 September 2, 1969 Ho Chi Minh, the first president of North Vietnam and leader through the beginning of the Vietnam War, dies. [120][121]
98 "Richard Nixon back again"
Richard Nixon
 January 20, 1969 Years after serving as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon becomes the 37th president of the United States. [122][123][124]
99 "Moonshot"
Apollo 11
 July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land the Lunar Module Eagle, becoming the first humans to land on the surface of the Moon. [125][126][127]
100 "Woodstock"
Woodstock
 August 15–18, 1969 The Woodstock Music and Art Fair is held in Bethel, New York. It becomes one of the largest music festivals in history and becomes a defining moment in the counterculture of the 1960s. [128][129][130]
101 "Watergate"
Watergate scandal
 June 17, 1972 President Richard Nixon is involved with an attempted burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate complex. On the verge of impeachment, Nixon resigns and is pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. [131][132][133]
102 "Punk rock"
Punk rock
 c. mid-1970s The punk rock music genre, spearheaded by bands such as the Ramones and The Stooges, gains international popularity in the 1970s. [134][135]
103 "Begin"
Menachem Begin
 June 21, 1977 Menachem Begin wins the 1977 Israeli legislative election, becoming the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. He and Anwar Sadat are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 for signing the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. [136][137]
104 "Reagan"
Ronald Reagan
 January 20, 1981 Following a landslide victory in the 1980 United States presidential election, Ronald Reagan is sworn in as the 40th president of the United States. [138][139]
105 "Palestine"
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
 1979 – 1990 Major events in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict take place from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, including the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the 1982 Lebanon War, the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence, and the First Intifada. [140]
106 "Terror on the airline"
Attacks on aircraft by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 1968 – 1970 Nearly 200 aircraft hijackings are committed by the revolutionary socialist PFLP in Europe and the Middle east between 1968 and 1970. [5][141]
107 "Ayatollah's in Iran"
Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran
 February 1, 1979 Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years in exile, marking an important moment in the Iranian revolution. His return leads to the final overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ten days later. Khomeini takes office as the first Supreme Leader of Iran on December 3, 1979. [142]
108 "Russians in Afghanistan"
Soviet–Afghan War
 December 24, 1979 The Soviet Union sides with the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in a war against the anticommunist Afghan mujahideen, marking the beginning of the protracted Afghan conflict. [143][144]
109 "Wheel of Fortune"
Wheel of Fortune
 January 6, 1975 The game show Wheel of Fortune airs, eventually becoming one of the most beloved game shows in American history. [145][146]
110 "Sally Ride"
Sally Ride
 June 18, 1983 Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space. [147][148][149]
111 "Heavy metal suicide"
Death of John Daniel McCollum
 October 27, 1984 Nineteen-year-old John Daniel McCollum commits suicide while listening to the song "Suicide Solution" from the album Blizzard of Ozz by Ozzy Osbourne. McCollum's parents file a lawsuit against Osbourne, alleging that he is responsible for the death. The lawsuit is dismissed. [150][151]
112 "Foreign debts"
National debt of the United States
 October 23, 1981 Nine months into the presidency of Ronald Reagan, the American national debt passes one trillion dollars. [152]
113 "Homeless vets"
Homeless veterans in the United States
 After 1975 Vietnam veterans returning to the United States after the end of the Vietnam War face high levels of homelessness. [153]
114 "AIDS"
HIV/AIDS in the United States
 June 5, 1981 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recognizes HIV/AIDS in San Francisco for the first time, marking the start of the AIDS Epidemic. [154]
115 "Crack"
Crack epidemic in the United States
 1980s – 1990s The use of crack cocaine in the United States surges, resulting in increased crime and violence in American inner-city neighborhoods. The government response to the epidemic includes "tough on crime" policies and massively increased incarceration rates, disproportionately affecting African Americans. [155][156]
116 "Bernie Goetz"
1984 New York City Subway shooting
 December 22, 1984 Bernie Goetz shoots four black youths in the New York City Subway after they allegedly try to rob him. The shooting sparks a nationwide debate on race and crime in America, with supporters dubbing Goetz the "Subway Vigilante". [157][158]
117 "Hypodermics on the shore"
Syringe tide
 1987 – 1988 Significant amounts of biomedical waste from the Fresh Kills Landfill, including syringes, wash up on the shores of Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, forcing beaches along the East Coast of the United States to close. [159][160]
118 "China's under martial law"
People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
 May 21 – June 9, 1989 The People's Liberation Army enforces martial law in China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. [161][162]
119 "Rock and roller Cola wars"
Celebrity branding in the Cola wars
 November 1983 Celebrity branding is used in the Cola wars, a period of rivalry between The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo. Coca-Cola hires Paula Abdul to represent them, while Pepsi hires Michael Jackson. Jackson helps Pepsi with public relations and advertising, even suggesting that the company use his song "Billie Jean" as their jingle. While filming a Pepsi commercial, Jackson meets child actor James Safechuck, who would later allege that Jackson had sexually abused him in the 1980s. [163][164]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Further information regarding American history in this period can be found at History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991).
  2. ^ Sources disagree as to the total amount of references. This article follows the count of 119.
  3. ^ General references include the aforementioned lists by the Britannica, Ranker, and Far Out.
  4. ^ It is not exactly clear which member of the Rockefeller family Joel is referring to, although both the Britannica and Far Out connect the reference to the divorce.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Frick, Daniel (April 21, 2023). Reinventing Richard Nixon: A Cultural History of an American Obsession. University Press of Kansas. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7006-3562-7.
  2. ^ a b Taylor, Tom (May 9, 2021). "A journey through history with Billy Joel's 'We Didn't Start the Fire'". Far Out. Archived from the original on August 10, 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Osborn, Brad (February 17, 2021). Interpreting Music Video: Popular Music in the Post-MTV Era (1 ed.). New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge. p. 175. doi:10.4324/9781003037576. ISBN 978-1-003-03757-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  4. ^ a b Sartore, Melissa (April 10, 2024). "Every Historical Reference In 'We Didn't Start The Fire,' Explained". Ranker. Archived from the original on September 25, 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Matthias, Meg. "All 119 References in "We Didn't Start the Fire," Explained". Britannica Online. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISSN 1085-9721. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Hough 2016, p. 313.
  7. ^ a b c Schruers, Fred (October 28, 2014). Billy Joel: The Definitive Biography. Crown. pp. 199–201. ISBN 978-0-8041-4020-1.
  8. ^ MacFarlane, Thomas (September 29, 2016). Experiencing Billy Joel: A Listener's Companion. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-4422-5769-6.
  9. ^ Lemelin, Bernard (2001). "The U.S. Presidential Election of 1948: The Causes of Truman's "Astonishing" Victory". Revue française d'études américaines. 87 (1): 38–61. doi:10.3917/rfea.087.0038. ISSN 0397-7870.
  10. ^ Strauss, Marc Raymond (July 2, 2019). Discovering Musicals: A Liberal Arts Guide to Stage and Screen. McFarland. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-4766-7450-6.
  11. ^ Barakova, Marina (2022). "The Soviet Union and the Chinese Civil War 1945–1949". Известия на Института за исторически изследвания. 37 (1): 26. ISSN 2367-5187.
  12. ^ Folkart, Burt A. (February 25, 1990). "Johnnie Ray, Balladeer of the '50s, Dies at 63". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  13. ^ Fox, James (October 11, 2022). "Johnnie Ray (1927-1990)". The Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  14. ^ Naden, Corinne J. (February 1, 2011). The Golden Age of American Musical Theatre: 1943-1965. Scarecrow Press. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-8108-7734-4.
  15. ^ Manning, Martin J.; Wyatt, Clarence R. (December 20, 2010). Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America: [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 549. ISBN 978-1-59884-228-9.
  16. ^ Lyons, Douglas B. (April 3, 2018). The New York Yankees Home Run Almanac: The Bronx Bombers' Most Historic, Unusual, and Titanic Dingers. Simon and Schuster. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-68358-196-3.
  17. ^ Bayley, Edwin R. (October 22, 1981). Joe McCarthy and the Press. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-299-08624-4.
  18. ^ a b Girard, Jolyon P. (October 7, 2019). Presidents and Presidencies in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 1143. ISBN 978-1-4408-6591-6.
  19. ^ Bonsall, Thomas E. (2000). More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story. Stanford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8047-3586-5.
  20. ^ McDonough, John; Egolf, Karen (June 18, 2015). The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising. Routledge. p. 1488. ISBN 978-1-135-94906-8.
  21. ^ Baughman, James L. (1985). "Television in the 'Golden Age': An Entrepreneurial Experiment". The Historian. 47 (2): 177. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1985.tb00657.x. ISSN 0018-2370. JSTOR 24445534.
  22. ^ Clemens Jr., Walter C. (2014). "Korean War". In Krieger, Joel (ed.). The Oxford Companion to International Relations. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199738878.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-973887-8. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
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