List of African American suffragists
This is a list of African American suffragists, suffrage groups and others associated with the cause of women's suffrage in United States.
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Groups
[edit]- Afro-American Protective Association (Iowa).[1]
- Alpha Suffrage Club (Illinois).[2]
- American Woman Suffrage Association.[3]
- Colored Women's Equal Suffrage Club (Oregon).[4]
- Colored Women's Independent Political League (Ohio).[5]
- Colored Women's Suffrage Club of New York.[6]
- Colored Women's Suffrage Club (Maryland).[7]
- Colored Women's Voting Club in Roanoke (Virginia).[8]
- Des Moines League of Colored Women Voters, formed in 1912 (Iowa).[9]
- El Paso Negro Woman's Civic and Enfranchisement League, started in 1918 (Texas).[10]
- Federated Colored Women's Clubs.[11]
- Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs.[12]
- Los Angeles Forum of Colored Women.[13]
- Lucy Stone Woman Suffrage League (Pennsylvania).[14]
- National Association of Colored Women's Clubs.[3]
- New Jersey State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NJSFCWC).[15]
- Philadelphia Suffrage Association, founded in 1866 with interracial membership.[3]
- Progressive Women's Suffrage Club (Baltimore, Maryland), (also known as the Colored Women's Suffrage Club).[16]
- Tuskegee Women's Club (Alabama).[17]
Suffragists
[edit]
A
- Christia Adair (Texas).[18]
- Osceola Macarthy Adams.[19]
- Sadie Lewis Adams (Illinois).[20]
- Teresa Adams (Iowa).[21]
- Winona Cargile Alexander.[22]
- Susan E. Allen (Illinois).[23]
- Eliza Anderson.[24]
- Naomi Anderson.[25]
- Libbie C. Anthony (Missouri).[26]
- Blanche Armwood (Florida).[27]
B
- Alice Gertrude Baldwin (Delaware).[28]
- Maria Louise Baldwin (Massachusetts).[29]
- Janie Porter Barrett (Virginia).[25]
- Laura Beasley (Illinois).[30]
- Mary Beatty (Mississippi and Oregon).[31]
- Ida M. Bowman Becks.[32]
- Mae E. Profitt Bentley (Rhode Island).[33]
- Ella G. Berry (Illinois).[34]
- Mary V. Berry (Washington, D.C.).[35]
- Kizziah J. Bills (Illinois).[36]
- Ethel Cuff Black.[37]
- Irene Moorman Blackstone (New York).[38]
- Annie Walker Blackwell (Pennsylvania).[39]
- Bonnie Thomas Bogle (Oregon).[4]
- Rosa Dixon Bowser (Virginia).[40]
- Rose Talliaferro Bradic (Rhode Island).[41]
- Minnie L. Bradley (Connecticut).[42]
- Louise Beatrice Braxton (Maryland).[43]
- Hallie Quinn Brown (Ohio).[44]
- Ida E. Duckett Brown (New Jersey).[15]
- Solomon G. Brown.[45]
- Josephine Beall Willson Bruce.[25]
- Eva Carter Buckner (California).[13]
- Mary E. Cary Burrell (New Jersey).[46]
- Nannie Helen Burroughs.[47]
- Louisa C. Hatton Crawford Butler (Washington, D.C.).[48]
- Marian D. Butler (Washington, D.C.).[49]
C
- Bertha Pitts Campbell.[50]
- Susan E. Cannon Allen (Illinois).[23]
- Jeannette Carter (Washington, D.C.).[51]
- Augusta Theodosia Lewis Chissell (Maryland).[16]
- Helen E. Christian (New York).[6]
- Mary C. Clarke (Illinois).[52]
- Carrie Williams Clifford (Ohio).[53]
- Mattie E. Coleman (Tennessee).[54]
- Maude B. Deering Coleman (Washington, Pennsylvania).[55]
- Coralie Franklin Cook.[25]
- Helen Appo Cook (Washington, D.C.).[56]
- Anna J. Cooper.[25]
- Fannie Wilson Cooper (Iowa).[57]
- Henrietta Green Crawford (New Jersey).[58]
- Ida R. Cummings (Maryland).[7]
- Ella Cunningham (New York).[59]
- Helen M. Curtis (New York).[60]
D
- Ida Clark DePriest (Colorado).[61]
- Addie Whiteman Dickerson (Pennsylvania).[62]
- Mamie Dillard (Kansas).[25]
- Julia Dorsey.[45]
- Frederick Douglass.[47]
- Virginia Hewlett Douglass.[45]
E
- Mary E. Eato (New York).[63]
- Elizabeth Piper Ensley.[64]
F
- Charlotte Vandine Forten.[25]
- Margaretta Forten (Pennsylvania).[3]
- Nellie Griswold Francis (Minnesota).[65]
G
- Sarah J. S. Garnet (New York).[63]
- Irene W. Griffin (Louisiana).[66]
- Charlotte Forten Grimké.[25]
- Angelina Weld Grimké.[3]
H
- Victoria Clay Haley (Missouri).[11]
- Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.[67]
- Lugenia Burns Hope (Georgia).[3]
- Addie Waites Hunton (New York).[68]
J
- Mary E. Jackson (Rhode Island).[25]
- Lottie Wilson Jackson (Michigan}.[69]
- Anna Louise James (Connecticut).[42]
- Hester C. Jeffrey (New York).[70]
- Harriet C. Johnson {Pennsylvania).[71]
- Mary Jane Richardson Jones (Illinois).[72]
- Verina Morton Jones (New York).[25][63]
L
- Daisy Elizabeth Adams Lampkin (Pennsylvania).[67][14]
- Lucy Craft Laney (Georgia).[25]
- Indiana Little (Alabama).[73]
- Adella Hunt Logan (Alabama).[17]
M
- Victoria Earle Matthews (New York).[25]
- Mary A. McCurdy (Indiana).[25]
- Rosa Moorman (Ohio).[74]
- Gertrude Bustill Mossell (Pennsylvania).[3]
P
- Millie Lawson Bethell Paxton (Virginia).[8][75]
- Ora Brown Stokes Perry (Virginia).[76][74]
- Juno Frankie Pierce (Tennessee).[77][78][79][80]
- Alice Sampson Presto (Washington).[81]
- Lucy Proffitt (Rhode Island).[82]
- Harriet Forten Purvis (Pennsylvania).[3]
- Harriet Purvis Jr. (Pennsylvania).[25]
R
- Harriet Redmond (Oregon).[83]
- Sarah Parker Remond.[25]
- Naomi Sewell Richardson.[84]
- Florida Ruffin Ridley (Massachusetts).[85]
- Ruth Logan Roberts (New York).[86]
- Charlotte Rollin (South Carolina).[3]
- Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (Massachusetts).[3]
S
- Maude Sampson (Texas).[87]
- Mary Townsend Seymour (Connecticut).[42]
- Mary Ann Shadd.[67]
- Lydia C. Smith (New York).[63]
- Rosetta Douglass Sprague.[45]
T
- Mary Burnett Talbert (New York).[47]
- Mary Church Terrell.[47]
- Sojourner Truth.[3]
- Harriet Tubman.[88]
W
- Margaret Murray Washington (Alabama).[17]
- Ida B. Wells (Illinois).[89]
- Fannie Barrier Williams.[25]
- Carrie Whalon[90]
Y
- Estelle Hall Young (Maryland).[7]
See also
[edit]- African-American women's suffrage movement
- List of American suffragists
- Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States
- Women's suffrage in the United States
References
[edit]- ^ Boyd 2018, p. 29.
- ^ Sorenson 2004, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ a b Dublin, Thomas. "Biographical Sketch of Bonnie Thomas Bogle". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ "Woman Suffrage in the Midwest". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ a b Lemen, Emily. "Biographical Sketch of Helen E. Christian, 1879-1930". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ a b c Novara, Elizabeth A. "Biographical Sketch of Ida R. Cummings". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ a b Edds, Margaret (February 12, 2021). "Paxton, Millie Lawson Bethell (1875–1939)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Hoskins, Danielle. "Biographical Sketch of Sue M. Wilson Brown, 1877-1941". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ^ "Letters regarding African American suffrage organization". Bullock Texas State History Museum. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ a b Shea, Neil (2017). "Biographical Sketch of Victoria Clay Haley". Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ^ "Toward A Universal Suffrage: Profiles of Courage". Central Iowa Community Museum. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
- ^ a b Smith, Sode. "Biographical Sketch of Eva Carter Buckner". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ a b "Daisy Elizabeth Adams Lampkin -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Iowa State University. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
- ^ a b Adams, Betty Livingston. "Biographical Sketch of Ida E. Duckett Brown". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ a b Loughlin, Maggie. "Biographical Sketch of Augusta "Gussie" Theodosia Lewis Chissell". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ a b c Worthy, Shalis. "The 19th Amendment and Women's Suffrage: Suffrage & Race in Alabama". Huntsville-Madison County Public Library. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ Cobbins, Quin'Nita. "Biographical Sketch of Christia V. Daniels Adair". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Hart, Evan Elizabeth. "Biographical Sketch of Osceola Macarthy Adams, 1890-1983". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Davis 1922, p. 80.
- ^ Hoskins, Danielle. "Biographical Sketch of Teresa Adams". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Bowling, Jean. "Biographical Sketch of Winona Cargile Alexander |". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ a b Davis 1922, p. 73.
- ^ Wintory, Blake. "Biographical Sketch of Eliza Julia (Brockett or Brackett) Shadd Anderson". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ "Biographical Sketch of Libbie (Libby) C. Anthony". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Hewitt, Nancy. "Biographical Sketch of Blanche Armwood". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Boylan, Anne M. (Summer 2019). "Delaware Women's Suffrage Timeline" (PDF). Delaware Historical Society. League of Women Voters. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Maria Baldwin". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Dobschuetz, Barbara. "Biographical Sketch of Laura Beasley". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Ward, Jean M. "Mary Laurinda Jane Smith Beatty (1834–1899)". Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Dublin, Thomas. "Biographical Sketch of Ida M. Bowman Becks". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Truppi, Lily; Cottineau, Sacha. "Biographical Sketch of Mae E. Proffitt Bentley". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Materson, Lisa G. "Biographical Sketch of Ella G. Berry". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Lundquist-Wentz, Chelsea. "Biographical Sketch of Mary V. Berry". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Thomas Wells, Brandy. "Biographical Sketch of Kizziah J. Bills". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Boylan, Anne M. "Biographical Sketch of Ethel L. Cuff (Black)". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ "Irene Moorman Blackstone -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
- ^ Wilson, Linda D. "Biographical Sketch of Annie Walker Blackwell". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Davis, Veronica Alease. "Biographical Sketch of Rosa L. Dixon Bowser". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Battye, Jilian; Riordan, Katherine. "Biographical Sketch of Rose Talliaferro Bradic". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ a b c "What happened in Connecticut with the 19th Amendment Ratification?". League of Women Voters. 2020-08-28. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ^ Weinstock, Rebecca F. "Biographical Sketch of Louise Beatrice Braxton". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Borchardt, Jackie; Balmert, Jessie (14 June 2019). "100 years ago Ohio ratified the 19th Amendment. Here are 6 women who made suffrage reality". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ a b c d Lundquist-Wentz, Chelsea. "Biography of Mrs. Julia Dorsey, 1850-1919". Alexander Street. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ Livingston Adams, Betty. "Biographical Sketch of Mary E. Cary Burrell". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ a b c d "Four African American Suffragists You Should Know". National Park Foundation. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ Wintory, Blake. "Biographical Sketch of Louisa C. (Hatton) Crawford Butler". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Hart, Evan Elizabeth. "Biographical Sketch of Marian D. Butler". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Dublin, Thomas. "Biographical Sketch of Bertha Pitts Campbell". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Keating, James. "Biographical Sketch of Jeannette Carter". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Wilson, Linda D. "Biographical Sketch of Mary C. Beasley Byron Clarke". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Murphy, Mary-Elizabeth. "Biographical Sketch of Carrie Williams Clifford". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Walker, Kobe; Rials, Kalie; Jones, Terriana; Kanu, Maria. "Biographical Sketch of Mattie E. Coleman". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Streeter, Carrie. "Biographical Sketch of Maude B. Deering Coleman". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ VanCour, Ciara. "Biographical Sketch of Helen A. Cook". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Hoskins, Danielle. "Biographical Sketch of Fannie Wilson Cooper". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ Johnson, James Elton. "Biographical Sketch of Henrietta Green Crawford". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ McCune, Sarah Lirley. "Biographical Sketch of Ella Cunningham". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ Kearns, Annemarie. "Biographical Sketch of Helen M. Curtis". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- ^ Higginbotham, Elizabeth; Romero, Mary, eds. (1997). Women and Work: Exploring Race, Ethnicity, and Class. Vol. 6: Women and Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 220. ISBN 9780803950597.
- ^ Who's who in Colored America. Who's Who in Colored America Corporation. 1942. p. 157.
- ^ a b c d Carrillo, Karen Juanita (2022-10-20). "Plaque unveiled for African American suffragists in Brooklyn". New York Amsterdam News. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ Yaeger, Lynn (2015-10-21). "The African-American Suffragists History Forgot". Vogue. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ "Women's suffrage bill". The Nashville Globe. October 20, 1918. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ "Irene Griffin, first black woman to register to vote in Plaquemines Parish, dies at 84". New Orleans Times-Picayune. 30 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "Five You Should Know: African American Suffragists". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ Goodier, Susan; Pastorello, Karen (15 September 2017). Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State. Cornell University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-5017-1319-4.
- ^ Sibilla, Michelle; Arbab, Fiana; Humayun, Afaf; Shammami, Narmeen; Kaniaris, Alex. "Biographical Sketch of Charlotte "Lottie" Wilson Jackson, 1854-1914". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ^ "Hester Jeffrey". Western New York Suffragists: Winning the Vote. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
- ^ Walton-Hanley, Jennifer. "Biography of Harriet C. Johnson, 1845-1907". Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists. Alexander Street. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ Harbour, Jennifer (September 14, 2020). "Mary Jane Richardson Jones, Emancipation and Women's Suffrage Activist". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ Royster, Briana Adline (2019). "Biographical Sketch of Indiana T. Little". Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists. Alexander Street. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ^ a b Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-253-21176-7.
- ^ Edds, Margaret (2020). "Millie Lawson Bethell Paxton (1875–1939)". Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Library of Virginia. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ McDaid, Jennifer Davis (October 26, 2018). "Woman Suffrage in Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.
- ^ The African-American history of Nashville, Tennessee, 1780–1930: elites and dilemmas, by Bobby L. Lovett, University of Arkansas Press, 1999, p. 232
- ^ Tennessee Through Time, The Later Years. Gibbs Smith. 2007. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-1-58685-806-3.
- ^ "Black History Month: J. Frankie Pierce founded school for girls | The Tennessean | tennessean.com". Archive.tennessean.com. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2015.[dead link]
- ^ "Frankie Pierce & the Tennessee Vocational School for Colored Girls". Ww2.tnstate.edu. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ Cobbins, Quin'Nita. "Biographical Sketch of Alice S. Presto". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists. Retrieved 2022-05-14 – via Alexander Street.
- ^ Ramos, Emily; Szeneitas, Sophia. "Biographical Sketch of Lucy Proffitt". Alexander Street. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ "Harriet "Hattie" Redmond (1862-1952)". Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
- ^ Carson, Tabitha; Northern, Yasmine; Rollins, Perrye; Bowler, Lauryn; Parker, Skylar; Davis, Lundyn (2018). "Biographical Sketch of Naomi Sewell Richardson". Alexander Street. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ Zackodnik, Teresa C. (2010). "We Must Be Up and Doing": A Reader in Early African American Feminisms. Broadview Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 9781460402146.
- ^ Alexander, Adele Logan. "Roberts, Ruth Logan". Religion and Community. Facts On File, 1997. African-American History Online. Retrieved February 6, 2016. Sourced from Hine, Darlene Clark; Thompson, Kathleen, eds. (1997). Facts on File encyclopedia of Black women in America. New York, NY: Facts on File. ISBN 9780816034246. OCLC 906768602.
- ^ "Letters regarding African American suffrage organization". Bullock Texas State History Museum. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ^ Brown, Tammy L. (2018-08-24). "Celebrate Women's Suffrage, but Don't Whitewash the Movement's Racism | ACLU". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ^ "Suffragists in Illinois". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ Morgan, Anita (2020). "We Must Be Fearless": The Woman Suffrage Movement in Indiana. Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87195-438-1.
Sources
[edit]- Boyd, Katherine (Spring 2018). Partial Suffrage in Iowa: 1894 (Thesis). University of Iowa.
- Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay (1922). The Story of the Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. Chicago – via Hathi Trust.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sorenson, Mark W. (2004). "Ahead of Their Time: A Brief History of Suffrage in Illinois". Illinois Heritage. 7 (6). Illinois State Historical Society – via Illinois Periodicals Online.