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List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes

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Hurricane Kirk in the open ocean on October 4, 2024
Hurricane Kirk at peak intensity in the open Atlantic on October 4, 2024

Category 4 hurricanes are tropical cyclones that reach Category 4 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Category 4 hurricanes that later attained Category 5 strength are not included in this list. The Atlantic basin includes the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Category 4 is the second-highest hurricane classification category on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, and storms that are of this intensity maintain maximum sustained winds of 113–136 knots (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h). Based on the Atlantic hurricane database, 144 hurricanes have attained Category 4 hurricane status since 1851, the start of modern meteorological record keeping. Category 4 storms are considered extreme hurricanes. Hurricane Ike, which was a Category 4 storm, brought on a 24 feet (7.3 m) storm surge, the third greatest storm surge ever recorded (after Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Camille, respectively).

Statistics

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Wind, Damage, and Storm Surge statistics

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Category 4 hurricanes have maximum sustained winds of 113–136 knots (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h).[1] "Sustained winds" refers to the average wind speed observed over one minute at a height of 10 meters (33 ft) above ground. Gusts can be up to 30% higher than the sustained winds.[2] Mobile homes and other buildings without fixed structures can be completely destroyed, and the lower floors of sturdier structures usually sustain major damage. In addition to the winds, the cyclones generally produce a storm surge of 13–18 feet (4–5.5 m) above normal, potentially causing major beach erosion. Heavy, irreparable damage and/or near complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are also very common, and mobile and manufactured homes are often completely destroyed. Low-level terrain may be flooded well inland, as well.[3] In addition, Category 4 hurricanes are often Cape Verde-type hurricanes. Cape Verde hurricanes are usually the strongest, and their track sometimes points them towards the United States, or other land.[4]

Air pressure statistics

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The record high and low statistics for a Category 4 hurricane, in terms of pressure in millibars (mbar) and hectopascals (hPa), are Hurricane Opal of 1995, peaking at a record low of 916 mbar/hPa, and the 1926 Nassau hurricane, peaking at a record high of 967 mbar/hPa. These, on average, are the peaks of a Category 5 major hurricane and a Category 2 hurricane. The average pressure for a Category 4 Atlantic hurricane is between 932 and 945 mbar/hPa, just to delimit boundaries of what pressure a Category 4 hurricane peaks at.

History of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes

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The number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes appears to have nearly doubled in occurrence from 1970 to 2004.[5] It is likely that the increase in Atlantic tropical storm and hurricane frequency is primarily due to improved monitoring.[6][7][8][9][10]

Due to growing population in major coastal cities, many areas have become more vulnerable to strong hurricanes, especially categories 4 and 5.[11]

Meteorological measurements

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All of the storms listed in this analysis are listed in chronological order, but they also list the minimum central pressure and maximum sustained winds. Each of these meteorological readings are taken using a specific meteorological instrument. For modern storms, the minimum pressure measurements are taken by reconnaissance aircraft using dropsondes, or by determining it from satellite imagery using the Dvorak technique. For older storms, pressures are often incomplete, typically being provided by ship-reports or land-observations. None of these methods can provide constant pressure measurements; thus it is possible the only measurement occurred when the cyclone was at a lesser strength.[12] Sustained winds are taken using an Anemometer at 10 meters (33 ft) above the ground.[13]

Climatology

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A total of 94 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean Basin, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, have reached Category 4 status as their peak intensity. (Note that Category 4 storms that intensified later to Category 5 status are not included in this analysis.)

Most Category 4 hurricanes occur during September, with 51 storms occurring in that month. This coincides with the average peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs on September 10.[14] Most Category 4 hurricanes develop in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Several Category 4 hurricanes are Cape Verde-type hurricanes. There have been no Category 4 hurricanes to form in either May or December, or in any other month outside the traditional bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season.

Systems

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1851–1949

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See also: Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
Name Duration Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Wind speed Pressure
Unnamed August 30 – September 11, 1853 150 mph (240 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) None None None [15]
Unnamed August 7 – 14, 1856 150 mph (240 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) United States Gulf Coast [16]
Unnamed September 20 – October 7, 1866 140 mph (220 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) The Caribbean [17]
Unnamed September 24 – October 9, 1878 140 mph (220 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) The Caribbean [18]
Unnamed August 4 – 14, 1880 150 mph (240 km/h) 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas [19]
Unnamed September 27 – October 11, 1880 140 mph (220 km/h) 928 hPa (27.40 inHg) None None None [20]
Unnamed October 4 - 18, 1882 140 mph (220 km/h) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) The Caribbean, Southeastern United States [21]
Unnamed August 12 - 21, 1886 150 mph (240 km/h) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) [22]
Unnamed September 27 - October 5, 1893 130 mph (215 km/h) 948 hPa (27.99 inHg) [23]
Unnamed October 11 -20, 1894 130 mph (215 km/h) 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) [24]
Unnamed September 25 - October 6, 1898 130 mph (215 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg) Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada [25]
Unnamed August 3 - September 4, 1899 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) The Caribbean, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada [26]
Unnamed August 27 - September 15, 1900 145 mph (230 km/h) 936 hPa (27.64 inHg) The Caribbean, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada [27]
Unnamed August 25 – September 12, 1906 130 mph (215 km/h) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Lesser Antiles, Greater Antiles [28]
Unnamed October 9 – 23, 1910 150 mph (240 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) [29]
Unnamed August 5 – 23, 1915 145 mph (230 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) [30]
Unnamed September 21 – October 1, 1915 145 mph (230 km/h) 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) [31]
Unnamed August 12 – 20, 1916 130 mph (215 km/h) 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) [32]
Unnamed September 20 – 30, 1917 150 mph (240 km/h) 928 hPa (27.40 inHg) [33]
Unnamed September 2 – 16, 1919 150 mph (240 km/h) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) [34]
Unnamed October 20 – 30, 1921 140 mph (220 km/h) 941 hPa (27.79 inHg) [35]
Unnamed July 22 - August 2, 1926 140 mph (220 km/h) 967 hPa (28.56 inHg)
Unnamed September 1 – 21, 1926 140 mph (220 km/h) 957 hPa (28.26 inHg)
Unnamed September 11 – 22, 1926 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg)
Unnamed October 14 – 28, 1926 150 mph (240 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg)
Unnamed September 22 – October 4, 1929 155 mph (250 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) The Bahamas, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada [36]
Unnamed August 29 – September 17, 1930 155 mph (250 km/h) 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) The Caribbean, Southeastern United States [37]
Unnamed September 1931 130 mph (215 km/h) 952 hPa (28.11 inHg)
Unnamed August 1932 150 mph (240 km/h) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg)
Unnamed September 1932 145 mph (230 km/h) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg)
Unnamed August 1933 140 mph (220 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Unnamed August, September 1933 140 mph (220 km/h) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg)
Unnamed September 1933 140 mph (220 km/h) 947 hPa (27.96 inHg)
Unnamed August 1935 130 mph (215 km/h) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg)
Unnamed September, October 1935 140 mph (220 km/h) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg)
Unnamed October 1939 140 mph (220 km/h) 941 hPa (27.79 inHg)
Unnamed September 1941 130 mph (215 km/h) 957 hPa (28.26 inHg)
Unnamed August 1943 140 mph (220 km/h) –
Unnamed October 1944 145 mph (230 km/h) 937 hPa (27.67 inHg)
Unnamed September 1945 130 mph (215 km/h) 949 hPa (28.02 inHg)
Unnamed September 1947 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 hPa (27.70 inHg)
Unnamed September 1948 130 mph (215 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Unnamed September 1948 130 mph (215 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Unnamed August 1949 130 mph (215 km/h) 954 hPa (28.17 inHg)

1950–1974

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Flooding in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans after Betsy.

In the years between 1950 and 1974, there were 23 Category 4 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.

List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 1950 to 1974
Storm
name 		Track Season Dates as a
Category 4 		Maximum
sustained winds 		Minimum pressure Notes
Hurricane Dog
1950 September 1–7† 145 mph (230 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Fox
1950 September 14–15 140 mph (220 km/h) 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg)
Hurricane King
1950 October 18 130 mph (215 km/h) 955 mbar (hPa; 28.2 inHg)
Hurricane Charlie
1951 August 19 130 mph (215 km/h) 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg)
Hurricane Easy
1951 September 7–8 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Fox
1952 October 15 145 mph (230 km/h) 934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg)
Hurricane Hazel
1954 October 23–24 130 mph (215 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Connie
1955 August 7 140 mph (220 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Ione
1955 September 18 140 mph (220 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Carrie
1957 September 7–8 140 mph (220 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Cleo
1958 August 16 140 mph (220 km/h) 947 mbar (hPa; 27.96 inHg)
Hurricane Daisy
1958 August 28 130 mph (215 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Helene
1958 September 27 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Gracie
1959 September 29 140 mph (220 km/h) 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg)
Hurricane Donna
1960 September 6–10† 145 mph (230 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Betsy
1961 September 5–6 130 mph (215 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Carla
1961 September 10-11 145 mph (233 km/h) 927 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Hurricane Frances
1961 October 7 130 mph (215 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Flora
1963 October 2–3 150 mph (240 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Cleo
1964 August 23–24 150 mph (240 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Dora
1964 September 6 130 mph (215 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Gladys
1964 September 17 130 mph (215 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Hilda
1964 October 1–2 140 mph (220 km/h) 941 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg)
Hurricane Betsy
1965 September 4–9† 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Celia
1970 August 3 140 mph (220 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Carmen
1974 September 1–7† 150 mph (240 km/h) 928 mbar (hPa; 27.40 inHg)
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012[38]

1975–1999

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Damage after Hurricane Frederic in Gulf Shores, Alabama.

In the years between 1976 and 1999, 23 Category 4 hurricanes formed in the basin:

List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 1976 to 2000
Storm
name 		Track Season Dates as a
Category 4 		Maximum
sustained winds 		Minimum pressure Notes
Hurricane Gladys
1975 October 2–3 140 mph (220 km/h) 939 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Hurricane Ella
1978 September 4 140 mph (220 km/h) 956 mbar (hPa; 28.23 inHg)
Hurricane Greta
1978 September 18 130 mph (215 km/h) 947 mbar (hPa; 27.96 inHg)
Hurricane Frederic
1979 September 12–13 130 mph (215 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Harvey
1981 September 14 130 mph (215 km/h) 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg)
Hurricane Debby
1982 September 18 130 mph (215 km/h) 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg)
Hurricane Diana
1984 September 11-12 130 mph (215 km/h) 949 mbar (hPa; 28.02 inHg)
Hurricane Gloria
1985 September 24-25 145 mph (230 km/h) 919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg)
Hurricane Helene
1988 September 22-23 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Joan
1988 October 21-22 145 mph (230 km/h) 932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg)
Hurricane Gabrielle
1989 September 4–7 145 mph (230 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Claudette
1991 September 7 130 mph (215 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Felix
1995 August 12-13 140 mph (220 km/h) 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg)
Hurricane Luis
1995 September 1-8 150 mph (240 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Opal
1995 October 4 150 mph (240 km/h) 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg)
Hurricane Edouard
1996 August 25-28† 145 mph (230 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Hortense
1996 September 12–13 140 mph (220 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Georges
1998 September 19-20 155 mph (250 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Bret
1999 August 22 145 mph (230 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Cindy
1999 August 28-29 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Floyd
1999 September 12-14† 155 mph (250 km/h) 921 mbar (hPa; 27.2 inHg)
Hurricane Gert
1999 September 15–17† 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Lenny
1999 November 17-18 155 mph (250 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2012[38]

2000–2024

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In the years between 2000 and 2024, 38 Category 4 hurricanes formed within the confines of the Atlantic Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.

List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 2000–present
Storm
name 		Track Season Dates as a
Category 4 		Maximum
sustained winds 		Minimum pressure Notes
Hurricane Isaac
2000 September 28–29 140 mph (220 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Keith
2000 October 1 140 mph (220 km/h) 939 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Hurricane Iris
2001 October 8–9 145 mph (230 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Michelle
2001 November 3–4† 140 mph (220 km/h) 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg)
Hurricane Lili
2002 October 2–3 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Fabian
2003 August 31–September 5† 145 mph (230 km/h) 939 mbar (hPa; 27.73 inHg)
Hurricane Charley
2004 August 13 150 mph (240 km/h) 941 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg)
Hurricane Frances
2004 August 28–September 2† 145 mph (230 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Karl
2004 September 20–21† 145 mph (230 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Dennis
2005 July 8–10† 150 mph (240 km/h) 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Hurricane Gustav
2008 August 30–31 155 mph (250 km/h) 941 mbar (hPa; 27.79 inHg)
Hurricane Ike
2008 September 4–8† 145 mph (230 km/h) 935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Hurricane Omar
2008 October 16 130 mph (215 km/h) 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg)
Hurricane Paloma
2008 November 8 145 mph (230 km/h) 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg)
Hurricane Bill
2009 August 19–20 130 mph (215 km/h) 943 mbar (hPa; 27.85 inHg)
Hurricane Danielle
2010 August 27 130 mph (215 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Earl
2010 August 30–September 2† 145 mph (230 km/h) 927 mbar (hPa; 27.37 inHg)
Hurricane Igor
2010 September 12–17 155 mph (250 km/h) 924 mbar (hPa; 27.29 inHg)
Hurricane Julia
2010 September 15 140 mph (220 km/h) 948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Hurricane Katia
2011 September 6 140 mph (220 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Ophelia
2011 October 2 140 mph (220 km/h) 940 mbar (hPa; 27.76 inHg)
Hurricane Gonzalo
2014 October 15–17† 145 mph (230 km/h) 940 mbar (hPa; 27.76 inHg)
Hurricane Joaquin
2015 October 1–3† 155 mph (250 km/h) 931 mbar (hPa; 27.64 inHg)
Hurricane Nicole
2016 October 12–13 140 mph (220 km/h) 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg)
Hurricane Harvey
2017 August 26 130 mph (215 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Jose
2017 September 8–10 155 mph (250 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Florence
2018 September 5–12† 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Laura
2020 August 26–27 150 mph (240 km/h) 937 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Teddy
2020 September 17–18 140 mph (220 km/h) 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg)
Hurricane Delta
2020 October 6 140 mph (220 km/h) 953 mbar (hPa; 28.14 inHg)
Hurricane Eta
2020 November 2–3 150 mph (240 km/h) 923 mbar (hPa; 27.26 inHg)
Hurricane Iota
2020 November 16–17 155 mph (250 km/h) 917 mbar (hPa; 27.08 inHg)
Hurricane Ida
2021 August 29 150 mph (240 km/h) 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg)
Hurricane Sam
2021 September 25–October 2† 155 mph (250 km/h) 927 mbar (hPa; 27.4 inHg)
Hurricane Fiona
2022 September 21–23 140 mph (220 km/h) 931 mbar (hPa; 27.34 inHg)
Hurricane Franklin
2023 August 28–29 150 mph (240 km/h) 926 mbar (hPa; 27.67 inHg)
Hurricane Idalia
2023 August 30 130 mph (215 km/h) 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Hurricane Helene
2024 September 26 140 mph (220 km/h) 938 mbar (hPa; 27.70 inHg)
Hurricane Kirk
2024 October 3–5 145 mph (230 km/h) 934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg)
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851–2021[38]

Number by month

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Number of recorded Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes by month[39]
Month Number of hurricanes
July
2
August
40
September
53
October
47
November
5

Landfalls

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The following hurricanes from the above lists made landfall at some location while a tropical cyclone with winds of greater than 39 mph (63 km/h). Due to inaccuracies in data, tropical depression landfalls are not included. Category 5 hurricanes are also not included in the table below. Several of these storms weakened slightly after attaining Category 4 status as they approached land; this is usually a result of dry air, shallower water due to shelving, cooler waters, or interaction with land.

Name Year
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Tropical storm
"Last Island" 1856 Louisiana
"Unnamed" 1866 Bahamas
"Unnamed" 1878 Haiti & Turks and Caicos Islands
"Unnamed" 1880 Texas Quintana Roo Guadeloupe
"Unnamed" 1882 Cuba Florida
Indianola 1886 Texas Dominican Republic & Cuba
Cheniere Caminada 1893 Louisiana Quintana Roo & Mississippi
Unnamed 1894 Saint Lucia
Georgia 1898 Georgia
San Ciriaco 1899 Guadeloupe & Puerto Rico Bahamas & North Carolina
Galveston (1900) 1900 Texas Antigua, Nevis, Dominican Republic & Cuba
Unnamed 1910 Cuba Florida
Galveston (1915) 1915 Texas Jamaica Guadeloupe
New Orleans 1915 Louisiana
Florida Keys 1919 Bahamas & Texas Puerto Rico
Tampa Bay 1921 Florida
Nassau 1926 Bahamas Florida
Miami 1926 Bahamas & Florida Alabama
Unnamed 1926 Cuba Bermuda
Unnamed 1929 Bahamas Florida Florida
San Zenón 1930 Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Cuba & Florida
Unnamed 1932 Texas
San Ciprián 1932 Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Belize
Chesapeake–Potomac 1933 North Carolina
Treasure Coast 1933 Bahamas Florida
Outer Banks 1933 North Carolina Nova Scotia
Unnamed 1945 Florida Bahamas South Carolina
Unnamed 1948 Florida Cuba
Unnamed 1949 Florida Bahamas
Charlie 1951 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Jamaica Dominica
King 1950 Florida Cuba
Fox 1952 Cuba Bahamas Bahamas
Hazel 1954 North Carolina Haiti & Turks and Caicos Islands
Connie 1955 North Carolina
Carrie 1957 Azores
Helene 1958 North Carolina Newfoundland
Gracie 1959 South Carolina
Donna 1960 Florida Barbuda, Anguilla, & Bahamas North Carolina, New York & Connecticut
Carla 1961 Texas
Flora 1963 Haiti Tobago & Cuba Cuba
Cleo 1964 Guadeloupe & Haiti Florida Cuba Georgia
Dora 1964 Florida
Hilda 1964 Louisiana
Betsy 1965 Louisiana Bahamas & Florida
Celia 1970 Texas
Carmen 1974 Quintana Roo Louisiana
Greta 1978 Honduras Belize
Frederic 1979 Alabama Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic & Cuba
Diana 1984 North Carolina
Gloria 1985 North Carolina New York & Connecticut
Joan 1988 Nicaragua Grenada, Colombia & Venezuela
Luis 1995 Barbuda
Opal 1995 Florida Yucatán Peninsula
Hortense 1996 Puerto Rico & Nova Scotia Guadeloupe
Georges 1998 Antigua, Saint Kitts, Puerto Rico & Dominican Republic Florida & Mississippi Cuba
Bret 1999 Texas
Floyd 1999 Bahamas Bahamas North Carolina Virginia, New Jersey, New York & Connecticut
Lenny 1999 Saint Martin Anguilla Saint Barthélemy Antigua
Keith 2000 Belize & Tamaulipas
Iris 2001 Belize
Michelle 2001 Cuba Bahamas
Lili 2002 Cuba Cayman Islands & Louisiana
Charley 2004 Florida Cuba South Carolina
Frances 2004 Bahamas Bahamas & Florida Florida
Dennis 2005 Cuba Florida
Gustav 2008 Cuba (2x) Louisiana Haiti Jamaica
Ike 2008 Cuba Bahamas Texas Cuba
Paloma 2008 Cuba
Bill 2009 Newfoundland
Earl 2010 Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island
Igor 2010 Newfoundland
Gonzalo 2014 Bermuda Antigua, Saint Martin & Anguilla
Joaquin 2015 Bahamas Bahamas (2x)
Harvey 2017 Texas Texas Barbados, Saint Vincent & Louisiana
Florence 2018 North Carolina
Laura 2020 Louisiana Antigua, Nevis, Dominican Republic & Cuba (2x)
Delta 2020 Quintana Roo & Louisiana
Eta 2020 Nicaragua Cuba & Florida (2x)
Iota 2020 Nicaragua
Ida 2021 Louisiana Cuba
Fiona 2022 Grand Turk Island Puerto Rico & Dominican Republic Guadeloupe
Franklin 2023 Dominican Republic
Idalia 2023 Florida
Helene 2024 Florida

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ National Hurricane Center (2007). "Saffir-Simpson Scale". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  2. ^ Landsea, Chris (2006). "FAQ subject D4". HURDAT. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  3. ^ National Hurricane Center (June 22, 2006). "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Information". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  4. ^ Landsea, Chris (2006). "FAQ subject A2". HURDAT. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  5. ^ NSF (2005). "severe Hurricanes doubled in the past 35 years". NSF. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  6. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel. "Historical Changes in Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storms". gfdl.noaa. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
  7. ^ Villarini, Gabriele; Vecchi, Gabriel (2011). "Is the recorded increase in short-duration North Atlantic tropical storms spurious?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (D10). Bibcode:2011JGRD..11610114V. doi:10.1029/2010JD015493. S2CID 3372885.
  8. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel; Knutson, Thomas (2011). "Estimating Annual Numbers of Atlantic Hurricanes Missing from the HURDAT Database (1878–1965) Using Ship Track Density". Journal of Climate. 24 (6): 1736–1746. Bibcode:2011JCli...24.1736V. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3810.1. S2CID 16450561.
  9. ^ Landsea, Christopher; Vecchi, Gabriel (2010). "Impact of Duration Thresholds on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Counts". Journal of Climate. 23 (10): 2508–2519. Bibcode:2010JCli...23.2508L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.163.4825. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3034.1. S2CID 3343986.
  10. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel; Knutson, Thomas (2008). "On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity". Journal of Climate. 21 (14): 3580–3600. Bibcode:2008JCli...21.3580V. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1. S2CID 14752199.
  11. ^ weather.com - Vulnerable Cities: Index Archived 2007-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Hock, Terry (2007). "GPS dropsondes". NCAR. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  13. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2004). "Hurricane Glossary of Terms". Archived from the original on 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2006-03-24. Accessed through the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ National Hurricane Center (2007-03-08). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
  15. ^ "1853 Major Hurricane Not Named (1853242N12336)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  16. ^ "1856 Major Hurricane Not Named (1856221N25277)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  17. ^ "1866 Major Hurricane Not Named (1866264N11342)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  18. ^ "1878 Major Hurricane Not Named (1878267N15288)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  19. ^ "1880 Major Hurricane Not Named (1880217N16300)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  20. ^ "1880 Major Hurricane Not Named (1880271N23317)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  21. ^ "1882 Major Hurricane Not Named (1882278N11279)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  22. ^ "1886 Major Hurricane Not Named (1886224N11303)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  23. ^ "1893 Major Hurricane Not Named (1893271N16278)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  24. ^ "1894 Major Hurricane Not Named (1894284N11303)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  25. ^ "1898 Major Hurricane Not Named (1898268N16302)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  26. ^ "1899 Major Hurricane Not Named (1899215N12329)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  27. ^ "1900 Major Hurricane Not Named (1900239N15318)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  28. ^ "1906 Major Hurricane Not Named (1906238N14339)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  29. ^ "1910 Major Hurricane Not Named (1910282N11281)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  30. ^ "1915 Major Hurricane Not Named (1915218N14334)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  31. ^ "1915 Major Hurricane Not Named (1915218N14334)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  32. ^ "1916 Major Hurricane Not Named (1916225N13305)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  33. ^ "1917 Major Hurricane Not Named (1917263N13303)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  34. ^ "1919 Major Hurricane Not Named (1919246N16299)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  35. ^ "1921 Major Hurricane Not Named (1921293N13280)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  36. ^ "1929 Major Hurricane Not Named (1929262N23296)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  37. ^ "1930 Major Hurricane Not Named (1930241N13317)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  38. ^ a b c "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 19, 2022.
  39. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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