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List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients

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Padma Vibhushan
Padma Vibhushan medal in golden colour with its pink ribbon
Padma Vibhushan medal attached with a pink ribbon
TypeNational Civilian
Country India
Presented by

Government of India
Ribbon
ObverseA centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus.
ReverseA platinum Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
Established1954
First awarded1954
Last awarded2024
Total336
Precedence
Next (higher) Bharat Ratna
Next (lower) Padma Bhushan
← Padma Vibhushan "Pahela Varg" (Class I)

The Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954,[1] the award is given for the "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day and registered in The Gazette of India—a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices.[2] The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are also registered in the Gazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register.[3] As of 2020, none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, constituted by the Prime Minister. The committee recommendations are later submitted to the Prime Minister and the President for the further approval.[2]

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Vibhushan was classified as "Pahela Varg" (Class I) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards; preceded by the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award,[4] and followed by "Dusra Varg" (Class II), and "Tisra Varg" (Class III).[1] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria includes "exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" but excluding those working with the Public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.[2][3] The award, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended twice in its history;[5] for the first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister.[6][7] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[8] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts questioning the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[5][a] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[10]

The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award.[2] The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1+3⁄4 inches (44 mm) in diameter and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1+3⁄16 inches (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter 1+1⁄16 inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text "Padma Vibhushan" of silver gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1+1⁄4 inches (32 mm) in width.[3] It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations.[11]

The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nandalal Bose, Zakir Husain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, V. K. Krishna Menon, and Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who were honoured in 1954. As of 2023, the award has been bestowed on 331 individuals, including twenty-eight posthumous and twenty-four non-citizen recipients.[12] Some of the recipients have refused or returned their awards; P. N. Haksar,[b] Vilayat Khan,[c] E. M. S. Namboodiripad,[d] Swami Ranganathananda,[e] and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award; the family members of Lakshmi Chand Jain (2011) and Sharad Anantrao Joshi (2016) declined their posthumous conferments,[f][g] and 1986 recipient Baba Amte and 2015 recipient Parkash Singh Badal returned theirs honour in 1991 and 2020 respectively.[21][h][23][i] Most recently on 26 January 2024, the award has been bestowed upon five recipients; Vyjayanthimala, Chiranjeevi, Venkaiah Naidu, Bindeshwar Pathak (posthumous) and Padma Subrahmanyam.

Recipients

[edit]
Award recipients by year[12]
Year Number of recipients
1954–1959
17
1960–1969
27
1970–1979
53
1980–1989
20
1990–1999
42
2000–2009
86
2010–2019
62
2020–2029
24
Award recipients by field[12]
Field Number of recipients
Arts
64
Civil Service
53
Literature & Education
42
Medicine
15
Others
8
Public Affairs
78
Science & Engineering
37
Social Work
18
Sports
4
Trade & Industry
12
Key
   + Naturalised citizen recipient
   * Non-citizen recipient
   # Posthumous recipient
Year Image Laureates Field State / Country[12]
1954 Satyendra Nath Bose
(1894–1974) 		Science & Engineering West Bengal
1954 Nandalal Bose
(1882–1966) 		Arts West Bengal
1954 Zakir Husain
(1897–1969) 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
1954 B. G. Kher
(1888–1957) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1954 V. K. Krishna Menon
(1896–1974) 		Public Affairs Kerala
1954 Jigme Dorji Wangchuck*
(1928–1972) 		Public Affairs Bhutan
1955 Dhondo Keshav Karve
(1858–1962) 		Literature & Education Maharashtra
1955 J. R. D. Tata
(1904–1993) 		Trade & Industry Maharashtra
1956 Fazl Ali
(1886–1959) 		Public Affairs Bihar
1956 Janaki Devi Bajaj
(1893–1979) 		Social Work Madhya Pradesh
1956 Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
(1893–1980) 		Public Affairs Madhya Pradesh
1957 Ghanshyam Das Birla
(1894–1983) 		Trade & Industry Rajasthan
1957 Sri Prakasa
(1890–1971) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
1957 M. C. Setalvad
(1884–1974) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1958 No awards
1959 John Matthai
(1886–1959) 		Literature & Education Kerala
1959 Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta
(1900–1974) 		Social Work Maharashtra
1959 Radhabinod Pal
(1886–1967) 		Public Affairs West Bengal
1960 Narayana Raghvan Pillai
(1898–1992) 		Public Affairs Tamil Nadu
1961 No awards
1962 H. V. R. Iyengar
(1902–1978) 		Civil Service Tamil Nadu
1962 Padmaja Naidu
(1900–1975) 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
1962 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
(1900–1990) 		Civil Service Uttar Pradesh
1963 Suniti Kumar Chatterji
(1890–1977) 		Literature & Education West Bengal
1963 A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
(1887–1974) 		Medicine Tamil Nadu
1963 Hari Vinayak Pataskar
(1892–1970) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1964 Acharya Kakasaheb Kalelkar
(1885–1981) 		Literature & Education Maharashtra
1964 Gopinath Kaviraj
(1887–1976) 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
1965 General
Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
(1908–1983) 		Civil Service West Bengal
1965 Mehdi Nawaz Jung
(1894–1967) 		Public Affairs Telangana
1965 Marshal of the Air Force
Arjan Singh
DFC
(1919–2017) 		Civil Service Delhi
1966 Valerian Gracias
(1900–1978) 		Social Work Maharashtra
1967 C. K. Daphtary
(1893–1983) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1967 Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim
(1889–1968) 		Civil Service Andhra Pradesh
1967 Bhola Nath Jha Civil Service Uttar Pradesh
1967 P. V. R. Rao Civil Service Andhra Pradesh
1968 Madhav Shrihari Aney
(1880–1968) 		Public Affairs Madhya Pradesh
1968 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar*
(1910–1995) 		Science & Engineering United States
1968 Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
(1893–1972) 		Literature & Education Delhi
1968 Kirpal Singh
(1894–1974) 		Civil Service Delhi
1968 Kalyan Sundaram
(1904–1992) 		Public Affairs Delhi
1969 Rajeshwar Dayal
(1909–1999) 		Civil Service Delhi
1969 Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Civil Service Maharashtra
1969 Har Gobind Khorana*
(1922–2011) 		Literature & Education United States
1969 Mohan Sinha Mehta
(1895–1986) 		Civil Service Rajasthan
1969 Ghananand Pande
(1902–1995) 		Civil Service Uttar Pradesh
1970 Tara Chand
(1888–1973) 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
1970 Group Captain
Suranjan Das#
(1920–1970)[i] 		Civil Service West Bengal
1970 Anthony Lancelot Dias
(1910–2002) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1970 General
Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
DSO MBE
(1913–2000) 		Civil Service Tamil Nadu
1970 A. Ramasamy Mudaliar
(1913–2000) 		Civil Service Andhra Pradesh
1970 Binay Ranjan Sen
(1898–1993) 		Civil Service West Bengal
1970 Lieutenant General
Harbaksh Singh
VrC
(1913–1999) 		Civil Service Punjab
1971 Bimala Prasad Chaliha
(1912–1971) 		Civil Service Assam
1971 Allauddin Khan
(1862–1972) 		Arts West Bengal
1971 Sumati Morarjee
(1909–1998) 		Civil Service Maharashtra
1971 Uday Shankar
(1900–1977) 		Arts Maharashtra
1971 Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar
(1899–1971) 		Medicine Goa
1971 B. Sivaraman Civil Service Tamil Nadu
1972 P. Balacharya Gajendragadkar
(1901–1981) 		Civil Service Maharashtra
1972 Aditya Nath Jha#
(1911–1972) 		Civil Service Uttar Pradesh
1972 Air Chief Marshal
Pratap Chandra Lal
DFC
(1916–1982) 		Civil Service Punjab
1972 Field Marshal
Sam Manekshaw
MC
(1914–2008) 		Civil Service Tamil Nadu
1972 Jivraj Narayan Mehta
(1887–1978) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1972 Admiral
Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda
PVSM AVSM
(1915–2009) 		Civil Service Delhi
1972 Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq#
(1912–1971)[ii] 		Public Affairs Jammu and Kashmir
1972 Vikram Sarabhai#
(1919–1971)[iii] 		Science & Engineering Gujarat
1972 Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
(1906–1996) 		Literature & Education Maharashtra
1973 Basanti Devi
(1880–1974) 		Civil Service West Bengal
1973 U. N. Dhebar
(1905–1977) 		Social Work Gujarat
1973 Daulat Singh Kothari
(1906–1993) 		Science & Engineering Delhi
1973 Nellie Sengupta
(1884–1973) 		Social Work West Bengal
1973 Nagendra Singh
(1914–1988) 		Public Affairs Rajasthan
1973 Thirumalraya Swaminathan Civil Service Tamil Nadu
1974 Niren De Public Affairs West Bengal
1974 Benode Behari Mukherjee
(1904–1980) 		Arts West Bengal
1974 V. K. R. V. Rao
(1908–1991) 		Civil Service Karnataka
1974 Harish Chandra Sarin
(1914–1997) 		Civil Service Delhi
1975 C. D. Deshmukh
(1896–1982) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1975 Durgabai Deshmukh
(1909–1981) 		Social Work Andhra Pradesh
1975 Mary Clubwala Jadhav
(1909–1975) 		Social Work Tamil Nadu
1975 Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri
(1917–2006) 		Literature & Education West Bengal
1975 Raja Ramanna
(1925–2004) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
1975 Homi Nusserwanji Sethna
(1923–2010) 		Civil Service Maharashtra
1975 M. S. Subbulakshmi
(1916–2004) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
1975 Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey
(1894–1977) 		Literature & Education Maharashtra
1976 Salim Ali
(1896–1987) 		Science & Engineering Uttar Pradesh
1976 Gurmukh Singh Musafir
(1899–1976) 		Literature & Education Punjab
1976 K. Shankar Pillai
(1899–1976) 		Arts Delhi
1976 K. R. Ramanathan
(1893–1984) 		Science & Engineering Kerala
1976 Satyajit Ray
(1921–1992) 		Arts West Bengal
1976 Kalu Lal Shrimali
(1909–2000) 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
1976 Bashir Hussain Zaidi
(1898–1992) 		Literature & Education Delhi
1977 T. Balasaraswati
(1918–1984) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
1977 Ali Yavar Jung#
(1906–1976)[iv] 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
1977 Ajudhia Nath Khosla
(1892–1984) 		Civil Service Delhi
1977 Air Chief Marshal
Om Prakash Mehra
PVSM
(1919–2015) 		Civil Service Punjab
1977 Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee
(1901–1986) 		Public Affairs West Bengal
1977 Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh
(1901–1994) 		Literature & Education Delhi
1978 Awards suspended
1979
1980 Bismillah Khan
(1916–2006) 		Arts Uttar Pradesh
1980 Rai Krishnadasa Civil Service Uttar Pradesh
1981 Satish Dhawan
(1920–2002) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
1981 Ravi Shankar
(1920–2012) 		Arts Uttar Pradesh
1982 Mirabehn
(1892–1982) 		Social Work United Kingdom
1983 No awards
1984
1985 C. N. R. Rao
(born 1934) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
1985 M. G. K. Menon
(1928–2016) 		Civil Service Kerala
1986 Baba Amte
(1914–2008) 		Social Work Maharashtra
1986 Birju Maharaj
(1938–2022) 		Arts Delhi
1986 Autar Singh Paintal
(1925–2004) 		Medicine Delhi
1987 Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
(1903–1988) 		Social Work Karnataka
1987 Benjamin Peary Pal
(1906–1989) 		Science & Technology Punjab
1987 Manmohan Singh
(born 1932) 		Civil Service Delhi
1987 General
Arun Shridhar Vaidya#
PVSM AVSM ADC
(1926–1986)[v] 		Civil Service Maharashtra
1988 Mirza Hameedullah Beg
(1913–1988) 		Public Affairs Delhi
1988 Kuvempu
(1904–1994) 		Literature & Education Karnataka
1988 Mahadevi Varma#
(1907–1987)[vi] 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
1989 Uma Shankar Dikshit
(1901–1991) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
1989 Ali Akbar Khan
(1922–2009) 		Arts West Bengal
1989 M. S. Swaminathan
(1925–2023) 		Science & Technology Tamil Nadu
1990 V. S. R. Arunachalam
(1935–2023) 		Literature & Education Delhi
1990 Triloki Nath Chaturvedi
(1928–2020) 		Civil Service Karnataka
1990 Bhabatosh Datta
(1911–1997) 		Literature & Education West Bengal
1990 Kumar Gandharva
(1924–1992) 		Arts Madhya Pradesh
1990 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015) 		Science & Engineering Tamil Nadu
1991 Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer
(1908–2003) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
1991 M. Balamuralikrishna
(1930–2016) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
1991 M. F. Husain
(1915–2011) 		Arts Maharashtra
1991 Hirendranath Mukherjee
(1907–2004) 		Public Affairs West Bengal
1991 Gulzarilal Nanda
(1898–1999) 		Public Affairs Gujarat
1991 I. G. Patel
(1924–2005) 		Science & Engineering Gujarat
1991 N. G. Ranga
(1900–1995) 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
1991 Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Civil Service Maharashtra
1991 Rajaram Shastri
(1904–1991) 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
1992 Aruna Asaf Ali
(1909–1996) 		Social Work Delhi
1992 Lakshman Shastri Joshi
(1901–1994) 		Literature & Education Maharashtra
1992 Mallikarjun Mansur
(1910–1992) 		Arts Karnataka
1992 S. I. Padmavati
(1917–2020) 		Medicine Delhi
1992
Kaloji Narayana Rao
(1914–2002) 		Arts Telangana
1992 Ravi Narayana Reddy#
(1908–1991)[vii] 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
1992 V. Shantaram#
(1901–1990)[viii] 		Arts Maharashtra
1992 Govindbhai Shroff
(1911–2002) 		Literature & Education Maharashtra
1992 Swaran Singh
(1907–1994) 		Public Affairs Punjab
1992 Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(1924–2018) 		Public Affairs Delhi
1993 Awards suspended
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998 Usha Mehta
(1920–2000) 		Social Work Maharashtra
1998 Nanabhoy Palkhivala
(1920–2002) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
1998 Lakshmi Sahgal
(1914–2012) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
1998 Walter Sisulu*
(1912–2003) 		Public Affairs South Africa
1999 Pandurang Shastri Athavale
(1920–2003) 		Social Work Maharashtra
1999 Rajagopala Chidambaram
(born 1936) 		Science & Engineering Maharashtra
1999 Nanaji Deshmukh
(1916–2010) 		Social Work Delhi
1999 Sarvepalli Gopal
(1923–2002) 		Literature & Education Tamil Nadu
1999 Satish Gujral
(1925–2000) 		Arts Delhi
1999 V. R. Krishna Iyer
(1915–2014) 		Public Affairs Kerala
1999 Bhimsen Joshi
(1922–2011) 		Arts Maharashtra
1999 Hans Raj Khanna
(1912–2008) 		Public Affairs Delhi
1999 Verghese Kurien
(1921–2012) 		Science & Technology Gujarat
1999 Lata Mangeshkar
(1929–2022) 		Arts Maharashtra
1999 Braj Kumar Nehru
(1909–2001) 		Civil Service Himachal Pradesh
1999 D. K. Pattammal
(1919–2009) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
1999 Lallan Prasad Singh#
(1912–1998)[ix] 		Civil Service Delhi
1999 Dharma Vira
(1906–2000) 		Civil Service Delhi
2000 Sikander Bakht
(1918–2004) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2000 Jagdish Bhagwati*
(born 1934) 		Literature & Education United States
2000 Hariprasad Chaurasia
(born 1938) 		Arts Maharashtra
2000 M. S. Gill
(born 1936) 		Civil Service Delhi
2000 Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
(born 1940) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
2000 K. B. Lall
(1917–2005) 		Civil Service Delhi
2000 Kelucharan Mohapatra
(1926–2004) 		Arts Odisha
2000 Jasraj Motiram
(1930–2020) 		Arts Maharashtra
2000 M. Narasimham
(1927–2021) 		Trade & Industry Andhra Pradesh
2000 R. K. Narayan
(1906–2001) 		Literature & Education Tamil Nadu
2000 Bhairab Dutt Pande
(1917–2009) 		Civil Service Uttar Pradesh
2000 K. N. Raj
(1924–2010) 		Literature & Education Kerala
2000 Tarlok Singh Civil Service Delhi
2001 John Kenneth Galbraith*
(1908–2006) 		Literature & Education United States
2001 Benjamin Gilman*
(1922–2016) 		Public Affairs United States
2001 Amjad Ali Khan
(born 1945) 		Arts Delhi
2001 Zubin Mehta*
(born 1936) 		Arts United States
2001 Hrishikesh Mukherjee
(1922–2006) 		Arts Maharashtra
2001 K. Satchidananda Murty
(1924–2011) 		Literature & Education Andhra Pradesh
2001 Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan
(1915–2003) 		Civil Service Tamil Nadu
2001 Hosei Norota*
(1929–2019) 		Public Affairs Japan
2001 C. R. Rao
(1920–2023) 		Science & Engineering United States
2001 Man Mohan Sharma
(born 1937) 		Science & Engineering Maharashtra
2001 Shivkumar Sharma
(1938–2022) 		Arts Maharashtra
2002 Kishori Amonkar
(1932–2017) 		Arts Maharashtra
2002 Gangubai Hangal
(1913–2009) 		Arts Karnataka
2002 Kishan Maharaj
(1923–2008) 		Arts Uttar Pradesh
2002 C. Rangarajan
(born 1932) 		Literature & Education Tamil Nadu
2002 Soli Sorabjee
(1930–2021) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2003 Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
(1904–2007) 		Public Affairs West Bengal
2003 Sonal Mansingh
(born 1944) 		Arts Delhi
2003 Bal Ram Nanda
(1917–2010) 		Literature & Education Delhi
2003 Brihaspati Dev Triguna
(1920–2013) 		Medicine Delhi
2004 Jayant Narlikar
(born 1938) 		Science & Engineering Maharashtra
2004 Amrita Pritam
(1919–2005) 		Literature & Education Delhi
2004 M. N. Venkatachaliah
(born 1925) 		Public Affairs Karnataka
2005 Milon K. Banerji
(1928–2010) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2005 Mohan Dharia
(1925–2013) 		Social Work Maharashtra
2005 Jyotindra Nath Dixit#
(1936–2005)[x] 		Civil Service Delhi
2005 B. K. Goyal
(1935–2018) 		Medicine Maharashtra
2005 R. K. Laxman
(1921–2015) 		Arts Maharashtra
2005 Ram Narayan
(1927–2024) 		Arts Maharashtra
2005 Karan Singh
(born 1931) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2005 M. S. Valiathan
(1934–2024) 		Medicine Delhi
2006 Norman Borlaug*
(1914–2009) 		Science & Engineering United States
2006 Charles Correa
(1930–2015) 		Science & Engineering Maharashtra
2006 Nirmala Deshpande
(1929–2008) 		Social Work Delhi
2006 Mahasweta Devi
(1926–2016) 		Literature & Education West Bengal
2006 Adoor Gopalakrishnan
(born 1941) 		Arts Kerala
2006 V. N. Khare
(born 1934) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
2006 C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao
(1927–2013) 		Civil Service Tamil Nadu
2006 Obaid Siddiqi
(1932–2013) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
2006 Prakash Narain Tandon
(born 1928) 		Medicine Delhi
2007 P. N. Bhagwati
(1921–2017) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2007 Naresh Chandra
(1934–2017) 		Civil Service Delhi
2007 Raja Chelliah
(1922–2009) 		Public Affairs Tamil Nadu
2007 V. Krishnamurthy
(1925–2022) 		Civil Service Delhi
2007 Fali Sam Nariman
(1929–2024) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2007 Raja Rao*#
(1908–2006)[xi] 		Literature & Education United States
2007 Balu Sankaran
(1926–2012) 		Medicine Delhi
2007 Khushwant Singh
(1915–2014) 		Literature & Education Delhi
2007 E. C. George Sudarshan*
(1931–2018) 		Science & Engineering United States
2007 Narinder Nath Vohra
(born 1936) 		Civil Service Haryana
2008 Adarsh Sein Anand
(1936–2017) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
2008 Viswanathan Anand
(born 1969) 		Sports Tamil Nadu
2008 Asha Bhosle
(born 1933) 		Arts Maharashtra
2008 P. N. Dhar
(1919–2012) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2008 Edmund Hillary*#
(1919–2008)[xii] 		Sports New Zealand
2008 Lakshmi Mittal*
(born 1950) 		Trade & Industry United Kingdom
2008 Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–2020) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2008 N. R. Narayana Murthy
(born 1946) 		Trade & Industry Karnataka
2008 Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
(1929–2023) 		Trade & Industry Delhi
2008 Rajendra K. Pachauri
(1940–2020) 		Science & Engineering Delhi
2008 E. Sreedharan
(born 1932) 		Science & Engineering Delhi
2008 Ratan Tata
(1937–2024) 		Trade & Industry Maharashtra
2008 Sachin Tendulkar
(born 1973) 		Sports Maharashtra
2009 Sunderlal Bahuguna
(1927–2021) 		Others Uttarakhand
2009 Jasbir Singh Bajaj
(1936–2019) 		Medicine Punjab
2009 D. P. Chattopadhyaya
(1933–2022) 		Literature & Education West Bengal
2009 Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
(born 1935) 		Trade & Industry Maharashtra
2009 Nirmala Joshi
(1934–2015) 		Social Work West Bengal
2009 Anil Kakodkar
(born 1943) 		Science & Engineering Maharashtra
2009 Purshotam Lal
(born 1954) 		Medicine Uttar Pradesh
2009 G. Madhavan Nair
(born 1943) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
2009 Govind Narain
(1916–2012) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
2009 Chandrika Prasad Srivastava
(1920–2013) 		Civil Service Maharashtra
2010 Ebrahim Alkazi
(1925–2020) 		Arts Delhi
2010 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*
(born 1952) 		Science & Technology United Kingdom
2010 Prathap C. Reddy
(born 1933) 		Trade & Industry Andhra Pradesh
2010 Y. Venugopal Reddy
(born 1941) 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
2010 Zohra Sehgal
(1912–2014) 		Arts Delhi
2010 Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
(born 1937) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
2011 Montek Singh Ahluwalia
(born 1943) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2011 Vijay Kelkar
(born 1942) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
2011 Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
(1921–2016) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2011 O. N. V. Kurup
(1931–2016) 		Literature & Education Kerala
2011 Sitakant Mahapatra
(born 1937) 		Literature & Education Odisha
2011 Brajesh Mishra
(1928–2012) 		Civil Service Delhi
2011 K. Parasaran
(born 1927) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2011 Azim Premji
(born 1945) 		Trade & Industry Karnataka
2011 Palle Rama Rao
(born 1937) 		Science & Engineering Andhra Pradesh
2011 Akkineni Nageswara Rao
(1923–2014) 		Arts Andhra Pradesh
2011 Kapila Vatsyayan
(1928–2020) 		Arts Delhi
2011 Homai Vyarawalla
(1913–2012) 		Arts Gujarat
2012 Bhupen Hazarika#
(1926–2011)[xiii] 		Arts Assam
2012 Mario Miranda#
(1926–2011)[xiv]a 		Arts Goa
2012 T. V. Rajeswar
(1926–2018) 		Civil Service Delhi
2012 Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
(born 1936) 		Medicine Maharashtra
2012 K. G. Subramanyan
(1924–2016) 		Arts Gujarat
2013 Raghunath Mohapatra
(1943–2021) 		Arts Odisha
2013 Roddam Narasimha
(1933–2020) 		Science & Technology Karnataka
2013 Yash Pal
(1926–2017) 		Science & Technology Uttar Pradesh
2013 S. H. Raza
(1922–2016) 		Arts Delhi
2014 B. K. S. Iyengar
(1918–2014) 		Others Maharashtra
2014 Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
(born 1943) 		Science & Engineering Maharashtra
2015 L. K. Advani
(born 1927) 		Public Affairs Gujarat
2015 Amitabh Bachchan
(born 1942) 		Arts Maharashtra
2015 Parkash Singh Badal
(1927–2023) 		Public Affairs Punjab
2015 Veerendra Heggade
(born 1948) 		Social Work Karnataka
2015 Dilip Kumar
(1922–2021) 		Arts Maharashtra
2015 Rambhadracharya
(born 1950) 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
2015 M. R. Srinivasan
(born 1930) 		Science & Technology Tamil Nadu
2015 Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
(born 1931) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2015 Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan*
(born 1936) 		Social Work United Kingdom/ France
2016 V. K. Aatre
(born 1939) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
2016 Dhirubhai Ambani#
(1932–2002)[xv] 		Trade & Industry Maharashtra
2016 Girija Devi
(1929–2017) 		Arts West Bengal
2016 Avinash Dixit*
(born 1944) 		Literature & Education United States
2016 Jagmohan
(1927–2021) 		Public Affairs Delhi
2016 Yamini Krishnamurthy
(1940–2024) 		Arts Delhi
2016 Rajinikanth
(born 1950) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
2016 Ramoji Rao
(1936–2024) 		Literature & Education Andhra Pradesh
2016 Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
(born 1956) 		Others Karnataka
2016 V. Shanta
(1927–2021) 		Medicine Tamil Nadu
2017 Murli Manohar Joshi
(born 1934) 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
2017 Sunder Lal Patwa#
(1924–2016)[xvi] 		Public Affairs Madhya Pradesh
2017 Sharad Pawar
(born 1940) 		Public Affairs Maharashtra
2017 Udupi Ramachandra Rao
(1932–2017) 		Science & Engineering Karnataka
2017 P. A. Sangma
(1947–2016)[xvii] 		Public Affairs Meghalaya
2017 Jaggi Vasudev
(born 1957) 		Others Tamil Nadu
2017 K. J. Yesudas
(born 1940) 		Arts Kerala
2018 Ilaiyaraaja
(born 1943) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
2018 Ghulam Mustafa Khan
(1931–2021) 		Arts Maharashtra
2018 P. Parameswaran
(1927–2020) 		Literature & Education Kerala
2019 Teejan Bai
(born 1956) 		Arts Chhattisgarh
2019 Ismaïl Omar Guelleh*
(born 1946) 		Public Affairs Djibouti
2019 Anil Manibhai Naik
(born 1942) 		Trade & Industry Maharashtra
2019 Balwant Moreshwar Purandare
(1922–2021) 		Arts Maharashtra
2020 George Fernandes#
(1930–2019)[xviii] 		Public Affairs Bihar
2020 Arun Jaitley#
(1952–2019)[xix] 		Public Affairs Delhi
2020 Anerood Jugnauth*
(1930–2021) 		Public Affairs Mauritius
2020 M. C. Mary Kom
(born 1982) 		Sports Manipur
2020 Chhannulal Mishra
(born 1936) 		Arts Uttar Pradesh
2020 Sushma Swaraj#
(1952–2019)[xx] 		Public Affairs Delhi
2020 Vishwesha Teertha#
(1931–2019)[xxi] 		Others Karnataka
2021 Shinzo Abe*
(1954–2022) 		Public Affairs Japan
2021 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam#
(1946–2020)[xxii] 		Arts Tamil Nadu
2021 Belle Monappa Hegde
(born 1938) 		Medicine Karnataka
2021 Narinder Singh Kapany*#
(1926–2020)[xxiii] 		Science & Engineering United States
2021 Wahiduddin Khan
(1925–2021) 		Others Delhi
2021 B. B. Lal
(1921–2022) 		Others Delhi
2021 Sudarshan Sahoo
(born 1939) 		Arts Odisha
2022 Prabha Atre
(1932–2024) 		Arts Maharashtra
2022 Radheshyam Khemka#
(1935–2021)[xxiv] 		Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh
2022 General
Bipin Rawat#
PVSM UYSM AVSM YSM SM VSM ADC
(1958–2021)[xxv] 		Civil Service Uttarakhand
2022 Kalyan Singh#
(1932–2021)[xxvi] 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
2023 Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi#
(1927–2023)[xxvii] 		Others Gujarat
2023 Zakir Hussain
(born 1951) 		Arts Maharashtra
2023 S. M. Krishna
(born 1932) 		Public Affairs Karnataka
2023 Dilip Mahalanabis#
(1934–2022)[xxviii] 		Medicine West Bengal
2023 S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan*
(born 1940) 		Science & Engineering United States
2023 Mulayam Singh Yadav#
(1939–2022)[xxix] 		Public Affairs Uttar Pradesh
2024 Vyjayanthimala
(born 1933) 		Arts Tamil Nadu
2024 Chiranjeevi
(born 1955) 		Arts Andhra Pradesh
2024 Venkaiah Naidu
(born 1949) 		Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh
2024 Bindeshwar Pathak#
(1943–2023)[xxx] 		Social Work Bihar
2024 Padma Subrahmanyam
(born 1943) 		Arts Tamil Nadu

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[7][9]
  2. ^ P. N. Haksar was offered the award in 1973 for, among other services, his crucial diplomatic role in brokering the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and the Shimla Agreement, but declined as "Accepting an award for work done somehow causes an inexplicable discomfort to me."[13]
  3. ^ Vilayat Khan refused Padma Shri (1964), Padma Bhushan (1968), and Padma Vibhushan (2000) and stated that "the selection committees were incompetent to judge [his] music".[14][15]
  4. ^ E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1964) and the first Chief Minister of Kerala (1957-59, 1967-69), declined the award in 1992, as it went against his nature to accept a state honour.[16]
  5. ^ Swami Ranganathananda declined the award in 2000 as it was conferred to him as an individual and not to the Ramakrishna Mission.[15][17]
  6. ^ Lakshmi Chand Jain died on 14 November 2010, at the age of 84.[18] His family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Jain was against accepting state honours.[19]
  7. ^ Sharad Anantrao Joshi's family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Joshi's work for good of farmers is not reflected in the Government policies for them.[20]
  8. ^ In 1991, Baba Amte returned the award, along with the Padma Shri conferred in 1971, to protest against the treatment given to the tribals during the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam.[22]
  9. ^ In 2020, Parkash Singh Badal returned the award in solidarity with the farmers protest.
Posthumous recipients
  1. ^ Suranjan Das died on 10 January 1970, at the age of 49.
  2. ^ Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq died on 12 December 1971, at the age of 59.[24]
  3. ^ Vikram Sarabhai died on 30 December 1971, at the age of 52.[25]
  4. ^ Ali Yavar Jung died on 11 December 1976, at the age of 70.
  5. ^ Arun Shridhar Vaidya was assassinated by Sikh extremists on 10 August 1986.[26]
  6. ^ Mahadevi Varma died on 11 September 1987, at the age of 80.
  7. ^ Ravi Narayana Reddy died on 9 September 1991, at the age of 83.
  8. ^ V. Shantaram died on 30 October 1990, at the age of 88.
  9. ^ Lallan Prasad Singh died on 9 November 1998, at the age of 86.[27]
  10. ^ Jyotindra Nath Dixit died on 3 January 2005, at the age of 68.[28]
  11. ^ Raja Rao died on 8 July 2006, at the age of 97.[29]
  12. ^ Edmund Hillary died on 11 January 2008, at the age of 88.[30]
  13. ^ Bhupen Hazarika died on 5 November 2011, at the age of 85.[31]
  14. ^ Mario Miranda died on 11 December 2011, at the age of 85.[32]
  15. ^ Dhirubhai Ambani died on 6 July 2002, at the age of 69.[33]
  16. ^ Sunder Lal Patwa died on 28 December 2016, at the age of 92.[34]
  17. ^ P. A. Sangma died on 4 March 2016, at the age of 68.[35]
  18. ^ George Fernandes died on 29 January 2019, at the age of 88.[36]
  19. ^ Arun Jaitley died on 24 August 2019, at the age of 66.[37]
  20. ^ Sushma Swaraj died on 6 August 2019, at the age of 67.[38]
  21. ^ Vishwesha Teertha died on 29 December 2019, at the age of 88.[39]
  22. ^ S. P. Balasubrahmanyam died on 25 September 2020, at the age of 74.
  23. ^ Narinder Singh Kapany died on 4 December 2020, at the age of 94.
  24. ^ Radheshyam Khemka died on 4 April 2021, at the age of 86.[40]
  25. ^ General Bipin Rawat died on 8 December 2021, at the age of 63.
  26. ^ Kalyan Singh died on 21 August 2021, at the age of 89.[41]
  27. ^ Balakrishna Doshi died on 24 January 2023, at the age of 95.[42]
  28. ^ Dilip Mahalanabis died on 16 October 2022, at the age of 87.[43]
  29. ^ Mulayam Singh Yadav died on 10 October 2022, at the age of 82.[44]
  30. ^ Bindeshwar Pathak died on 15 August 2023, at the age of 80.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Lal, Shavax A. (1954). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2015. The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated "Padma Vibhushan" in three classes, namely: "Pahela Varg", "Dusra Varg" and "Tisra Varg"
  2. ^ a b c d "Padma Awards Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Ayyar, N. M. (1955). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 15 January 1955): 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2015. All persons upon whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan (Pahela Varg) was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan has been conferred by the President.
  4. ^ "Bharat Ratna Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  5. ^ a b Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000, p. 96.
  6. ^ Bhattacherje 2009, p. A248.
  7. ^ a b Edgar 2011, p. C-105.
  8. ^ Bhattacherje 2009, p. A253.
  9. ^ "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  10. ^ "Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994". Supreme Court of India. 4 August 1997. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  11. ^ "Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals". Indian Army. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d "Padma Awards: Year wise list of recipients (1954–2014)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 21 May 2014. pp. 1, 3–6, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19–20, 23, 25, 29, 32–33, 37, 42, 48, 55, 59, 63, 66, 69–70, 72, 74, 83, 86, 88, 90–93, 95, 99–100, 105–106, 112, 114–115, 117–118, 121, 126, 131, 135, 139–140, 144, 149, 154–155, 160, 166, 172, 178, 183, 188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
    • "Padma Awards: 2015" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2015. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
    • "Padma Awards: 2016" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2016. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
    • "Padma Awards: 2017" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2017. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
    • "Padma Awards: 2018" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2018. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
    • "Padma Awards: 2019" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2019. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
    • "Padma Awards: 2020" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2020. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
    • "Padma Awards: 2021" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2021. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
    • "Padma Awards: 2022" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2022. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
    • "Padma Awards: 2023" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 25 January 2023. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Haksar and the Padma Vibhushan". The Hindu. 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  14. ^ Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3.
  15. ^ a b Venkatesan, V. (5 February 2000). "Spotlight: Republic Day honours". Frontline. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  16. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2001). An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays. Permanent Black. p. 211. ISBN 81-7824-001-7.
  17. ^ "Ranganathananda, kept alive spirit of Vivekananda's legacy". The Hindu. 31 May 2005. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  18. ^ Pawar, Yogesh (15 November 2010). "Gandhian activist who revitalised Indian handicraft dies at 85". Daily News Analysis. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  19. ^ "Gandhian's family declines Padma Vibhushan". Mumbai Mirror. The Times of India. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  20. ^ Chavan, Vijay (26 January 2016). "Sharad Joshi's family refuses Padma award". Pune Mirror. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  21. ^ Kumar, A. Prasanna (1983). "The Privilege of Knowing M. C.". Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance. Vol. 52. Triveni Publishers.
  22. ^ D'Monte, Darryl (2011). Dharker, Anil (ed.). Icons: Men and Women Who Shaped India's Today. Roli Books Private Limited. p. 52. ISBN 978-81-7436-944-4.
    • Deshpande, Neeta (11 February 2008). "The Good Life". Outlook. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Prakash Singh Badal and Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa returned their padma award". The Tribune. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  24. ^ "Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, 59, Kashmir Chief Minister, Dies". The New York Times. New Delhi. 12 December 1971. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  25. ^ Mahanti, Subodh. "Vikram Sarabhai: A Visionary of Indian Space Programme". Vigyan Prasar Science Portal. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  26. ^ "General A.S. Vaidya; 1926-1986". India Today. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  27. ^ "ULFA leader Anup Chetia sentenced to six years and nine months in jail by a Dhaka court". India Today. 9 November 1998. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  28. ^ Singh, Kuldip (5 January 2005). "Obituaries: J. N. Dixit: Hawkish diplomat and India's first full-time National Security Adviser". Independent. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  29. ^ Alterno, Letizia (17 July 2006). "Obituaries: Raja Rao". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  30. ^ McKenzie-Minifie, Martha (11 January 2008). "State funeral for Sir Edmund Hillary". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  31. ^ "Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies". BBC News Asia. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  32. ^ "Cartoonist Mario Miranda passes away at 85". Daily News Analysis. Panaji. 11 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  33. ^ "Indian business giant dies". BBC News World Edition. BBC. 7 July 2002. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  34. ^ "Sunder Lal Patwa, former Madhya Pardesh CM, dies at 92". The Indian Express. New Delhi. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  35. ^ "PA Sangma dead at 68; Lok Sabha adjourned in respect for former Speaker". The Indian Express. New Delhi. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  36. ^ Prabhu, Sunil (29 January 2019). Ghosh, Deepshikha (ed.). "George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88 After Long Illness". New Delhi: NDTV. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  37. ^ "Arun Jaitley passes away at 66". India Today Group. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  38. ^ "Sushma Swaraj funeral; latest updates: Ex-minister cremated with State honours in Delhi as top NDA leaders bid farewell". Firstpost. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  39. ^ "Padma Vibhushan honour for Pejawar seer's visionary work". The Times of India. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
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  41. ^ "Former Uttar Pradesh chief minister Kalyan Singh dies at 89". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  42. ^ "Balkrishna Doshi, Modernist Indian Architect, Is Dead at 95". New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  43. ^ "Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, Pioneer Of Oral Rehydration Therapy, Dies In Kolkata". NDTV. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  44. ^ "Updates: Mulayam Singh Yadav Dies At 82, Political Leaders Pay Tributes". NDTV. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2023.

Bibliography

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