List of entertainers who performed in blackface
This is a list of entertainers known to have performed in blackface makeup, whether in a minstrel show, as satire or historical depiction of such roles, or in a portrayal of a character using makeup as a racial disguise, for whatever reason.
A–C
- Roy Acuff, country music singer, performed in blackface in 1930s-40s traveling medicine shows[1]
- Scarlet Adams[2]
- Anne of Denmark, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, in The Masque of Blackness[3]
- Fred Armisen, impersonating U.S. President Barack Obama on Saturday Night Live in 2008 and 2009[4]
- Louis Armstrong, as Zulu King during 1949's Mardi Gras in New Orleans[5]
- Clarence Ashley, 1910s-1940s singer and blackface comedian in traveling medicine shows[6]
- Ant and Dec, in old Saturday Night Takeaway sketches[7]
- Fred Astaire, in Swing Time (1936)[8] and in Easter Parade (1948)
- Gene Autry[6]
- Dan Aykroyd, in Trading Places (1983)[9]
- David Baddiel, while portraying Jason Lee on a 1995 episode of Fantasy Football League[10]
- Rita Baga[11]
- Marcus "Buff" Bagwell, while performing for World Championship Wrestling[12]
- Fay Bainter, as Topsy in a 1933 production of Uncle Tom's Cabin
- Milt G. Barlow, 19th-century American minstrel[13]
- Ethel Barrymore, in the 1930 play Scarlet Sister Mary[14]
- Billy Barty, in Roman Scandals (1933)[15] and Rabbit Test (1978)
- Jack Black, in Be Kind Rewind (2008)[16]
- Sergei Bondarchuk, in Othello (1956)
- John Boulter, lead singer of the long-running Black and White Minstrel Show on the BBC[17]: 248
- Zach Braff, in the Scrubs episodes "My Friend the Doctor" and "My Chopped Liver"[18]
- Frank Brower, 1840s-1860s minstrel performer[19]
- David Byrne, in a promotional video for Stop Making Sense (1984)[20]
- George Burns[6]
- Butterbeans and Susie[21]
- John Byner, in season 3, episode 1 of Soap[22][23]
- Eddie Cantor, 1912-1927 performances in vaudeville and Ziegfeld Follies[24]
- Judy Carne, in a 1969 episode of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In[25][26]
- Graham Chapman[27]
- Dave Chappelle, in a 2006 episode of Chappelle's Show[28]
- George Christy, born George Harrington but became a star with Christy's Minstrels in the 1840s[17]: 8
- Charles Correll[21]
- Bing Crosby,[29] in Dream House (1932), Mississippi (1935), Road to Singapore (1940), Holiday Inn (1942), Dixie (1943), and Here Come the Waves (1944)
- Billy Crystal, in the "Negro Leagues" skit on Saturday Night Live in 1984 and whenever impersonating Sammy Davis Jr., including at the 84th Academy Awards.[30]
- CatboyKami, Online alias of Tor Gustafsson Brookes. Far-right troll who performs in blackface and an afro wig while brandishing a gun[31]
D–G
- Ted Danson, at a 1993 Friars Club roast of his then-girlfriend Whoopi Goldberg[32]
- Tommy Davidson in the 2000 film Bamboozled[33]
- Marion Davies in Going Hollywood (1933)[34][35]
- Sammy Davis, Jr.[29] in Ocean's Eleven (1960)[36]
- Shane Dawson, YouTuber, actor, and comedian[37]
- Neil Diamond in The Jazz Singer[38]
- Thomas Dilward, 1850s-1870s dwarf minstrel performer[39]
- George Washington Dixon, 1820s-1830s stage performer[40]
- Lew Dockstader, 1870s-1900s minstrel performer[41]
- Roma Downey in an episode of the television series Touched By An Angel entitled “Black Like Monica”, the character is turned black to better empathize with a community dealing with racial tensions.[42]
- Robert Downey Jr. in the 2008 film Tropic Thunder[43]
- Drake, on the cover of Pusha-T's single "The Story of Adidon"[44]
- Jimmy Durante[29]
- Issi Dye singer and Al Jolson impersonator[45][46]
- Harry Enfield, impersonating Nelson Mandela in the television show Harry & Paul.[47]
- The Ethiopian Serenaders were a Boston troupe which performed at the White House in 1844 and then toured Britain.[48]
- Jimmy Fallon, impersonating Chris Rock on Saturday Night Live[49]
- Edwin Forrest[50]
- Dai Francis, lead singer of the long-running Black and White Minstrel Show on the BBC[51]
- Leigh Francis[52]
- Judy Garland in Babes in Arms[53]
- George Givot, in the play The Constant Sinner (1931)[54]
- Freeman Gosden[21]
- Billy Gould (1869-1950)[55]
- Savion Glover in the 2000 film Bamboozled[33]
H–L
- Sam Hague[56]
- Masatoshi Hamada, dressed in blackface as Eddie Murphy from the film Beverly Hills Cop for the 2017 New Year's Eve special of Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!![57]
- Jon Hamm on an episode of 30 Rock[58]
- Goldie Hawn, in a 1969 episode of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In[25][26]
- Bob Height[56]
- Al Herman[59]
- Charles Hicks[56]
- Ernest Hogan[21]
- C. Thomas Howell in the 1986 movie Soul Man[60]
- William A. Huntley[61] Starting 1860. Moved to whiteface in mid-1880s.
- Dick Powell performed in blackface while singing Al Jolson's "Sonny Boy" in Hard to Get (1938)[62][63]
- George Jessel[6]
- Al Jolson[29]
- Louis Jordan[29]
- Buster Keaton, in vaudeville[21] in the short film Neighbors (1920), possibly with satiric intent: he alternates in and out of blackface, receiving a very different reaction from a policeman;[64] also in The Playhouse (1921) and College (1927)
- Billy Kersands, 1880s-1900s minstrel performer[65]
- Jimmy Kimmel, impersonating Karl Malone and Oprah Winfrey on The Man Show[66][67]
- Jane Krakowski twice on 30 Rock[58]
- Wallace King, 1880s minstrel performer[68]
- Joey Lawrence, in season 4, episode 11 of Gimme a Break!,[69] an episode criticizing blackface
- Jennie Lee, in the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation[70]
- Francis Leon, 1870s-80s minstrel performer[71]
- Eddie Leonard, 1890s-1930s minstrel performer, "last of the great minstrels"[21]
- Paul Levesque[72]
- Chris Lilley as Jonah Takalua and S.mouse[73][74]
- Walter Long, in the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation[75][76]
- Sophia Loren in Aida (1953)[77]
- Peter Lorre, in the play Weisse Fracht[78]
- Matt Lucas, multiple characters in Little Britain, Precious Little in Come Fly with Me[79]
- Sam Lucas, 1870s minstrel performer[80]
M–R
- Robert Mandan, in season 3, episode 1 of Soap[22]
- Jenna Marbles, impersonating Nicki Minaj in a later removed 2011 Youtube video[81]
- Pigmeat Markham, performer in 1920s-1950s traveling shows, as well as The Ed Sullivan Show and Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In[82]
- Rob McElhenney on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, portraying the character of Mac, a white man portraying the character Roger Murtaugh from the Lethal Weapon franchise in a fanmade home movie
- Joni Mitchell appeared as black dandy, Art Nouveau, at parties and on the cover of Don Juan's Reckless Daughter[83]
- Emmett Miller,[56] an important influence on early country stars like Jimmie Rodgers, Bob Wills
- Flournoy E. Miller[21]
- Irvin C. Miller[21]
- David Mitchell, in season 1, episode 1 of That Mitchell and Webb Look[84]
- Clayton McMichen[1]
- Bill Monroe[1]
- Moran and Mack[21]
- Herbert Wassell Nadal (1873-1957)[85]
- Cornelius J. O'Brien (1869-1954)[86]
- Laurence Olivier in Othello (1965)[87]
- Kaitlin Olson on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, portraying the character of Deandra Reynolds, a white woman portraying a black character in a fanmade home movie based on the Lethal Weapon franchise
- Richard Pelham[56]
- Arthur Petersen, in season 3, episode 1 of Soap[22]
- Larry Parks, in the 1946 film The Jolson Story[88]
- Robert Webb[89]
- Thomas D. Rice[56]
- Jimmie Rodgers[1]
- Mickey Rooney in Babes in Arms (1939)[90]
- Benny Rubin[56]
S–Z
- Harry Scott of the comedy duo Scott and Whaley, an African American act working in Britain.[91]
- Ramblin' Tommy Scott[92]
- Sarah Silverman[93]
- Frank Sinatra, in the Major Bowes short The Big Minstrel (1935) and Ocean's Eleven (1960)[36]
- Grace Slick, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1968) and Teen Set magazine (1969)[94][95][96]
- Bessie Smith[29]
- Hobart Smith[6]
- Mel Smith in season 2, episode 4, of Not the Nine O'Clock News (sketch "Gone With The Wind", April 1980)
- Howard Stern in a series of 1991 skits as Clarence Thomas and in a 1993 New Year's Eve special[97]
- Bert Swor (1878-1943)[98]
- Shirley Temple in The Littlest Rebel[17]
- George Siegmann in character as Silas Lynch in The Birth of a Nation (1915)[99]
- Frank Tinney, in vaudeville and Broadway musical comedies[100]
- The Three Stooges[101]
- Sophie Tucker[102]
- Tracey Ullman, in a 1989 episode of The Tracey Ullman Show[103]
- Ben Vereen, as a part of the 1981 inaugural celebrations for US President Ronald Reagan[104]
- Vladimir Vysotsky, as Abram Gannibal in How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor
- Glen Vernon Actor who performed in blackface in Hollywood Varieties (1950) with fellow actor Edward Ryan[105]
- Ted Waldman, comedy harmonica player[106]
- David Walliams, as a minstrel, and as character Desiree Devere in Little Britain[79]
- George Walker[21]
- Sean Waltman[107]
- Betty White, in The Golden Girls[108][109]
- Billy Whitlock[56]
- Gene Wilder in Silver Streak[110]
- Barney Williams[111]
- Bert Williams[56]
- Hank Williams[29]
- Slim Williams[112]
- Bob Wills[1]
- Tom Wilson[56]
- Jane Withers in Can This Be Dixie?
- Jo Anne Worley, in a 1969 episode of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In[25][26]
- Magda Szubanski, in various sketches for the Australian TV series, Fast Forward, most notably as the housemaid in a parody of Gone With the Wind.[113]
Fictional Characters Who Were Depicted In Blackface
- Bugs Bunny, in the 1942 cartoon Fresh Hare[114]
- Mickey Mouse, in the 1933 cartoon Mickey's Mellerdrammer[115]
- Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren), Not to be confused with the cat and mouse duo. appeared in blackface in 'Plane Dumb' (1932)[116]
- Smith Family Stan, Steve, Hayley and Francine Smith appeared in blackface in 2007 American Dad! episode 'An Apocalypse to Remember'[117]
- Eric Cartman, Depicted in blackface in 1999 movie South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut[118] and in episodes of South Park[119]
- Tom and Jerry, appeared in blackface in 'The Yankee Doodle Mouse' (1943)[120] 'The Milky Waif' (1946)[121] 'Mouse Cleaning' (1948) and 'Casanova Cat' (1951)[122]
- Dirty Dick, Used blackface in a recreation of The Black and White Minstrel Show in the 1972 Dandy Annual
- Sylvester the Cat, appeared in blackface in 'I Taw a Putty Tat' (1948)[123]
- Lyons Tea Minstrels mascots of Lyons Tea. Discontinued sometime in the 1990s[124]
- Ling-Ling, In Foxxy Vs. The Board Of Education (2005)[125][126]
See also
External links
- Kake Walk at UVM digital collection, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
References
- ^ a b c d e Cockrell, Dale (1988). "Blackface Minstrelsy". The Encyclopedia of Country Music: The Ultimate Guide to the Music. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0195395631. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Drag Race Down Under queen issues grovelling apology for performing in Blackface". PinkNews. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
- ^ D. J. Gordon (1943), "The Imagery of Ben Jonson's the Masque of Blacknesse and the Masque of Beautie", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 6: 124, doi:10.2307/750427, JSTOR 750427, S2CID 192333762
- ^ Is Blackface Ever OK? - Newsweek
- ^ Bunny Matthews (1 March 2016). "1 March 1949: Louis Armstrong's Reign As King Zulu". OffBeat.
- ^ a b c d e Sweet, Frank W. A History of the Minstrel Show, p25.
- ^ "Ant and Dec apologise for Saturday Night Takeaway sketches - Radio Times".
- ^ Behind the Camera (4/30)
- ^ Evans’ Release – Ethan Skolnick's Season Ticket – Sun-Sentinel Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Blackface still dominates pop culture - but feigning ignorance is no longer an excuse
- ^ Iftikhar, Asyia (6 November 2022). "Drag Race's Rita Baga apologises for 'stupid, hurtful' blackface". PinkNews. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "Debra: Resident Evil, SNME Detroit, Radio Recaps: James Gang, Bagwell, Billy Graham". www.lordsofpain.net. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008.
- ^ Rice, Edward Le Roy - Monarchs of Minstrelsy from ‘Daddy Rice’ to Date (1911)
- ^ "The Theatre: Scarlet Sister; Red Apples". Time. 1 December 1930. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011.
- ^ "Billy Barty - Overview - MSN Movies". Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ Bradshaw, Peter (22 February 2008). "Be Kind Rewind". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ^ a b c Tim Brooks (2019), The Blackface Minstrel Show in Mass Media: 20th Century Performances on Radio, Records, Film and Television, McFarland, ISBN 9781476676760
- ^ Ivie, Devon (24 June 2020). "Scrubs Blackface Episodes Scrubbed From Hulu". Vulture. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ Mahar, William J. (1999). Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252066962.
- ^ Owoseje, Toyin (2 September 2020). "David Byrne apologizes for donning blackface in 1984 video". CNN.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Watkins, Mel (1994). On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 133. ISBN 9780671689827.
- ^ a b c "Soap Season 3 Episode 01 - Blackface scene". YouTube. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ Byner, John (1 June 2020). Five Minutes, Mr. Byner: A Lifetime of Laughter. BQB Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60808-235-3. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ International, United Press (11 October 1964). "Eddie Cantor Dead, Comedy Slar Was 72". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Feil, Ken. Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In at Google Books
- ^ a b c "Laugh-In Takes on Minstrel Shows | Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In | George Schlatter". YouTube.
- ^ McArdle, Thomas (24 September 2019). "Innocent Until Proven Privileged". Issues & Insights. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "On The Skit That "Killed" Chappelle's Show | The FADER".
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Rj, "Pardon the Expression" (book review), Los Angeles Magazine, August 2001
- ^ Gilchrist, Todd (27 February 2012). "Billy Crystal's Oscar-Night Sammy Davis Jr. Impersonation Draws "Blackface" Criticisms". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ "Unmasking one of Australia's most shocking far-right trolls". ABC News. 23 July 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ McShane, Larry (11 October 1993). "Danson's appearance in blackface at Goldberg roast draws criticism". Bangor Daily News. AP. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ a b Clark, Ashley (6 October 2015). "Bamboozled: Spike Lee's masterpiece on race in America is as relevant as ever". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "BING CROSBY MARION DAVIES ( in blackface ) Unidentified Black Child Actor and Director RAOUL WALSH on set candid during filming of GOING HOLLYWOOD 1933". Alamy. 1933. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Going Hollywood 1933". YouTube. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Ocean's 11 Sammy Davis Jr: I Knew this Color Would Come in Handy Some Day". YouTube.
- ^ Madani, Doha (28 June 2020). "'Blackface was something I did a lot': YouTuber Shane Dawson addresses racist skits, pedophilia jokes". NBC News. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ Images, Getty. "Was This The Most Embarrassing Moment In Jewish Cinema History?". The Forward. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ Toll, Robert C. (1974). Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 198. OCLC 1121331.
- ^ Watkins, Mel (1994). On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 84. ISBN 9780671689827.
- ^ "Lew Dockstader, Minstrel, Is Dead. Famous Comedian Succumbs to a Bone Tumor at His Daughter's Home at 68". New York Times. 27 October 1924. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ Huff, Andrew (24 June 2020). "For people experiencing homelessness, watching television is a meaningful act". Generocity. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Sharf, Zack (21 January 2020). "Robert Downey Jr. Has No Regrets Over 'Tropic Thunder' Blackface: 'It Blasted the Cap on the Issue'". IndieWire. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ France, Lisa Respers (31 May 2018). "Drake explains blackface photo from Pusha-T single". BBC. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ^ Money, Lawrence (9 October 2009). "It's do or Dye for this Jolson show". The Age. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Issi Dye Mammy Al Jolson Tribute Show, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ Kelly, Emma (11 June 2020). "Harry Enfield uses racist slur 'c**n' while defending blackface on Radio 4". Metro. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Arnold Shaw (1986), Black Popular Music in America From the Spirituals, Minstrels, and Ragtime to Soul, Disco, and Hip-hop, Schirmer Books, p. 21, ISBN 9780028723105
- ^ Eddie Scarry (6 February 2019). "Why Jimmy Kimmel and Jimmy Fallon aren't talking about blackface". New York Post. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
Fallon once appeared in a "Saturday Night Live" skit portraying Chris Rock, complete with makeup and wig.
- ^ Watkins p. 83
- ^ "Dai Francis", Daily Telegraph, 11 December 2003
- ^ Johns, Victoria (20 December 2022). "Leigh Francis' Bo Selecta could make TV return despite 'blackface' controversy". mirror. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Abramovitch, Seth (12 February 2019). "Blackface and Hollywood: From Al Jolson to Judy Garland to Dave Chappelle". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ^ Watts, Jill (23 August 2001). Mae West: An Icon in Black and White. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 9780190289713. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
- ^ "Billy Gould Dies At 81. Comedian Had a Long Career in Minstrel Shows, Vaudeville". New York Times. 2 February 1950. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Primarily a blackface performer
- ^ Specia, Megan (4 January 2018). "Japanese Comedian Who Used Blackface Comes Under Fire Online". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ^ a b James, Kendra (13 June 2016). "What white America will never understand about blackface". Splinter. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ Anthony Slide, "Al Herman", The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville, University Press of Mississippi, 2012, p.238
- ^ "Soul Man' Just Goes To Show Discrimination Isn't Funny". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ^ Schreyer, Lowell H. (2007). The Banjo Entertainers: Roots to Ragtime, A Banjo History. Mankato, Minnesota: Minnesota Heritage Publishing. pp. 152–154, 229–230. ISBN 978-0-9713168-9-8.
- ^ Enright, Ray (5 November 1938), Hard to Get (Comedy, Romance), Dick Powell, Olivia de Havilland, Charles Winninger, Warner Bros., retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ Blackface: Dick Powell sings "Sonny Boy", retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ Callahan, Dan, "Buster Keaton", on Senses of Cinema. Retrieved 11 July 2005.
- ^ Watkins, Mel (1994). On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying — The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor That Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0671689827.
- ^ "This story is no longer available - Washington Times".
- ^ Joseph A. Wulfsohn (5 February 2019). "Kimmel, Fallon avoid Ralph Northam controversy in late-night monologues; both have histories using blackface in skits". Fox News. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
Kimmel wore blackface on numerous occasions, impersonating NBA Hall of Famer Karl Malone as well as former daytime talk show host Oprah Winfrey in his Comedy Central series "The Man Show."
- ^ Toll, Robert C. (1974). Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195021721.
- ^ "Gimme a Break! S4E11 Baby of the Family". YouTube. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ Garrett, Greg (2020). A Long, Long Way. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780190906252. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ Bordman, Gerald Martin; Hischak, Thomas S. (2004), The Oxford Companion to American Theatre, Oxford University Press, p. 221, ISBN 0-19-516986-7
- ^ Nissim, Mayer (27 March 2021). "WWE Network deletes racially controversial matches and moments". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Chris Lilley's Jonah is not from Tonga, I am. It's time to dismantle racist brownface stereotypes". The Guardian. 12 June 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Renshaw, David (9 March 2018). "Comedy or cruelty: does Chris Lilley have a place in 2018?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ "Klansmen surround freedman Gus (played by white actor Walter Long in blackface) in a scene"The Birth of a Nation."". New York Public Library. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ Smith, Valerie (1997). Representing Blackness: Issues in Film and Video. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8135-2314-9. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ Robin Elliott (2015), "Blacks and Blackface at the Opera", Opera in a Multicultural World, Routledge, p. 43, ISBN 9781317444831
- ^ Youngkin, Stephen (2005). The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2360-8.
- ^ a b Daly, Rhian (13 June 2020). "Matt Lucas and David Walliams apologise for "playing characters of other races" in 'Little Britain'". NME. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ Peterson, Bernard L (2001). Profiles of African American Stage Performers and Theatre People, 1816–1960. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 170.
- ^ "YouTuber Jenna Marbles quits over blackface". BBC. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "Pigmeat Markham, Comedian Extraordinaire". The African American Registry. 2005. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ When Joni Mitchell wore blackface for Halloween, BBC, 28 October 2016
- ^ "Mitchell & Webb - How Not What To Look Like". YouTube. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "Herbert Nadal, 83, Dies. Vaudeville Performer Noted for Minstrel Routines". New York Times. 28 January 1957. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
- ^ "Neil O'Brien Dies at 85. Retired Minstrel Once With Primrose and Dockstader". New York Times. 14 January 1954. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ "Whitewashing and black-face in the movies", Daily Telegraph, 20 February 2018
- ^ Ebert, Roger (25 August 1968). "Interview with Larry Parks". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ "Peep Show blackface scene removed from Netflix but remains on C4". BBC. 30 June 2020.
- ^ Nicholas Sammond, Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation
- ^ Michael Pickering, Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 9781351573528, pp.197-203
- ^ Hillbilly-Music.com
- ^ "Sarah Silverman says she was fired from a movie for an old blackface sketch". CNN. 12 August 2019.
- ^ "Grace Slick's insane and mercifully short-lived blackface phase". DangerousMinds. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ^ James (26 January 2010), Crown of Creation - Jefferson Airplane, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 19 August 2018
- ^ martisslandia (12 March 2007), Jefferson Airplane - Lather, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 19 August 2018
- ^ "Howard Stern Speaks Out After Blackface Video Resurfaces: 'I Evolved and Changed'". NBC New York. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "Bert Swor, 65, Dies. Old-Time Minstrel". New York Times. 1 December 1943. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ^ The Birth of a Nation (1915) - IMDb, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ Frank Tinney. The New York Times, 29 November 1940, p.26
- ^ 3 stooges in black face, retrieved 3 February 2022
- ^ Lott, Eric (1993). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509641-5.
- ^ "Tracey Ullman on Her New HBO Show, Creating Impressions of Famous People, and Her History With Blackface". Vulture. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "When Ben Vereen Wore Blackface to Reagan's Inaugural Gala". New Yorker. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Landres, Paul (15 January 1950), Hollywood Varieties (Music), Robert Alda, The Hoosier Hotshots, Ken Trietsch, Lippert Pictures, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ Anthony Slide, "Ted Waldman", The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville, University Press of Mississippi, 2012, pp.531-532
- ^ "The Godfather Shares His Thoughts On DX Wearing Blackface, Tells Funny Backstage Story About DOA". Wrestling Inc. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Why an episode of The Golden Girls was removed in 2020, CBC, 7 January 2021
- ^ Ellise Shafer (27 June 2020), "'Golden Girls' Episode With Blackface Scene Removed From Hulu", Variety
- ^ "Remembering Gene Wilder: In (not-quite) defense of 'Silver Streak'". Los Angeles Times. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ Derby, George, White, James Terry - The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. 5, 1897, p. 440
- ^ Minstrel Show Blackface Stump Speech, retrieved 6 February 2022
- ^ "Magda Szubanski Talks Doing Blackface 25 Years Ago: 'We're All On A Learning Journey'". HuffPost. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. pp. 132–133. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
- ^ Daniel Pollack-Pelzner (28 January 2019), "'Mary Poppins,' and a Nanny's Shameful Flirting With Blackface", New York Times
- ^ Tom and Jerry in "Plane Dumb" (1932), retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ Aoshima, John; Hughart, Ron; Lioi, Anthony (25 March 2007), An Apocalypse to Remember, American Dad!, Seth MacFarlane, Wendy Schaal, Scott Grimes, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ South Park - Kyle's Mom's a Bitch, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ "'South Park' Season 20 Premiere Date: Does Cartman Like Black People Now?". PlayerOne. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Tom and Jerry Episode 11 - The Yankee Doodle Mouse Part 2, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ "'Tom and Jerry' Blackface Scene Resurfaces". TV. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ "'Tom & Jerry' in blackface? Censored cartoons draw animated response from experts". TODAY.com. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ I Taw a Putty Tat (Short 1948) - Alternate versions - IMDb, retrieved 9 October 2023
- ^ "From Golly Bars to Eskimo Mints: The Irish brands with a race problem". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ "Foxxy vs. The Board of Education". IMDb.
- ^ "Foxxy Vs. The Board of Education | Drawn Together | Staffel 2 Folge 2 | Comedy Central Deutschland". YouTube.