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List of dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation

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Further information: Morrison Formation

The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Upper Jurassic sedimentary rock that is found in the western United States, which has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America. It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone and is light grey, greenish gray, or red. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period.

Fauna comparisons

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The fauna of Morrison Formation is similar to one in the coeval rocks of Tendaguru Beds (in Tanzania) and Lourinhã Formation in Portugal,[1] mostly with the second. Some genera are shared in Morrison and Lourinhã, such as Torvosaurus,[2] Ceratosaurus,[3] Stegosaurus, Dryosaurus,[4] and Allosaurus.[5] In sum, Morrison Fm has 37 valid genera of dinosaurs.

Ornithischians

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The herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs were diverse but not as common as sauropods in the Morrison. Fruitadens, previously known as the "Fruita Echinodon", was found to be a heterodontosaurid. Plate-backed stegosaurids included Hesperosaurus mjosi, Stegosaurus ungulatus, S. stenops, and Alcovasaurus longispinus. Armored dinosaurs that weren't stegosaurs were unknown in the formation until the 1990s. Two have been named: Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum and Mymoorapelta maysi. Ornithopods, bipedal herbivores, came in several types. Small "hypsilophodonts" included Drinker nisti, Laosaurus celer, "L." gracilis, Nanosaurus agilis, Othnielia rex, and Othnielosaurus consors (all of which are now synonymous with Nanosaurus). Larger but similar-looking dryosaurids were represented by two species of Dryosaurus (D. altus and D. elderae) and the camptosaurid Uteodon aphanoecetes, which is currently known only from Dinosaur National Monument. Still larger was the more common Camptosaurus dispar. Dryosaurids and camptosaurids were early iguanodonts, a group that would later spawn the duck-billed dinosaurs.

Neornithischians

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images

Anomoepus

Colorado[6]

Morrison Anomoepus lack the handprint impressions found associated with earlier instances of the ichnogenus in New England.[6]

Camptosaurus dispar
Dryosaurus altus
Nanosaurus agilis
Uteodon aphanoecetes

Camptosaurus[7]

C. amplus[8]

Wyoming [8][9]

Now known to be based on a theropod foot.[10]

C. aphanoecetes[11]

Utah, Brushy Basin member[11]

Reclassified as Uteodon.

C. browni[12]

Junior synonym of C. dispar.[13]

C. dispar[14][15]

Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah and Wyoming[16][17][14][9]

"[Twenty-five to thirty] disarticulated skull elements, some with associated postcrania, approximately [ten] partial, articulated skeletons, juvenile to adult."[18]

A member of Camptosauridae. Junior synonyms include Camptosaurus browni, C. medius, and C. nanus.

C. medius[12]

Junior synonym of C. dispar.[13]

C. nanus[12]

Junior synonym of C. dispar.[13]

Dinehichnus[6]

Utah, Saltwash member[6]

Multiple Dinehichnus trackways have been discovered. The tracks run parallel to one another, indicating that the trackmaker was at least somewhat of a social animal.[6]

Dinehichnus are attributed to dryosaurids. The tracks preserve feet characterized by widely splayed toes and that are rotated somewhat toward the midline of the trackmaker's body. Each track is accompanied by "distinct ... heel impressions".[6]

Drinker[7][19]

D. nisti[19]

Wyoming[9][20]

"Partial skull and postcranial skeleton."[21]

A basal neornithischian about 2 m long, slightly smaller than Othnielosaurus.[19] Junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis[22]

Dryosaurus[7]

D. altus[14]

Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[16][23][9][24][25]

The remains of many individuals have been uncovered, with some sites containing hundreds of bones from Dryosaurus of multiple age groups.[23]

A large dryosaurid iguanodont up to 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long and 114 kg (251 lbs) in weight. It was physically similar to Othnielosaurus, although larger and with more derived teeth.[24]

D. elderae[22]

Utah, Brushy Basin member[14][25]

A 2 partial skeletons, one a juvenile, and 2 additional fragmentary specimens.

A large dryosaurid iguanodont up to 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long and 114 kg (251 lbs) in weight. It was physically similar to Othnielosaurus, although larger and with more derived teeth.[24]

"Laosaurus"

L. altus

Now known as Dryosaurus altus

L. celer

Wyoming[9]

Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.

L. consors

Now known as Othnielosaurus consors

"L. gracilis"

Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.

Nanosaurus

N. agilis

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16][26]

A small basal Neornithischian known from dozens of individuals.[22] The holotype, YPM VP 1913, is a fragmentary skeleton from a juvenile.[22]

Othnielia

O. rex[27]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16][26]

Based on an isolated femur.[27]

A small neornithischian 2 m in length. Dubious; many remains historically assigned to this taxon are now place within Nanosaurus.

Othnielosaurus[7]

O. consors

Utah and Wyoming[14][9]

A basal neornithischian about 2 m long. Junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis[22]

Preprismatoolithus[28]

P. coloradensis[28]

Colorado, Salt Wash member[28]

Eggshell present in great abundance at the so-called "Young Egg Locality" which seems to have been a dinosaur nesting ground.[28] Congeneric eggshell fossils are found at additional Colorado sites including the Fruita Paleontological Area, the Uravan Locality and Garden Park.[28]

P. coloradensis is described by John Foster as being "of the prismatic basic type,"[28] with subspherical eggs about 10 cm (4 inches) in diameter.[29] This oospecies has been attributed to "hypsilophodontid" dinosaurs, although a lack of associated embryo material currently makes confirming the egg-layer's identity impossible.[28]

Tichosteus

T. aequifacies

Colorado[16]

2 partial dorsal centra of a juvenile.

T. lucasanus

Colorado[16]

2 partial dorsal centra.

Uteodon

U. aphanoecetes[11]

Utah, Brushy Basin member[11]

An articulated postcranial skeleton. Sometimes synonymized with Camptosaurus.[22]

Thyreophorans

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Ankylosaurs

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images

Gargoyleosaurus[7]

G. parkpinorum[30]

Wyoming[9]

"Skull [and] partial postcranium."[31]

A polacanthine nodosaur known from reasonably complete fossil remains. Its skull measures 29 centimeters (11 in) in length, and its total body length is an estimated 3 to 4 meters (9.8 to 13.1 ft.). It may have weighed as much as 1 tonne (2,200 lb.).[30]

Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum
Mymoorapelta maysi

Mymoorapelta[7]

M. maysi[16]

Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member [16][32]

"Skull fragments, portions of [three] skeletons, [and] other postcrania."[33]

Both the first ankylosaur discovered in the formation and the first known North American Jurassic ankylosaur.[34] It probably weighed 500 kg (1,102 lbs) in life.[34]

Stegosaurs

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
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Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Alcovasaurus

A. longispinus

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[9][35]

"Fragmentary postcranial skeleton, adult."[36]

A dacentrurinae stegosaurid physically similar to Stegosaurus stenops but with much larger tail spines.[37] It is also similar to Kentrosaurus in having long dermal spikes on the caudal region.[35] The thighbone length was determined at 1082 millimeters. The longest spike was 86 centimeters long. Its point was broken and it is estimated the original length of the bone core at 985 millimeters. In 2019, the genus Alcovasaurus was considered a junior synonym of Miragaia[38]

Alcovasaurus longispinus
Hesperosaurus mjosi
Stegosaurus stenops
Stegosaurus ungulatus

Hesperosaurus[7]

H. mjosi[7]

Wyoming and Montana[9][39]

Multiple partial skeletons and skulls[39]

A stegosaurine stegosaurid that was slightly smaller and more primitive than Stegosaurus itself. H. mjosi had a broader skull and longer, lower plates. Considered by some to be a species of Stegosaurus

Stegopodus[40]

Utah[40]

Stegopodus represent only a portion of the Morrison's stegosaur tracks, which are already rare and generally only preserve the animal's hind feet.[40]

Stegosaur tracks which record front feet with five digits and hind feet with three weight-bearing digits.[40] The general morphology of the tracks fit scientific predictions made eight years in advance of the erection of Stegopodus.[40]

Stegosaurus[7]

S. armatus[14]

Colorado, Brushy Basin[16][41]

Several caudal vertebrae and assorted fragmentary postcranial elements.[41]

S. armatus is both the first Stegosaurus to be discovered and the type species.[42] Its type specimen is poorly preserved, incomplete, and lacks diagnostic features.[41] It has been considered dubious, with S. stenops as the neotype species for the genus.[41]

S. stenops[14]

Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[16][14][9][43]

"[Two] complete skeletons with skulls, [four] braincases, at least [fifty] partial postcrania, juvenile to adult."[36]

The best known Stegosaurus species, it has shorter limbs and larger plates than S. ungulatus.[44]

S. sulcatus[14]

Wyoming[45]

Several postcranial elements, including a possible shoulder spike.[41]

Often considered synonymous with S. stenops,[46] it may be distinct. Potentially has a shoulder spike, otherwise unknown in Stegosaurus, despite presence in relatives.[41]

S. ungulatus[14]

Wyoming and Utah[9][14]

Several partial skeletons, including a partial braincase.[41]

S. ungulatus had longer limbs and comparatively smaller plates than the better known S. stenops.[47] Although formerly portrayed with eight tail spikes, it is now known to have had the typical four.[48] Possibly synonymous with S. stenops.[49]

Indeterminate.[50]

New Mexico & Oklahoma[50][17]

Other Ornithischians

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images

Anomoepus

Fruitadens haagarorum

Fruitadens[51]

F. haagarorum[51]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[52]

A partial skull and mandible with several postcranial elements.[53]

A heterodontosaur.

Sauropods

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Sauropods, the giant long-necked long-tailed four-legged herbivorous dinosaurs, are among the most common and famous Morrison fossils. A few have uncertain relationships, like "Apatosaurus" minimus (possibly a basal titanosauriform) and Haplocanthosaurus. Sauropods including Haplocanthosaurus priscus, H. delfsi, and the diplodocid Brontosaurus yahnahpin appeared in the early stages of the Morrison. The middle stages were dominated by familiar forms such as the giraffe-like Brachiosaurus altithorax, which were uncommon, but related camarasaurids, like Camarasaurus supremus, C. grandis, C. lentus, and Cathetosaurus/Camarasaurus lewisi, were very common. Also common were long, low diplodocids, like Apatosaurus ajax, A. louisae, Brontosaurus excelsus, B. parvus, Barosaurus lentus, Diplodocus longus, D. carnegii, Galeamopus and Dyslocosaurus polyonychius.

By the late Morrison, gigantic diplodocids (or similar species) had appeared, including Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus), Supersaurus vivianae, Amphicoelias altus, and M. fragilimus. Smaller sauropods, such as Suuwassea emiliae from Montana, tend to be found in the northern reaches of the Morrison, near the shores of the ancient Sundance Sea, suggesting ecological niches favoring smaller body size there compared with the giants found further south.[54]

Haplocanthosaurids

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
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Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images

Haplocanthosaurus[7]

H. delfsi[16]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

Partial skeleton lacking a skull.[55]

Small haplocanthosaurs of indeterminate classification, ranging about 14 m (46 ft) long.

Haplocanthosaurus delfsi

H. priscus[16]

Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[16][9]

Two skulless partial skeletons.[55]

Rebbachisaurids

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Maraapunisaurus[56]

M. fragillimus[16]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

A single, now lost, dorsal neural arch.[56]

Large rebbachisaurid. Based on a single lost neural arch 1.5 m (5 ft) tall.[56]

Lost type vertebra of Maraapunisaurus fragillimus next to Edward D. Cope.

Dicraeosaurids

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
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Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Dyslocosaurus

D. polyonychius

Wyoming[57]

A fragmentary forelimb and partial hindlimbs. Phylogenetic placement is uncertain.[57]

Smitanosaurus[58]

S. agilis[16][58]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

"Partial skull and cervicals."[59]

A dicraeosaurid sauropod. Originally described as "Morosaurus" agilis.[58]

Suuwassea[7]

S. emilieae

Montana, Brushy Basin member[60]

A partial skull and some postcrania.[54]

A dicraeosaurid about 15m in length.

Diplodocids

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
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Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Amphicoelias

A. altus[16]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, and a pubis.[61]

Large diplodocids about 25 m (82 ft) in length.[62]

Amphicoelias altus
Apatosaurus louisae
Ardetosaurus viator
Brontosaurus excelsus
Barosaurus lentus
Diplodocus carnegii
Diplodocus hallorum
Galeamopus hayi
Kaatedocus siberi
Supersaurus

Apatosaurus[7]

A. ajax[16]

—

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

A partial postcranial skeleton and posterior skull.[57]

Robust and abundantly widespread apatosaurine diplodocids reaching lengths of up to 25 m (82 ft).[63] "A." minimus likely belongs to a separate genus.

A. louisae[14]

Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member [16][14]

Four partial specimens, one of them including a skull.[57] Three of the specimens are from DNM, one is a mid cervical from Como Bluff.[57]

"A." minimus

Wyoming[9]

"Sacrum and pelvis."[59]

Ardetosaurus

A. viator

Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming.

Holotype specimen MAB011899, a partial skeleton containing the sacrum, ribs, a coracoid and parts of the vertebral column and hindlegs.

A diplodocine sauropod from the younger layers of the Morrison Formation, originally considered a specimen of Diplodocus.[64]

Atlantosaurus

A. montanus

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[27]

A partial sacrum that cannot be distinguished from Camarasaurus or Apatosaurus.[65]

Dubious neosauropod.[65]

Brontosaurus

B. excelsus

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[57][66]

Two postcranial skeletons.[57]

Previously considered a species of Apatosaurus as per Riggs (1903).

B. parvus

Utah and Wyoming, Salt Wash and Brushy Basin members

Three headless skeletons.[57]

Originally called Elosaurus.

B. yahnahpin[57]

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member

A partial postcranial skeleton.[57]

An apatosaurine diplodocid slightly more primitive than Apatosaurus. Formerly placed in separate genus Eobrontosaurus.

Barosaurus[7]

B. lentus[14]

South Dakota and Utah[67][14]

2 partial postcranial skeletons, with possibly more specimens assignable.[57]

A diplodocid about 24 m (79 ft) in length, similar in appearance to Diplodocus.It was the rarest sauropod in the Morrison Formation.[68]

B. sp. Wyoming, Utah and Oklahoma

Diplodocus[7]

D. carnegii[14]

Wyoming, Brushy Basin Member[9][69]

Known from two skulls, five partial skeletons that lack skulls and manus, and hundreds of isolated postcranial remains.[70]

Large diplodocids reaching lengths of up to 28 m (92 ft). It was one of the most abundant sauropods in the area.[71]

D. hallorum

New Mexico, Wyoming and Utah, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members[50]

At least 4 partial postcranial skeletons[57]

Once classified as Seismosaurus.[72][73][74][75]

D. lacustris[16]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

Known from teeth and skull remains, the latter now referred to Camarasaurus.[57] Teeth cannot be referred beyond Flagellicaudata.[57]

D. longus[14]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

Several caudal vertebrae.[76]

Galeamopus

G. hayi

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[9][57]

Known from a partial skeleton and braincase.[70]

G. pabsti

Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member

A skull and partial postcranial skeleton, another individual known from partial skull.[57]

Kaatedocus[77]

K. siberi

Wyoming, Salt Wash member[77]

Skull and cervical vertebrae.[77]

Parabrontopodus

Supersaurus[7][16]

S. vivianae[16]

Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member

Known from several partial postcranial skeletons.[61]

A large diplodocid about 33–34 m 108–111 ft) in length

Macronarians

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images

Brachiosaurus[7]

B. altithorax[7]

Colorado, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members[16]

Several partial skeletons and a partial skull.

A large brachiosaurid about 18–22 m (59–72 ft) long.

Brachiosaurus altithorax
Camarasaurus supremus

Brontopodus

Camarasaurus[7]

C. annae[14]

Utah, Brushy Basin member[14]

A dorsal vertebra.

Camarasaurs reached an adult size of about 18 m (60 ft) in length.[78] C. annae junior synonym of C. lentus. C. lewisi was originally described as Cathetosarus lewisi and was later sunk into Camarasaurus, until being considered valid once again in 2013.

C. grandis[16]

Colorado, Montana and Wyoming[16][79][9]

"At least 6 partial skeletons including 2 skulls, hundreds of postcranial elements."[55]

C. lentus[14]

Utah and Wyoming[14][9]

"5 skeletons with skulls, hundreds of postcranial elements"[55]

C. lewisi[16]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

A nearly complete postcranial skeleton.[55]

C. supremus[16]

Colorado and Oklahoma(?), Brushy Basin member[16][80]

At least 4 partial skeletons including partial skulls. Many possible postcranial remains from Oklahoma.[80]

Indeterminate.

Oklahoma, South Dakota and Texas[17][67][81]

Dystrophaeus D. viaemalae[82]

Utah, Tidwell member[82]

Multiple vertebrae, teeth and incomplete forelimb material.[82] Previously recovered as a diplodocid, now recovered as a macronarian[82] Type material fragmentary, but recent rediscovery of type locality has discovered more material.[83]

Theropods

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Theropod dinosaurs, the carnivorous dinosaurs, came in several different types. The less derived types, the ceratosaurs and megalosaurids, included Ceratosaurus nasicornis, C. dentisulcatus, C. magnicornis, and the megalosaur Torvosaurus tanneri (including Edmarka rex). Allosaurids included the common Allosaurus fragilis (including Epanterias amplexus), A. jimmadseni, and the giant Saurophaganax maximus (potentially included in Allosaurus).

Indeterminate theropod remains have been recovered in Utah, with indeterminate ceratosaur remains formerly considered referable to Elaphrosaurus recovered in Colorado. Indeterminate theropod tracks have been recovered from both Utah and Arizona.[84]

Allosauroidea

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Allosaurus[7]

A. fragilis[14]

Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[16][50][17][67][9][85]

"At least [three] complete skulls, many partial skulls and skull elements, many partial and complete skeletons representing at least 60 individuals."[86] It was the most common large carnivore in the area.[87][88][89]

Allosaurus fragilis

A. jimmadseni[90]

Wyoming and Utah, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members[85][89]

At least 15 specimens, including several skulls.

Antrodemus

A. valens

Colorado[91]

Half of a proximal caudal centrum

Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.[92]

Creosaurus

C. atrox

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[93]

A fragmentary skull and assorted postcrania.[93]

Considered a junior synonym of Allosaurus.

Epanterias

E. amplexus

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[94]

Several fragmentary postcranial elements of 2 individuals,[95] possible additional remains known from Wyoming.[96]

Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.[94]

Labrosaurus

L. lucaris

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[91]

A fragmentary skull and several postcranial elements.[92][91]

Junior synonym of A. fragilis.[91]

L. ferox

Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[91]

A partial skull, dentaries, and fragmentary postcrania.[97][91]

Known from one specimen with several pathologies. Today considered a junior synonym of A. fragilis.[91]

Saurophaganax[7][17]

S. maximus[17]

Oklahoma, Brushy Basin member[17][98][91]

Several partial postcranial skeletons and fragmentary skull material.[91][98][85]

Generally considered to be its own genus. Sometimes considered to be a species of Allosaurus.[99][100]

Saurophaganax maximus

Ceratosaurs

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
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Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Ceratosaurus[7]

C. dentisulcatus[14]

Utah[14]

"Partial skull, vertebrae, [and] limb elements."[101]

Large ceratosaurs grew to lengths of about 6–7 meters (20–23 ft.) in length with large nasal horns on their snouts as well as two smaller horns above the eyes.

Ceratosaurus nasicornis
Fosterovenator churei

C. magnicornis[16]

Colorado[16]

"Skull [and] assorted postcrania."[101]

C. nasicornis[16]

Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member[16][14]

Remains of "5 individuals, including [a] nearly complete adult skeleton and subadult skeleton."[101]

Indeterminate.[9]

Wyoming[9]

Ceratosauria[7]

Indeterminate.[16]

Colorado[16]

Previously referred to Elaphrosaurus,[102][103][104] these remains are probably not referable to that genus and are best considered indeterminate beyond Ceratosauria.[105]

Elaphrosaurus

Intermediate[16]

Colorado[16]

Now thought to be indeterminate beyond Ceratosauria.

Fosterovenator[106]

F. churei[106]

Wyoming[106]

Tibia, astragalus, fibula.[106]

A fragmentary theropod which may be a ceratosaurid.

Coelurosaurs

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Coelurosaurs, the group of theropods most closely related to and including birds, included Coelurus fragilis, Ornitholestes hermanni, Tanycolagreus topwilsoni, the possible troodontid Koparion douglassi, the definite troodontid Hesperornithoides, and the early tyrannosauroid Stokesosaurus clevelandi.

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images

Coelurus[7]

C. fragilis[14]

Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[14][9]

A partial skeleton in several syntypes and several fragmentary referred specimens.[107]

A basal coelurosaurian about 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long.

Coelurus fragilis
Hesperornithoides miessleri
Koparion douglassi
Ornitholestes hermanni
Stokesosaurus clevelandi
Tanycolagreus topwilsoni

Indeterminate.[16]

Colorado[16]

Hesperornithoides[108]

H. miessleri

Wyoming

An early troodontid.

Koparion[7]

K. douglassi[14]

Utah[14]

A small theropod thought to be one of the oldest known troodontids.

Palaeopteryx[16]

P. thomsoni[16]

Colorado, Brushy Basin member[16]

A distal radius

Ornitholestes[7]

O. hermanni[9]

Wyoming[9]

"Skull and associated postcranial skeleton."[107]

A small basal coelurosaurian about 2 m (6.5 ft) long.

Stokesosaurus[7]

S. clevelandi[14]

Utah[14]

"Illium, associated elements and pelvic cranial material. [sic]"[109]

A possible early tyrannosauroid about 4 m (13 ft) in length.

Tanycolagreus[7]

T. topwilsoni

Wyoming and Utah

A basal coelurosaurian about 3.4 m (11.3 ft) long, similar in appearance to Coelurus.

Megalosauroids

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Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
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Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
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Edmarka[7]

E. rex[9]

Possibly a junior synonym of Torvosaurus tanneri.

Marshosaurus[7]

M. bicentesimus[14]

Colorado and Utah[16][14]

Partial skeleton, including part of a skull.[110]

A medium-sized piatnitzkysaurid megalosauroid about 6 m (20 ft) in length.

Marshosaurus bicentesimus

Torvosaurus[7]

T. tanneri[14]

Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member[16][14][9]

"Partial skeletons of at least [three] individuals."[111]

A large, robust megalosaurid reaching lengths of up to 9 m (30 ft).[112] One of the largest carnivores of the formation.

Torvosaurus tanneri

Eggs

[edit]

Dinosaur eggs have been found in Utah.[14]

Tracks

[edit]

Ornithopods

[edit]

Morrison ornithopod trace fossils are represented by three toed tracks which are generally small.[6] The toes of Morrison ornithopod tracks are usually more widely splayed than the theropod tracks preserved in the formation.[6]

Stegosaurs

[edit]

Stegosaur tracks were first recognized in 1996 from a hindprint-only trackway discovered at the Cleveland-Lloyd quarry, which is located near Price, Utah.[40] Two years later, a new ichnogenus called Stegopodus was erected for another set of stegosaur tracks which were found near Arches National Park, also in Utah.[40] Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurs have five digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet.[40] From this, scientists were able to successfully predict the appearance of stegosaur tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of Morrison stegosaur tracks.[40] Since the erection of Stegopodus, more trackways have been found, however none have preserved traces of the front feet, and stegosaur traces remain rare.[40]

Theropods

[edit]

Indeterminate theropod tracks have been recovered from both Utah and Arizona.[84]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mateus, O. 2006. Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation, the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): a comparison. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36:223-231.
  2. ^ Hendrickx, C, Mateus O. 2014. Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the largest terrestrial predator from Europe, and a proposed terminology of the maxilla anatomy in nonavian theropods, 03. PLOS ONE. 9:e88905., Number 3
  3. ^ Mateus, O., & Antunes M. T. (2000). Ceratosaurus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Abstract volume of the 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  4. ^ Mateus, O. (2007). Notes and review of the ornithischian dinosaurs of Portugal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27, 114A-114A., Jan: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
  5. ^ Mateus, O, Walen A, Antunes MT. 2006. The large theropod fauna of the Lourinhã Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36:123-129.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Ornithopods" Foster (2007) pg. 238
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Table 2.1: Fossil Vertebrates of the Morrison Formation" in Foster (2007) pp. 58-59.
  8. ^ a b "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pg. 220
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Wyoming)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.
  10. ^ "Camptosaurus" (PDF). 14 January 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d "Systematic Paleontology: Camptosaurus aphanoecetes" in "A New Species of Camptosaurus..." Carpenter and Wilson (2008), page 232.
  12. ^ a b c Gilmore, C.W. (1909). "Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 36 (1666): 197–332. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.36-1666.197.
  13. ^ a b c Galton, P.M. & Powell, H.P. (1980). "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England". Palaeontology. 23: 411–443.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Utah)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pp. 543-544.
  15. ^ "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pp. 219-220
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Colorado)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Oklahoma)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Heading at end of Pg. 544, content starts at the beginning of pg. 545.
  18. ^ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.
  19. ^ a b c "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Drinker nisti," Foster (2007) pg. 219
  20. ^ Jurassic West Foster (2007) pg. 219 attributes most Drinker nisti specimens to Como Bluff, which is in Wyoming. See figure 1.2 on Jurassic West page 6.
  21. ^ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 394.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Kenneth Carpenter; Peter M. Galton (2018). "A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 167–207.
  23. ^ a b "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pg. 218
  24. ^ a b c "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pp. 218-219
  25. ^ a b "Previous work on Dryosaurus" in "Dryosaurus, a hypsolophodontid dinosaur..." Galton (1981), page 272.
  26. ^ a b Carpenter, Kenneth; Galton, Peter (2018-08-17). "A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 167–207. doi:10.31711/giw.v5.pp167-207. ISSN 2380-7601. S2CID 73691452.
  27. ^ a b c Marsh, O. C. (1877). ART. LIII.--Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879), 14(84), 514.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g "Another Generation: The Eggs," Foster (2007) page 239.
  29. ^ "Eggs," Foster (2007) page 125.
  30. ^ a b "Jurassic Knights: The Ankylosaur Dinosaurs; Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum," Foster (2007) pp. 216
  31. ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 364.
  32. ^ Tremaine, K., D'Emic, M., Williams, S., Hunt-Foster, R.K., Foster, J., and Mathews, J., (2015), Paleoecological implications of a new specimen of the ankylosaur Mymoorapelta maysi from the Hanksville-Burpee Quarry, latest Jurassic (Tithonian) Morrison Formation (Brushy Basin Member) [abs.]: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts, p. 226.
  33. ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 366.
  34. ^ a b "Jurassic Knights: The Ankylosaur Dinosaurs; Mymoorapelta maysi," Foster (2007) pp. 215-216
  35. ^ a b Galton, Peter M. & Carpenter, Kenneth, 2016, "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen.", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 279(2): 185-208
  36. ^ a b "Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 345.
  37. ^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus longispinus," Foster (2007) page 213.
  38. ^ Costa, Francisco; Mateus, Octávio (13 November 2019). "Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0224263. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424263C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224263. PMC 6853308. PMID 31721771.
  39. ^ a b Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Woodruff, D. Cary; Horner, John R. (2018). "A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, U.S.A., and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (1). e1406366. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E6366M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1406366. hdl:10141/622747. S2CID 90752660.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Stegosaurs" Foster (2007) pg. 238
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Galton, P.M. (2010). "Species of plated dinosaur Stegosaurus (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic) of western USA: new type species designation needed". Swiss Journal of Geosciences 103 (2): 187–198.
  42. ^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus armatus," Foster (2007) page 212.
  43. ^ Carpenter, Kenneth. (1998). Armor of Stegosaurus stenops, and the taphonomic history of a new specimen from Garden Park, Colorado. Modern Geology, 23, 127-144.
  44. ^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus stenops," Foster (2007) page 213.
  45. ^ "Paleobiology | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History".
  46. ^ Galton PM, Upchurch P (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H. The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). University of California Press. p. 361.
  47. ^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus ungulatus," Foster (2007) pp. 212-213.
  48. ^ See Carpenter and Galton (2001).
  49. ^ Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Upchurch, Paul (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (4): 367–407. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002459. S2CID 85673680.
  50. ^ a b c d "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; New Mexico)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.
  51. ^ a b See Butler et al. (2009)
  52. ^ "Systematic Paleontology; Horizon and locality" in Butler et al. (2009) p. 2
  53. ^ Butler, R. J., Porro, L. B., Galton, P. M., & Chiappe, L. M. (2012). Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PLOS ONE, 7(4), e31556.
  54. ^ a b Harris, J.D. and Dodson, P. (2004). "A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49(2): 197–210.
  55. ^ a b c d e "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.
  56. ^ a b c Carpenter, Kenneth (2018). Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, N.G. (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado. Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 227–244.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Tschopp, Emanuel; Mateus, Octávio; Benson, Roger B.J. (2015-04-07). "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". PeerJ. 3: e857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4393826. PMID 25870766.
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  64. ^ van der Linden, Tom; Tschopp, Emanuel; Sookias, Roland; Wallaard, Jonathan; Holwerda, Femke; Schulp, Anne (October 2024). "A new diplodocine sauropod from the Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 27 (3). doi:10.26879/1380.
  65. ^ a b Berman DS, McIntosh JS. 1978. Skull and relationships of the Upper Jurassic sauropod Apatosaurus (Reptilia, Saurischia). Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 8:1–35.
  66. ^ Marsh, O. C. (1879). Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. American Journal of Science, 3(108), 501-505.
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  68. ^ "Barosaurus lentus". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  69. ^ Brezinski, D. K., & Kollar, A. D. (2008). Geology of the Carnegie Museum dinosaur quarry site of Diplodocus carnegii, Sheep Creek, Wyoming. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 77(2), 243-252.
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  71. ^ "Diplodocus longus". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  72. ^ Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny". Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 65 (4): 527–544.
  73. ^ Gillette, D.D. (1991). "Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (4): 417–433. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011413.
  74. ^ Lucas S, Herne M, Heckert A, Hunt A, and Sullivan R. Reappraisal of Seismosaurus, A Late Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaur from New Mexico. The Geological Society of America, 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (7–10 November 2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
  75. ^ Lucas, S.G.; Spielman, J.A.; Rinehart, L.A.; Heckert, A.B.; Herne, M.C.; Hunt, A.P.; Foster, J.R.; Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "Taxonomic status of Seismosaurus hallorum, a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from New Mexico". In Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (bulletin 36). pp. 149–161. ISSN 1524-4156.
  76. ^ Tschopp, E., & Mateus, O. (2016). Case 3700 Diplodocus Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): proposed designation of D. carnegii Hatcher, 1901 as the type species. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 73(1), 17-24.
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References

[edit]
  • Butler, R.J., P.M. Galton, L.B. Porro, L.M. Chiappe, D.M. Henderson, and G.M. Erickson. 2009. Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 10.1098/rspb.2009.1494 PDF
  • "Camarasaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 56. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.
  • Carpenter K, Galton PM (2001). "Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked Stegosaurus". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–102. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5.
  • Carpenter, K. and Wilson, Y. 2008. A new species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 76:227-263.
  • Chure, Daniel J. (2001). "On the type and referred material of Laelaps trihedrodon Cope 1877 (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". In Tanke, Darren; Carpenter, Kenneth (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 10–18. ISBN 978-0-253-33907-2.
  • Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. 389pp. ISBN 978-0-253-34870-8.
  • Galton, P.M. (1981). Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Postcranial skeleton. Palaeontol. Z. 55(3/4), 271-312
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
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