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List of 1968 Winter Olympics medal winners

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A woman, standing, wearing a green necklace.
Toini Gustafsson of Sweden won three medals in cross-country skiing in Grenoble.

The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event held in Grenoble, France, from 6 to 18 February 1968. A total of 1,158 athletes representing 37 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in 35 events from 10 different sports and disciplines.[1] The Olympic programme was largely unchanged from four years prior in Innsbruck; one event was added, a relay event in biathlon.[2]

Norway won the most medals, with 14, and the most gold medals with 6. The Soviet Union finished second in both tallies, with 5 golds and 13 medals in total.[3] Of the 37 NOCs to participate at Grenoble, 15 won at least one medal, with 13 of those winning at least one gold medal.[3] East and West Germany entered separate teams for the first time, having competed together in the three prior Winter Olympics. Both nations won gold medals, their first competing as different nations.[4] Czechoslovakia won its first gold Winter Olympics medal, achieved by Jiří Raška in the ski jumping normal hill event.[5] Romania won its first, and as of the 2018 Winter Olympics, only medal in a Winter Olympics in the two-man bobsleigh event.[6][7]

Jean-Claude Killy of France was the most successful athlete at these games, winning all three of the men's alpine skiing events. Two other athletes each won three medals: Sweden's Toini Gustafsson earned two golds and a silver, and Finland's Eero Mäntyranta won a silver and two bronzes. Both of them were competitors in cross-country skiing. Four other athletes—Luciano de Paolis, Ole Ellefsæter, Harald Grønningen, and Eugenio Monti—won two gold medals, and 29 individuals in total won at least two medals in Grenoble.[3] In speed skating, three different events ended with ties for the silver medal position, one, the women's 500 metres ended in a three-way tie for silver.[8] In all three cases, multiple silver medals and no bronze medals were awarded.[9][10] In figure skating, American Peggy Flemming won the gold medal in ladies' singles; this came a mere seven years after the 1961 crash of Sabena Flight 548 that killed the entire US figure skating team.[11]

Alpine skiing

[edit]
A man stands, wearing a business suit.
Jean-Claude Killy won all three men's events in alpine skiing.
See also: Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's downhill[12]
details 		Jean-Claude Killy
 France 		Guy Périllat
 France 		Jean-Daniel Dätwyler
 Switzerland
Men's giant slalom[13]
details 		Jean-Claude Killy
 France 		Willy Favre
 Switzerland 		Heini Messner
 Austria
Men's slalom[14]
details 		Jean-Claude Killy
 France 		Herbert Huber
 Austria 		Alfred Matt
 Austria
Women's downhill[15]
details 		Olga Pall
 Austria 		Isabelle Mir
 France 		Christl Haas
 Austria
Women's giant slalom[16]
details 		Nancy Greene
 Canada 		Annie Famose
 France 		Fernande Bochatay
 Switzerland
Women's slalom[17]
details 		Marielle Goitschel
 France 		Nancy Greene
 Canada 		Annie Famose
 France

Biathlon

[edit]
A man sitting, wearing sunglasses, wearing a business suit.
Aleksandr Tikhonov won the first two of his ultimate five medals in Grenoble.[18]
See also: Biathlon at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's Individual[19]
details 		Magnar Solberg
 Norway 		Aleksandr Tikhonov
 Soviet Union 		Vladimir Gundartsev
 Soviet Union
Men's Relay
details 		 Soviet Union (URS)[20]
Aleksandr Tikhonov
Nikolay Puzanov
Viktor Mamatov
Vladimir Gundartsev 		 Norway (NOR)[21]
Ola Wærhaug
Olav Jordet
Magnar Solberg
Jon Istad 		 Sweden (SWE)[22]
Lars-Göran Arwidson
Tore Eriksson
Olle Petrusson
Holmfrid Olsson

Bobsleigh

[edit]
See also: Bobsleigh at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Two-man
details 		 Italy (ITA)[23]
Eugenio Monti
Luciano De Paolis 		 West Germany (FRG)[24]
Horst Floth
Pepi Bader 		 Romania (ROU)[25]
Ion Panțuru
Nicolae Neagoe
Four-man
details 		 Italy (ITA)[23]
Eugenio Monti
Luciano De Paolis
Roberto Zandonella
Mario Armano 		 Austria (AUT)[26]
Erwin Thaler
Reinhold Durnthaler
Herbert Gruber
Josef Eder 		 Switzerland (SUI)[27]
Jean Wicki
Hans Candrian
Willi Hofmann
Walter Graf

Cross-country skiing

[edit]
A smiling woman, wearing red, holding flowers.
Inger Aufles won a gold and a bronze medal in 1968.
See also: Cross-country skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's 15 km[28]
details 		Harald Grønningen
 Norway 		Eero Mäntyranta
 Finland 		Gunnar Larsson
 Sweden
Men's 30 km[29]
details 		Franco Nones
 Italy 		Odd Martinsen
 Norway 		Eero Mäntyranta
 Finland
Men's 50 km[30]
details 		Ole Ellefsæter
 Norway 		Vyacheslav Vedenin
 Soviet Union 		Josef Haas
 Switzerland
Men's 4×10 km
details 		 Norway (NOR)[31]
Odd Martinsen
Pål Tyldum
Harald Grønningen
Ole Ellefsæter 		 Sweden (SWE)[32]
Jan Halvarsson
Bjarne Andersson
Gunnar Larsson
Assar Rönnlund 		 Finland (FIN)[33]
Kalevi Oikarainen
Hannu Taipale
Kalevi Laurila
Eero Mäntyranta
Women's 5 km[34]
details 		Toini Gustafsson
 Sweden 		Galina Kulakova
 Soviet Union 		Alevtina Kolchina
 Soviet Union
Women's 10 km[35]
details 		Toini Gustafsson
 Sweden 		Berit Mørdre
 Norway 		Inger Aufles
 Norway
Women's 3×5 km
details 		 Norway (NOR)[31]
Inger Aufles
Babben Enger
Berit Mørdre Lammedal 		 Sweden (SWE)[32]
Barbro Martinsson
Toini Gustafsson
Britt Strandberg 		 Soviet Union (URS)[36]
Alevtina Kolchina
Rita Achkina
Galina Kulakova

Figure skating

[edit]
A smiling blonde woman, holding a gold medal from the Vancouver 2010 Olympics.
Peggy Fleming won gold in the ladies' singles event.
See also: Figure skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's singles[37]
details 		Wolfgang Schwarz
 Austria 		Tim Wood
 United States 		Patrick Péra
 France
Ladies' singles[38]
details 		Peggy Fleming
 United States 		Gabriele Seyfert
 East Germany 		Hana Mašková
 Czechoslovakia
Pairs
details 		 Soviet Union (URS)[39]
Liudmila Belousova
Oleg Protopopov 		 Soviet Union (URS)[39]
Tatiana Zhuk
Alexander Gorelik 		 West Germany (FRG)[40]
Margot Glockshuber
Wolfgang Danne

Ice hockey

[edit]
See also: Ice hockey at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's team
details 		 Soviet Union (URS)[41]
Viktor Konovalenko
Viktor Zinger
Viktor Blinov
Vitalij Davidov
Viktor Kuzkin
Alexandr Ragulin
Oleg Zaytsev
Igor Romishevsky
Anatolij Firsov
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Viktor Polupanov
Vladimir Vikulov
Venjamin Alexandrov
Yury Moiseyev
Yevgeni Mishakov
Yevgeni Zimin
Anatoly Ionov
Boris Majorov 		 Czechoslovakia (TCH)[42]
Vladimír Nadrchal
Vladimír Dzurilla
Josef Horešovský
Jan Suchý
Karel Masopust
František Pospíšil
Oldřich Machač
Jozef Golonka
Jan Hrbatý
Václav Nedomanský
Jan Havel
Jaroslav Jiřík
Josef Černý
František Ševčík
Petr Hejma
Jiří Holík
Jiří Kochta
Jan Klapáč 		 Canada (CAN)[43]
Roger Bourbonnais
Ken Broderick
Ray Cadieux
Paul Conlin
Gary Dineen
Brian Glennie
Ted Hargreaves
Fran Huck
Marshall Johnston
Barry MacKenzie
Bill MacMillan
Steve Monteith
Morris Mott
Terry O'Malley
Danny O'Shea
Gerry Pinder
Herb Pinder
Wayne Stephenson

Luge

[edit]
See also: Luge at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's singles[44]
details 		Manfred Schmid
 Austria 		Thomas Köhler
 East Germany 		Klaus-Michael Bonsack
 East Germany
Women's singles[45]
details 		Erika Lechner
 Italy 		Christa Schmuck
 West Germany 		Angelika Dünhaupt
 West Germany
Doubles
details 		 East Germany (GDR)[46]
Klaus-Michael Bonsack
Thomas Köhler 		 Austria (AUT)[47]
Manfred Schmid
Ewald Walch 		 West Germany (FRG)[48]
Wolfgang Winkler
Fritz Nachmann

Nordic combined

[edit]
See also: Nordic combined at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Individual[49]
details 		Franz Keller
 West Germany 		Alois Kälin
 Switzerland 		Andreas Kunz
 East Germany

Ski jumping

[edit]
See also: Ski jumping at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Normal hill individual[50]
details 		Jiří Raška
 Czechoslovakia 		Reinhold Bachler
 Austria 		Baldur Preiml
 Austria
Large hill individual[51]
details 		Vladimir Belousov
 Soviet Union 		Jiří Raška
 Czechoslovakia 		Lars Grini
 Norway

Speed skating

[edit]
A woman in skating garb, in a competition pose
Carry Geijssen won a gold and a silver in Grenoble.
See also: Speed skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's 500 metres[9]
details 		Erhard Keller
 West Germany 		Terry McDermott
 United States
Magne Thomassen
 Norway 		None awarded[a]
Men's 1500 metres[10]
details 		Kees Verkerk
 Netherlands 		Ivar Eriksen
 Norway
Ard Schenk
 Netherlands 		None awarded[b]
Men's 5000 metres[52]
details 		Fred Anton Maier
 Norway 		Kees Verkerk
 Netherlands 		Peter Nottet
 Netherlands
Men's 10000 metres[53]
details 		Johnny Höglin
 Sweden 		Fred Anton Maier
 Norway 		Örjan Sandler
 Sweden
Women's 500 metres[8]
details 		Lyudmila Titova
 Soviet Union 		Jenny Fish
 United States
Dianne Holum
 United States
Mary Meyers
 United States 		None awarded[c]
Women's 1000 metres[54]
details 		Carry Geijssen
 Netherlands 		Lyudmila Titova
 Soviet Union 		Dianne Holum
 United States
Women's 1500 metres[55]
details 		Kaija Mustonen
 Finland 		Carry Geijssen
 Netherlands 		Stien Kaiser
 Netherlands
Women's 3000 metres[56]
details 		Ans Schut
 Netherlands 		Kaija Mustonen
 Finland 		Stien Kaiser
 Netherlands

Multiple medalists

[edit]

Athletes who won three medals or two gold medals during the 1968 Winter Olympics are listed below.[3]

Athlete Nation Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total
Jean-Claude Killy  France (FRA) Alpine skiing 3 0 0 3
Toini Gustafsson  Sweden (SWE) Cross-country skiing 2 1 0 3
Eero Mäntyranta  Finland (FIN) Cross-country skiing 0 1 2 3
Luciano de Paolis  Italy (ITA) Bobsleigh 2 0 0 2
Ole Ellefsæter  Norway (NOR) Cross-country skiing 2 0 0 2
Harald Grønningen  Norway (NOR) Cross-country skiing 2 0 0 2
Eugenio Monti  Italy (ITA) Bobsleigh 2 0 0 2

Notes

[edit]
  • a No bronze medal was awarded in this event because two competitors tied for second place with a time of 40.5 seconds.[9]
  • b No bronze medal was awarded in this event because two competitors tied for second place with a time of 2 minutes 5.0 seconds.[10]
  • c No bronze medal was awarded in this event because three competitors tied for second place with a time of 46.3 seconds.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Grenoble 1968 Winter Olympics". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  2. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Biathlon at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 4 x 7.5 kilometres Relay". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Kubatko, Justin. "1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  4. ^ "1968 Grenoble, France". Vancouver Now. CBC. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  5. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Czechoslovakia". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  6. ^ "Panțuru and Neagoe make Winter Games history for Romania". International Olympic Committee. 15 February 1968. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  7. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Romania". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's 500 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 500 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  10. ^ a b c Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 1,500 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  11. ^ Lutz, Rachel (1 February 2018). "1968: Peggy Fleming takes home only U.S. gold medal from Grenoble". NBC Sports. Archived from the original on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  12. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Downhill". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  13. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Giant Slalom". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  14. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Slalom". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  15. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's Downhill". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  16. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's Giant Slalom". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  17. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Alpine Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's Slalom". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  18. ^ "Aleksandr Tikhonov". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  19. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Biathlon at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 20 kilometres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  20. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Soviet Union Biathlon at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  21. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Norway Biathlon at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  22. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Sweden Biathlon at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  23. ^ a b Kubatko, Justin. "Italy Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  24. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "West Germany Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  25. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Romania Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  26. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Austria Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  27. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  28. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 15 kilometres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  29. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 30 kilometres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  30. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 50 kilometres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  31. ^ a b Kubatko, Justin. "Norway Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  32. ^ a b Kubatko, Justin. "Sweden Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  33. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Finland Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  34. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's 5 kilometres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  35. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's 10 kilometres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  36. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Soviet Union Cross Country Skiing at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  37. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Figure Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Singles". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  38. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Figure Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's Singles". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  39. ^ a b Kubatko, Justin. "Soviet Union Figure Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  40. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "West Germany Figure Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  41. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Soviet Union Ice Hockey at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  42. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Czechslovakia Ice Hockey at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  43. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Canada Ice Hockey at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  44. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Luge at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Singles". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  45. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Luge at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's Singles". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  46. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "East Germany Luge at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  47. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Austria Luge at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  48. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "West Germany Luge at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  49. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Nordic Combined at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Individual". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  50. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Ski Jumping at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Normal Hill, Individual". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  51. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Ski Jumping at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's Large Hill, Individual". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  52. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 5,000 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  53. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Men's 10,000 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  54. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's 1,000 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  55. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's 1,500 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  56. ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Speed Skating at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games: Women's 3,000 metres". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
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