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List of invocations of the Insurrection Act

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This is a list of invocations of the Insurrection Act of 1807.[1]

The act has been invoked in response to 30 incidents, the latest of which was the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

List

[edit]
Date invoked Invoker Cause Results
April 19, 1808 Thomas Jefferson Violations of the Embargo Act of 1807 around Lake Champlain.[2] Violations continue, act repealed in 1809.[3]
February 10, 1831 Andrew Jackson Dispute around Arkansas-Mexico border.[4] Resolved before troops sent.[1]
August 24, 1831 Slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia.[5] Rebellion suppressed.[6]
January 28, 1834 Riot over labor dispute in Maryland.[7] Resolved before troops sent.[7]
April 15, 1861 Abraham Lincoln Secession of southern states, American Civil War.[8] Civil war ends after four years. Beginning of Reconstruction era.[9]
October 17, 1871 Ulysses S. Grant White supremacist insurgency across former Confederacy.[10] Insurgency suppressed.[1]
May 22, 1873 Violence in Louisiana after contested election.[11] Resolved before troops sent.[1]
December 21, 1874 White supremacist insurrection and massacre in Vicksburg.[12] Insurrection suppressed.[13]
May 15, 1874 White supremacist attempted coup in Arkansas.[14] Resolved before troops sent.[1]
September 15, 1874 White supremacist insurgency and coup in Louisiana.[15] New Orleans and state government liberated, insurgency continues in other areas until 1877.[1]
October 17, 1876 White supremacist paramilitaries in South Carolina.[16] Paramilitaries dispersed, troops stay until 1877.[1]
July 18, 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes Railroad strike in multiple states.[17] Strike suppressed. Eventual reform.[18]
October 7, 1878 War between rival business/gang factions in Lincoln County, New Mexico.[19] Most fighting stops.[20]
May 3, 1882 Chester A. Arthur Gang violence in the Arizona Territory.[21] Gangs suppressed.[1]
November 7, 1885; February 9, 1886 Grover Cleveland Riots against Chinese citizens in the Washington Territory. Occurred in 1885 and 1886.[22] Riots suppressed.[22]
July 8, 1894 Strike in multiple states.[23] Strike suppressed. Eventual reform.[24]
April 28, 1914 Woodrow Wilson Strike and uprising in Colorado.[25] Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform.[26]
August 30, 1921 Warren G. Harding Strike and uprising in West Virginia.[27] Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform.[28]
July 28, 1932 Douglas MacArthur Army general illegally invokes act against WW1 veterans marching for military bonuses in Washington, D.C..[29] Protest suppressed.[30]
June 21, 1943 Franklin D. Roosevelt Race riot in Detroit.[31] Riot suppressed.[32]
September 23, 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower Arkansas National Guard forbids Black students from a school in Little Rock.[33] Arkansas National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort Black students to school.[34]
September 30, 1962 John F. Kennedy Siege and riot of University of Mississippi due to racial integration.[35] Riot suppressed.[36]
June 11, 1963 Governor of Alabama forbids Black students from a school in Tuscaloosa.[37] Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort Black students to school.[38]
September 10, 1963 Alabama National Guard forbids Black students from all-white schools.[1] Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down.
March 20, 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson Alabama police suppress first Selma to Montgomery marches.[39] Federalization of Alabama National Guard before the third march.
July 24, 1967 Protests and riots against systematic racism in Detroit.[40] Riots suppressed.[41]
April 5, 1968 Riots and civil unrest in multiple states after the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr..[42] Riots suppressed.[43]
November 24, 1987 Ronald Reagan Prison riot in Atlanta over announced deportations of Cuban detainees.[44] Riot suppressed.[45]
September 20, 1989 George H. W. Bush Looting in the United States Virgin Islands after Hurricane Hugo.[46] Order restored.[47]
May 1, 1992 Riots and uprising in Los Angeles over acquittal of officers who attacked Rodney King.[48] Riot suppressed.[49]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Guide to Invocations of the Insurrection Act". brennancenter.com. Brennan Center. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  2. ^ Muller, H.N. "Smuggling into Canada; How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson's Embargo" (PDF). vermonthistory.org. Vermont History. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  3. ^ United States Non-Intercourse Act - March 1, 1809 Rockcastle Karst Conservancy
  4. ^ "Proclamation 42—Ordering Persons to Remove From Public Lands in Arkansas". presidency.uscb.edu. The American President Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  5. ^ Schwarz, Frederic D. "1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion," American Heritage, August/September 2006. Archived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine "
  6. ^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (July 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Andrew Jackson and the C & O Canal". werehistory.org. We're History. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  8. ^ "The Civil War: The Senate's Story". senate.gov. Senate. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  9. ^ Kelly, Martin. "Timeline of the Reconstruction Era". thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  10. ^ "Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era". georgiaencyclopedia.org.
  11. ^ "The Colfax Massacre". history.com. History. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  12. ^ "Dec. 7, 1874: Vicksburg Massacre". zinnedproject.com. Zinn Education Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  13. ^ Wright, Trudy Lee (2023-02-10). "Peter Crosby (1844-1884)". BlackPast.org. Archived from the original on 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  14. ^ Driggs Jr., Orval Truman (1947). The issues of the Clayton regime (1868–1871). (Thesis: M.A.).
  15. ^ The White Leaguers Make a Demonstration in New Orleans. Cincinnati Daily Gazette (Cincinnati, Ohio), Tuesday, September 15, 1874, Page: 1
  16. ^ "Proclamation 232—Law and Order in the State of South Carolina". presidency.usbc.edu. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  17. ^ White, Richard (2017). The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896. Oxford University Press. pp. 346–347. ISBN 978-0199735815.
  18. ^ Piper, Jessica (2013). "The Great Railroad Strike of 1877: A Catalyst for the American Labor Movement". The History Teacher. 47 (1): 93–110. ISSN 0018-2745. JSTOR 43264188.
  19. ^ Roberts, Calvin A.; Roberts, Susan A. (2004). A History of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0826335074.
  20. ^ Nolan, Frederick (2009) [1992]. The Lincoln County War: A Documentary History. Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press. pp. 304–322. ISBN 978-0-86534-721-2.
  21. ^ "Proclamation 253—Law and Order in the Territory of Arizona". presidency.ucsb.edu. The American Presidential Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  22. ^ a b Clayton David Laurie; Ronald H. Cole (1997). The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1877-1945. Government Printing Office. pp. 85–109. ISBN 978-0-16-088268-5. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  23. ^ "Pullman Strike | Causes, Result, Summary, & Significance | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  24. ^ "Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996". PBS. September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  25. ^ "The Arrival of Mother Jones". The Spirit of Mother Jones Festival. Shandon, Cork: Cork Mother Jones Committee. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  26. ^ Hennen, John (2011). "Reviewed Work: Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942 by Jonathan H. Rees". The Journal of American History. 97 (4): 1149–1150. doi:10.1093/jahist/jaq129. JSTOR 41508986.
  27. ^ Hood, Abby Lee (August 25, 2021). "What Made the Battle of Blair Mountain the Largest Labor Uprising in American History". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
  28. ^ "Coal Owners Want Government to Destroy Miners' Union". The Washington Times. October 15, 1921. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  29. ^ "'Take Job in the Forest or Go Home' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys", Middlesboro (Kentucky) Daily News, May 17, 1933, p. 1; "Bonus Marchers Weaken; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps", Milwaukee Journal, May 20, 1933, p. 1
  30. ^ "Heroes: Battle of Washington". Time. August 8, 1932. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved August 30, 2011. Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years.
  31. ^ "RACE RIOT OF 1943". detriothistorical.org. Encyclopedia of Detroit. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  32. ^ "Detroit race riot of 1943". blackfacts.com. BlackFacts. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  33. ^ "Little Rock Nine". history.com. History. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  34. ^ "The Little Rock Nine". nmaahc.si.edu. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  35. ^ Elliot, Debbie. "Integrating Ole Miss: A Transformative, Deadly Riot". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  36. ^ "Riots over desegregation of Ole Miss". history.com. History. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  37. ^ "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door". encyclopediaofalabama.org. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  38. ^ "Executive Order 11111—Providing Assistance for the Removal of Obstructions of Justice and Suppression of Unlawful Combinations Within the State of Alabama". presidency.ucsb.edu. The American Presidential Project. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  39. ^ Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973. Oxford University Press, p. 218.
  40. ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "Understanding Detroit's 1967 Upheaval 50 Years Later". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  41. ^ Jay, Mark; Leavell, Virginia. "Material Conditions of Detroit's Great Rebellion". jstor.org. JSTOR. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  42. ^ Taylor, Alan. "The Riots That Followed the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr". theatlantic.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  43. ^ "Significant Illinois Fires: Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Riots". guides.library.illinois.edu. Encyclopedia to Illinois LibGuide. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  44. ^ Harte, Tiffany. "Pandemonium at the Pen: Cuban Refugees Riot to Stay in the U.S." atlantahistorycenter.com. Atlanta History Center. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  45. ^ Wheatly, Thomas. "When inmates facing deportation took over Atlanta's federal penitentiary". axios.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  46. ^ "Hurricane Hugo Haunts Virgin Islands". washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  47. ^ "U.S. Orders In Troops to Quell Island Violence : St. Croix Looting and Lawlessness in Wake of Hurricane Damage Spurs Authorization by Bush". lattices.com. LA Times. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  48. ^ "When LA Erupted In Anger: A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  49. ^ "The Insurrection Act was last used in the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Invoking it again could undo years of police reform, some warn". nbcnews.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
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