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List of West Nile virus outbreaks

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This article is about West Nile fever outbreaks. For West Nile fever, see West Nile fever.
Global distribution of West Nile virus.(2006)

The West Nile virus has caused outbreaks of West Nile fever in countries on a number of continents since its discovery in 1937 in Uganda.

United States

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Main article: West Nile virus in the United States

The first cases of West Nile disease in the United States occurred in 1999 in New York. In the first three years only a small number of human cases were diagnosed, all in the Eastern or Southern U.S. (149 cases and 19 deaths, 1999–2001). In 2002, the disease exploded to most of the lower 48 states, causing 4,156 diagnosed cases of which 284 died. The disease continued to spread, reaching all but three states by 2006. The first case detected in Maine occurred in 2012.[1] The single cases detected in Hawaii in 2014 and in Alaska in 2018 were likely imported.[2][3]

In the period from 1999 to 2018, the United States had 2,330 total deaths out of 50,830 diagnosed cases, giving a case fatality rate of 5%.[1] The worst years were 2003 for the most cases with 9,862 and 2012 for the most deaths with 286.[1] Most cases are thought to go undiagnosed. The WHO claims that about 80% of cases are asymptomatic.[4] Half of all cases (48.5%) diagnosed in the U.S. lead to neuroinvasive symptoms. Over 90% of deaths occurred in cases with neuroinvasive disease.[1] After several cases of West Nile disease transmitted by blood transfusion, the U.S. began testing all blood donations and dozens of presumed cases are found each year.[5] Some West Nile cases resulted from organ transplants and some but not all organs/donors are tested.[6]

As of 2020, the disease outbreak is considered ongoing and essentially endemic. As well as humans, countless birds and over 27,000 horses have been infected, providing additional reservoirs for the virus.[7]

Canada

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One human death occurred in 1999. In 2002, ten human deaths out of 416 confirmed and probable cases were reported by Canadian health officials. In 2003, 14 deaths and 1,494 confirmed and probable cases were reported. Cases were reported in 2003 in Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon. In 2004, only 26 cases were reported and two deaths; however, 2005 saw 239 cases and 12 deaths. By October 28, 2006, 127 cases and no deaths had been reported. One case was asymptomatic and only discovered through a blood donation. In 2007, 445 Manitobans had confirmed cases of WNV and two people died with a third unconfirmed but suspected.[8] Summer of 2012 saw widespread viral penetration in Canada, coast to coast.[9] 17 people have either tested positive or are suspected of having the virus in Saskatchewan, and only one person has tested positive in Alberta.[10] Saskatchewan has reported 826 cases of WNV plus three deaths.[11] The spread of West Nile Virus infected mosquitoes to British Columbia for the first time was reported in 2009[12]

Europe and Asia

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Main article: Spread of West Nile Fever in Europe
  • Israel: In the year 2000, the CDC found 417 confirmed cases with 326 hospitalizations; 33 of these people died. The main clinical presentations were encephalitis (57.9%), febrile disease (24.4%), and meningitis (15.9%).[13]
  • Romania: In 1996–1997, about 500 cases occurred in Romania with a fatality rate of nearly 10%. In 2010, 34 cases were confirmed, with 3 fatalities.[14]
  • Greece: In the summer of 2010, several cases were reported mainly in northern Greece, a countrywide total of 262 diagnosed cases and 35 fatalities.[15] In 2011 the virus spread to central Greece but with fewer cases, 101 diagnosed and 9 fatalities.[16] In 2012, 44 were diagnosed and 3 died.[17] The total number of people in Greece infected by the virus is estimated to 1,800.[18] In 2013, 35 diagnosed and 1 died.[19]
  • Italy: On 30 July 2018, a man died and 12 others were hospitalized after they contracted the virus.[20]
  • Spain: In the summer of 2020, seven people died and 31 were hospitalized, all of them in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, after they contracted the virus in the worst outbreak of it in the history of the country.[21]
West Nile Virus cases in the European Union [22][23][24]
Year Infections Deaths
2010 332 ≥38[14][15]
2011 125 ≥9[16]
2012 267 ≥3[17]
2013 273 ≥1[19]
2014 75
2015 122 2
2016 226 27
2017 201 25
2018 1549 166
2019 425 52
2020 316 37
2021 139 9
2022 394 21
2023 707 67

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Final Cumulative Maps & Data for 1999–2018, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), Centers for Disease Control, October 9, 2019
  2. ^ Mosquito-Borne West Nile Virus Soared in 2018, According to CDC Data, Time, Jamie Ducharme, August 9, 2019
  3. ^ West Nile Virus, Disease Outbreak Control Division, Department of Health, State of Hawaii, July 2018
  4. ^ West Nile virus, World Health Organization, 3 October 2017
  5. ^ West Nile Virus Biovigilance Network, AABB, accessed June 5, 2020
  6. ^ West Nile Virus: Blood Transfusion and Organ Donation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), December 10, 2018
  7. ^ West Nile Virus (WNV), United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Jun 2, 2020
  8. ^ "West Nile Virus | Province of Manitoba". Province of Manitoba - Health.
  9. ^ "CTV News | News Video – Top National News Headlines – News Videos".
  10. ^ "Scientists still working to understand spikes in West Nile virus numbers". The Canadian Press. myTELUS. 19 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  11. ^ "Sask. reports 339 cases of West Nile, one death". CTVNews. August 24, 2007.
  12. ^ News | West Nile virus found in BC mosquitoes[dead link‍]
  13. ^ Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben-David D, Giladi M, Rubinshtein E, Itzhaki A, Mishal J, Siegman-Igra Y, Kitzes R, Pick N, Landau Z, Wolf D, Bin H, Mendelson E, Pitlik SD, Weinberger M (Jul–Aug 2001). "Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 7 (4): 675–8. doi:10.3201/eid0704.010414. PMC 2631759. PMID 11585531.
  14. ^ a b "3 dead from West Nile virus in Romania". cnn.com. 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2010-12-21.[dead link‍]
  15. ^ a b "Έκθεση: Επιδημία Λοίμωξης από τον Ιό του Δυτικού Νείλου, 2010" (PDF) (in Greek). Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO). 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  16. ^ a b "Έκθεση επιδημιολογικής επιτήρησης – Έτος 2011" (PDF). Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO). 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  17. ^ a b "Και τρίτος νεκρός από τον ιό του Δυτικού Νείλου" (in Greek). in.gr. 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  18. ^ "1800 άνθρωποι μολύνθηκαν από τον ιό του Δυτικού Νείλου στην Ελλάδα" (in Greek). Rodos Info News. 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  19. ^ a b "Στα 35 τα επιβεβαιωμένα κρούσματα – Πρώτος θάνατος από τον ιό του Δυτικού Νείλου στην Ελλάδα για το 2013" (in Greek). in.gr. 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
  20. ^ "Zanzara West Nile: c'è un primo morto in Veneto e 12 casi confermati". Fidelity News. July 30, 2018.
  21. ^ Agencias (2020-08-25). "La Fiebre del Nilo llega a Sevilla Este". Cadena SER (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  22. ^ "Annual Epidemiological Report – West Nile fever". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  23. ^ "Weekly updates: 2021 West Nile virus transmission season". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  24. ^ "Weekly updates: 2023 West Nile virus transmission season". www.ecdc.europa.eu. 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
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