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Third-party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election

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Third-party and independent candidates for the
2016 U.S. presidential election
← 2012
2020 →
 
Nominee Gary Johnson Jill Stein Evan McMullin
Party Libertarian Green Independent
Alliance Better for America
Home state New Mexico Massachusetts Utah
Running mate Bill Weld Ajamu Baraka Mindy Finn
Popular vote 4,443,505 1,457,218 731,991
Percentage 3.28% 1.07% 0.54%
 
Nominee Darrell Castle Bernie Sanders (write-in) Gloria La Riva
Party Constitution Independent Socialism and Liberation
Home state Tennessee Vermont California
Running mate Scott Bradley Elizabeth Warren[a] Eugene Puryear
Electoral vote 1
Popular vote 203,090 111,850 74,401
Percentage 0.15% 0.08% 0.05%
 
Nominee Rocky De La Fuente Richard Duncan Dan Vacek
Party Reform Independent Legal Marijuana Now
Alliance American Delta
Home state California Ohio Minnesota
Running mate Michael Steinberg Ricky Johnson Mark Elworth Jr.
Popular vote 33,117 24,307 13,537
Percentage 0.02% 0.02% 0.01%
2016 U.S. presidential election
Republican Party
Democratic Party
Third parties
Related races
← 2012 2016 2020 →

This article contains lists of official and potential third-party and independent candidates associated with the 2016 United States presidential election.

"Third party" is a term commonly used in the United States in reference to political parties other than the two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. An independent candidate is one who runs for office with no formal party affiliation.

Ballot access in states holding 270 or more electoral votes represents a majority of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College. The number of electoral votes for which a party or independent candidate has secured ballot access may increase as those parties or candidates complete their petitions, and filings for ballot access, until September 2016 when the last petition deadlines occur.[1]

According to the Green Papers website, 31 people were on the ballot in at least one state, while 192, including those who were on ballots in some states, obtained recognition as official write-in candidates.[2]

Summary

[edit]

On the ballot in every state, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson received 4,489,221 total votes, about 3.3% of ballots cast, the most for any third- party candidate. By votes cast, Johnson performed best in California where he received 478,500 votes. By percentage, Johnson performed best in his home state of New Mexico where he received about 9.3% of the vote. Johnson received more than 5% of the vote in Maine, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Montana, Oklahoma, Alaska and North Dakota.

Green Party nominee Jill Stein received 1,457,216 total votes, a little more than 1% of ballots cast, the second most for any third-party candidate. By votes cast, Stein also performed best in California where she received 278,657 votes. By percentage, Stein performed best in Hawaii where she received about 3% of the vote.

Despite being in third place among third-party candidates with only 731,788 total votes, Independent candidate Evan McMullin received 243,690 votes, 21.5% of the vote, in Utah. This was the highest percentage of votes for any third-party candidate in 2016 and the highest percentage for any third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1992. McMullin also received almost 7% of the vote in Idaho.

Constitution Party nominee Darrell Castle received 203,090 votes, the fourth most for any third-party candidate. Castle received more than 1% of the vote in Alaska and South Dakota.

Despite not officially running for President, Independent Senator Bernie Sanders received 111,850 write-in votes, the fifth most for any third-party candidate. Sanders received 18,183 write-in votes, about 6% of the vote, in his home state of Vermont.

In Nevada, None of these candidates received 28,863 votes, 2.5% of the states votes.

2016 U.S. presidential election results[3]
for candidates that received at least 1000 votes
State Hillary Clinton Donald Trump Gary Johnson Jill Stein Evan McMullin Darrell Castle Bernie Sanders Gloria La Riva Rocky De La Fuente Richard Duncan Dan Vacek Alyson Kennedy Mike Smith Chris Keniston Mike Maturen Lynn Kahn James Hedges Tom Hoefling Monica Moorehead Emidio Soltysik Laurence Kotlikoff Peter Skewes Rocky Giordani Scott Copeland Kyle Kopitke
Democratic Republican Libertarian Green Constitution PSL Reform Legal Marijuana Now Socialist Workers Veterans American Solidarity Prohibition America's Workers World Socialist American Independent American Constitution Idaho
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Alabama[4] 729,547 1,318,255 44,467 9,391
Alaska[5] 116,454 163,387 18,725 5,735 3,866 1,240
Arizona[6] 1,161,167 1,252,401 106,327 34,345 17,449 1,058 29 62 85 52
Arkansas[7] 380,494 684,872 29,949 9,473 13,176 4,613 3,390 4,709
California[8] 8,753,788 4,483,810 478,500 278,657 39,596 79,341 66,101 1,316 402
Colorado[9] 1,338,870 1,202,484 144,121 38,437 28,917 11,699 531 1,255 452 1,819 5,028 862 185 710 271 392 1,096
Connecticut[10] 897,572 673,215 48,676 22,841 2,108 147 41 12 12 31 23 4
Delaware[11] 221,608 175,162 14,045 5,868 706 74 3 3 1 3 1 7
Florida[12] 4,504,975 4,617,886 207,043 64,399 16,475 9,108 25 74
Georgia[13] 1,877,963 2,089,104 125,306 7,674 13,017 1,110 53 151 70 34
Hawaii[14] 266,891 128,847 15,954 12,737 4,508
Idaho[15] 189,765 409,055 28,331 8,496 46,476 4,403 1,373 1 9 35 21 3 2,356
Illinois[16] 3,090,729 2,146,015 209,596 76,802 11,655 1,138 175 82
Indiana[17] 1,033,126 1,557,286 133,993 7,841 1,413 21 25 269 0 57 49
Iowa[18] 653,669 800,983 59,186 11,479 12,366 5,355 323 451 2,246 2,247
Kansas[19] 427,005 671,018 55,406 23,506 6,520 646 7 3 6 214 2 3 45 0 0
Kentucky[20] 628,854 1,202,971 53,752 13,913 22,780 438 1,128 2 9 22 155 39 8
Louisiana[21] 780,154 1,178,638 37,978 14,031 8,547 3,129 446 480 1,881 1,581 1,048
Maine[22] 357,735 335,593 38,105 14,251 1,887 333 16
Maryland[23] 1,677,928 943,169 79,605 35,945 9,630 566 48 14 18 13 504 18 5 42 6 73
Massachusetts[22] 1,995,196 1,090,893 138,018 47,661 2,719 15 28
Michigan[24] 2,268,839 2,279,543 172,136 51,463 8,177 16,139 517 95 30 2,209 87
Minnesota[25] 1,367,716 1,322,951 112,972 36,985 53,076 9,456 12 1,431 1 11,291 1,672 3 31 244 28 15 17
Mississippi[26] 485,131 700,714 14,435 3,731 3,987 644 715
Missouri[27] 1,071,068 1,594,511 97,359 25,419 7,071 13,092 6 48 28
Montana[28] 177,709 279,240 28,037 7,970 2,297 296 1,570 0 1 0 0 10 0 1 7
Nebraska[29] 284,494 495,961 38,946 8,775
Nevada[30] 539,260 512,058 37,384 5,268 2,552
New Hampshire[31] 348,526 345,790 30,777 6,496 1,064 4,493 678
New Jersey[32] 2,148,278 1,601,933 72,477 37,772 6,161 1,682 1,838 2,156 1,749
New Mexico[33] 385,234 319,666 74,541 9,879 5,825 1,514 1,184 475
New York[34] 4,665,740 3,078,946 174,951 106,995 10,397 801 147 30 84 409 72 127 65 34
North Carolina[35] 2,189,316 2,362,631 130,126 12,105
North Dakota[36] 93,758 216,794 21,434 3,780 1,833 364
Ohio[37] 2,394,164 2,841,005 174,498 46,271 12,574 1,887 24,235 62 114 552 268 19 90
Oklahoma[38] 420,375 949,136 83,481
Oregon[39] 1,002,106 782,403 94,231 50,002
Pennsylvania[40] 2,926,441 2,970,733 146,715 49,941 6,472 21,572 6,060
Rhode Island[41][42] 252,525 180,543 14,746 6,220 773 52 3,497 8 671 6 34 7
South Carolina[43] 855,373 1,155,389 49,204 13,034 21,016 5,765 3,246
South Dakota[44] 117,458 227,721 20,850 4,064
Tennessee[45] 870,695 1,522,925 70,397 15,993 11,991 1,584 4,075 2,877 7,276 132 20
Texas[46] 3,877,868 4,685,047 283,492 71,558 42,366 4,261 1,401 932 122 72 1,037
Utah[47] 310,674 515,211 39,608 9,438 243,690 8,032 872 521 544 2,732
Vermont[48] 178,573 95,369 10,078 6,758 640 63 18,218 327 1,063 0 0 2 1 3 19 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Virginia[49] 1,981,473 1,769,443 118,274 27,638 54,054
Washington[50] 1,539,287 1,063,835 134,096 46,872 14,565 2,779 3,583
Washington, D.C.[51] 282,830 12,723 4,906 4,258
West Virginia[52] 188,794 489,371 23,004 8,075 1,104 3,807
Wisconsin[53] 1,382,536 1,405,284 106,674 31,072 11,855 12,162 1,502 67 284 80 1,770 33 15
Wyoming[54] 55,973 174,419 13,287 2,515 2,042 709
TOTAL 65,853,516 62,984,825 4,443,505 1,457,216 731,991 199,354 111,609 73,639 33,117 24,307 13,537 11,743 9,321 7,245 6,697 5,730 5,617 4,802 4,314 4,056 3,587 3,250 2,732 2,356 1,096
  • Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Gary Johnson
    Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Gary Johnson
  • Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Jill Stein
    Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Jill Stein
  • Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Evan McMullin
    Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Evan McMullin

Candidates

[edit]

Gary Johnson, Libertarian Party

[edit]
Further information: Libertarian Party (United States)

Ballot access: The Libertarian ticket was on all 51 ballots.[55]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee

Gary Johnson
(campaign) 		Governor of New Mexico, 1995–2003
Libertarian Party presidential nominee, 2012 		 New Mexico May 29, 2016[56]
Bill Weld of Massachusetts
Other parties National total National percentage Highest single state total Highest single state percentage
Independence Party
of New York 		4,489,221 3.3% 402,452 (3.4%)
California 		74,031 (9.3%)
New Mexico

Nationally, Johnson captured 5 percent or more of the vote in eight states: New Mexico, North Dakota, Alaska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and Maine.

Poll standings

[edit]

All major polling outfits included Johnson in their published results. His highest total was 13% in a CNN/ORC poll taken in July. After that he has generally was in the upper single digits, breaking 10% on October 10 in a Politico/Morning Consult poll.

Johnson's greatest statewide percentage was in his home state of New Mexico, where he reached the mid-twenties in September before falling back into the teens. He polled in the teens in several other state states, most recently in a WBUR/MassINC poll taken in New Hampshire on November 1.

Party nomination contest

[edit]
Further information: 2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries and 2016 Libertarian National Convention

There were six primaries, Gary Johnson received 22,642 votes while none of the others received as much as 4,000.

Libertarian National Convention presidential vote, 2016 [57]
Candidate First ballot Percentage Second ballot Percentage
Gary Johnson 458 49.5% 518 55.8%
Austin Petersen 197 21.3% 203 21.9%
John McAfee 131 14.2% 131 14.1%
Darryl W. Perry 63 6.8% 52 5.6%
Marc Allan Feldman 58 6.3% 18 1.9%
Kevin McCormick 9 1.0% 1 (write-in) 0.1%
None of the above 5 0.5% 2 0.2%
Ron Paul (write-in) 1 0.1%
Vermin Supreme (write-in) 1 0.1%
Heidi Zemen (write-in) 1 0.1%
Derrick Grayson (write-in) 1 0.1% 1 0.1%
Michael Shannon (write-in) 1 0.1%
Rhett Smith (write-in) 1 0.1%
Totals 928 100%

Jill Stein, Green Party

[edit]
Further information: Green Party of the United States

Ballot access (write-in included): 47 states + DC

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee

Jill Stein
(campaign) 		Lexington Town Meeting member (2005–2011)
Green Party presidential nominee, 2012 		 Massachusetts August 6, 2016
Ajamu Baraka of Washington, D.C.
National total National percentage Highest single state total Highest single state percentage Notes
1,457,216 1.1% 278,657 (1.9%)
California 		12,737 (3.0%)
Hawaii 		This is the first fourth-place finisher to breach the one million mark since 1948

Poll standings

[edit]

All major polling outfits included Stein in their published results. Her highest total was 6% in McClatchy/Marist poll taken early August. After that her highest total was 4% in a CBS/New York Times poll taken in late October. She generally polled at 2 or 3%.

In statewide polling she reached as high as 7% in an Emerson College poll from Vermont in September.

Party nomination contest

[edit]
Further information: 2016 Green Party presidential primaries and 2016 Green National Convention

Five additional candidates sought the Green Party nomination.[58][59][60]

Green National Convention presidential roll call vote, 2016[61]
Candidate First Ballot Percentage
Jill Stein 233.5 81.6%
William Kreml 18.25 6.4%
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry 14.5 5.1%
Darryl Cherney 8.5 3.0%
Kent Mesplay 7.5 2.6%
Elijah Manley 3.25 1.1%
No candidate 0.5 0.2%
Totals 286 100%
Turnout 286 71.1%

Evan McMullin, Better for America Group and others

[edit]
Further information: Independence Party of Minnesota and Better for America

The anti-Donald Trump Better for America PAC recruited Evan McMullin as a candidate for president. He was on the ballot in 11 states and had write-in access in several others.

Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy Vice presidential candidate Notes

Evan McMullin
(campaign) 		Chief Policy Director for the House Republican Conference, 2015–2016
CIA agent, 2001–2011 		 Utah August 8, 2016[62]
Mindy Finn
of the District of Columbia[63] 		See also: Better for America
A (as Independence Party of Minnesota nominee)
Nathan Johnson, a resident of San Diego, appears as McMullin's running mate on numerous state ballots.[64][65]
Other parties National total National percentage Highest single state total Highest single state percentage
Independence Party
of South Carolina
Independence Party
of Minnesota 		731,709 [66] 0.4% 233,266 (21.4%)
(Utah) 		233,266 (21.4%)
(Utah) 		Aside from his large total in Utah, the ticket came in third in Idaho, and fourth in seven of the nine other states where it was on the ballot.

Darrell Castle, Constitution Party

[edit]
Further information: Constitution Party (United States)

Electoral votes: 207 (Scott Copeland had access to 4 electoral votes in Idaho, where Castle is on the ballot as an independent[67])

Write-in included: 406

Ballot access: Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.[68][69][70][71]
Write-in access: Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia.[69]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee

Darrell Castle 		Attorney,
Constitution Party vice presidential nominee, 2008 		 Tennessee April 16, 2016[72][73] Scott N. Bradley of Utah
Other parties National total National percentage Highest single state total Highest single state percentage
Taxpayer's Party
Michigan 		203,069 0.1% 21,010 (0.4%)
Pennsylvania 		3,311 (1.2%)
Alaska

Poll standings

[edit]

Castle was not featured in any national polls. He was listed in a few in Utah in August and September, where he got as much as 2%, and in Nevada, where he got 1%.

Nomination contest

[edit]

The 2016 presidential nominating convention was held in Salt Lake City, on April 13–16.[74]

Constitution Party National Convention presidential vote, 2016[75][76]
Candidate Votes Percentage Notes
Darrell Castle 184 54.2% received 181,741 votes (0.1%) in the general election
Scott Copeland (Texas)[77] 103.5 30.5% On the ballot in Idaho as the Constitution Party's presidential nominee,[78]
Tom Hoefling[79] 19 5.6%
Sought 2016 American Independent Party presidential nomination

American Independent Party presidential nominee, 2012

America's Party presidential nominee, 2012, 2016
Daniel Cummings (Wyoming)[80] 9 2.7%
J. R. Myers (Alaska) 9 2.7% Sought 2016 American Independent Party presidential nomination, on the ballot in Idaho as the Constitution Party's vice-presidential nominee,[78]
Don Grundmann (California)[81] 6 1.8% Sought 2008 and 2012 Constitution Party presidential nomination
John Diamond (Pennsylvania)[82] 5 1.5%
Jeremy Friedbaum (Utah)[83] 4 1.2%
Totals 339.5 100.0%

Gloria La Riva, multiple parties

[edit]

Electoral votes: 80 (Gloria LaRiva has a combined 135 electoral votes via the Party for Socialism and Liberation, the Peace and Freedom Party, and the Liberty Union Party)

Ballot access: California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington[84][85]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee Notes

Gloria La Riva 		Newspaper printer and activist
Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominee, 2016,
Party for Socialism and Liberation presidential nominee, 2008
Workers World Party presidential nominee, 1992 		 New Mexico July 2015[86]
Eugene Puryear
of Washington, D.C.[86]

Dennis Banks of Minnesota (in CA only)[87]
State parties National total National percentage Peace and Freedom total Other party total
Party for Socialism and Liberation
Peace and Freedom
(California)
Liberty Union
(Vermont). 		74,405 0.1% 53,133 7,857

Party for Socialism and Liberation

[edit]
Further information: Party for Socialism and Liberation

La Riva was on the ballot in numerous states under this banner and as an independent.

Liberty Union Party (Vermont)

[edit]
Further information: Liberty Union Party

La Riva won the primary in Vermont and thus was awarded the ballot line there.

La Riva participated in the Free and Equal presidential debate.

Peace and Freedom Party

[edit]
Further information: Peace and Freedom Party

La Riva won the primary in California and thus was awarded the ballot line at the state convention. Jill Stein, who was on the Green party primary ballot was removed from the PF one.

California Peace and Freedom presidential primary, June 7, 2016[89]
Candidate Votes Percentage Con. Vote
Gloria Estela La Riva 2,232 49% 56
Monica Moorehead 1,369 30% 12
Lynn Sandra Kahn 963 21% 1
Jill Stein (disqualified) 0% 9
Total 4,564 100% 78

Rocky De La Fuente, American Delta and Reform Parties, plus others

[edit]
Further information: Reform Party of the United States of America

Electoral votes: 147 (De La Fuente has access to a combined 147 electoral votes as an Independent, via The American Delta Party and via The Reform Party)[90][91]

Write-in included: 346 electors[90][91]

Anticipated write-in included: 404 electors

Ballot access:

Under the ballot label "Reform Party" Florida

Under the ballot label "American Delta Party":[92] Colorado,[93] Iowa,[94] Louisiana,[95] Minnesota,[96] Mississippi,[97] New Jersey,[98] New Mexico.[99]

As an independent: Alaska,[100] Idaho,[101] Kentucky,[102] Montana,[103] Nevada,[104] New Hampshire,[105] North Dakota,[106] Rhode Island[107] Tennessee,[108] Utah,[101] Vermont,[109] Wisconsin,[110] Wyoming.[111]

Write-in:[112] Alabama, Arizona, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Virginia, Kansas, West Virginia, Washington. Total 199 electors

Anticipated write-in:[112] Connecticut, Missouri, South Dakota

No ballot access 2016: Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina.

Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy Vice presidential nominee Notes

Rocky De La Fuente 		Businessman  Florida July 19, 2016[113]
Michael Steinberg of Florida
Received 67,457 votes in the Democratic presidential primary
Ran for the Democratic United States Senate nomination in Florida, 2016
State parties National total National percentage Highest single state total Highest single state percentage
American Delta
Reform 		33,136 0% 9,101 (0.1%)
Florida 		1,063 (0.3%)
Vermont

Poll standings

[edit]

In August and September, De La Fuente polled 1% in Nevada in a poll conducted by Suffolk University.

American Delta party nomination

[edit]

The American Delta Party is an organization specifically created to support De La Fuente's independent candidacy.

Reform party nomination

[edit]

The Reform Party recognized the following other candidates as seeking its presidential nomination[114] The vote totals nominating De La Fuente were never released.

Name Notes
Ed Chlapowski[114] Owner/manager at Opportunity Resolution
Kenneth Cross[114] Semi-retired engineer and businessman
2012 Reform Party vice-presidential nominee
Lynn Kahn[114] Doctor of clinical psychology
2016 Peace and Freedom Party presidential candidate.
Will appear on Arkansas and Iowa ballot.

Darcy Richardson[114] 		Author and historian
2012 Democratic Party presidential candidate[115]

Richard Duncan, Independent

[edit]
Name State Vice presidential nominee national vote total ballot access.
Richard Duncan Ohio Ricky Johnson 24,308
(0%) 		18
(173) Ohio[116]
(Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)

Bernie Sanders

[edit]
Sanders campaigning for Hillary Clinton at Nashua Community College in October 2016.

Several grassroots campaigns to elect Bernie Sanders President as a write-in candidate were established on social media in the run-up to the United States presidential election. Though Sanders continued to campaign for Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, supporters pointed to alleged DNC bias in the Democratic Party's presidential primaries against Sanders, and Clinton's email scandal, and continued to support him.[117] Both Clinton and Donald Trump would have had to win less than the required 270 electoral college votes for Sanders to have denied either candidate the presidency, and for the election to be passed to the House of Representatives - thus the initial write-in campaign around Vermont, offering only 3 electoral college votes, was unsuccessful.[118] The campaign expanded to include all 12 eligible states (one of which listed Sanders as an official write-in candidate), and relied on states such as California, with a high electoral college vote count and large support for Sanders, to be successful in denying both Trump and Clinton.[119] He has received over 100 thousand popular votes and one electoral vote. Two other electoral votes were disallowed.

Notably, he came in third in Vermont,[48] coming ahead of both Gary Johnson and Jill Stein and taking 5.7% of the vote (18,183 tallied), something that has never happened before in a fall Presidential election.

[edit]
Further information: Legal Marijuana Now Party

Ballot access: Iowa, Minnesota

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee National Popular vote

Dan Vacek 		Financial Assistance Caseworker,
Ramsey County, Minnesota 		 Minnesota July 25, 2016[120]
Mark Elworth of Nebraska 		13,538 (0%)

Alyson Kennedy, Socialist Workers Party

[edit]
Further information: Socialist Workers Party (United States)

Electoral votes: 70

Ballot access: Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, Washington[121]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee National vote total
Alyson Kennedy Labor Organizer and Activist
Socialist Workers Party vice presidential nominee 2008 		 Illinois [122] February 12, 2016[123] Osborne Hart of Pennsylvania[124] 12,467 (0%)

Chris Keniston, Veterans Party of America

[edit]

Electoral votes: 15

Ballot access: Colorado, Mississippi[125]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee Popular vote

Chris Keniston

Reliability Engineer  Texas Deacon Taylor of Florida 7,251 (0%)

Mike Maturen, American Solidarity Party

[edit]
Further information: American Solidarity Party

Electoral votes: 9; (as write-in) 332

Ballot access: Colorado;[127] (as write-in) Alabama,[128] Alaska,[129] California,[130] Georgia,[131] Idaho,[132] Iowa,[128] Kansas, Kentucky,[133] Maryland,[134] Michigan,[135] Minnesota,[136] Nebraska,[137] New Hampshire,[128] New Jersey,[128] New York,[138] North Dakota,[139] Ohio,[140] Oregon,[141] Pennsylvania,[128] Rhode Island,[128] Texas,[142] Vermont,[128] Virginia,[143] Washington,[144] Wisconsin[145]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee National total
Mike Maturen Sales professional  Michigan July 9, 2016 Juan Muñoz 6,797 (0%)

James Hedges, Prohibition Party

[edit]
Further information: Prohibition Party

Electoral votes: 21

Ballot access: Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi[146]

Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy Nominated Vice presidential nominee

James Hedges 		Tax Assessor, Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania (2002–2007)
American Independent Party presidential candidate, 2016
Prohibition Party presidential candidate, 2012 		 Pennsylvania July 2015[147] July 31, 2015[147] Bill Bayes of Mississippi
State parties National total National percentage Highest single state total Highest single state percentage
5,617 0%

Tom Hoefling, America's Party

[edit]

Electoral votes: 44

Ballot access: Arkansas, Colorado, Florida

Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy Vice presidential nominee National total
Tom Hoefling Political activist
American Independent Party and Constitution Party
presidential candidate, 2016
American Independent Party and America's Party
presidential nominee, 2012 		 Iowa January 2016[148] Steve Schulin
of South Carolina 		4,856

Monica Moorehead, Workers World Party

[edit]
Further information: Workers World Party

Electoral votes: 30

Ballot access: New Jersey, Utah, Wisconsin[149][150]
(Texas)[151]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee National total National percentage
Monica Moorehead Perennial candidate and activist  New Jersey November 8, 2015[152] Lamont Lilly[152] 4,319 0%

Peter Skewes, American Party (South Carolina)

[edit]

Electoral votes: 9

Ballot access: South Carolina

Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy Vice presidential nominee National total
Peter Skewes Professor,
Clemson University 		 South Carolina May 15, 2016[153] Michael Lacy 3,246

Laurence Kotlikoff, Independent

[edit]
Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy Vice presidential candidate Ballot access Total popular vote (percentage)

Laurence Kotlikoff 		Economics professor at Boston University  Massachusetts Edward E. Leamer of California * On ballot: Colorado, Louisiana[154] 3,603 (0%)

Rocky Giordani, Independent American Party

[edit]

Electoral votes: 18

Ballot access: New Mexico, Oregon, Utah[176]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee National total
Rocky Giordani Author  Utah November 7, 2015[177] Farley Anderson 2,752

Emidio "Mimi" Soltysik, Socialist Party USA

[edit]
Further information: Socialist Party USA and Mimi Soltysik 2016 presidential campaign

Electoral votes: 25

Ballot access: Colorado, Michigan[178]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee

Mimi Soltysik 		Former National Co-chair,
Socialist Party USA 		 California October 17, 2015[179]
Angela Walker of Wisconsin
Other parties National total National percentage
Natural Law Party
(Michigan)[180] 		2,705 0%

Rod Silva, Nutrition Party

[edit]

Electoral votes: 9

Ballot access: Colorado[181]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee popular vote
Rod Silva Restaurateur  New Jersey October 20, 2015[182] Richard Silva 751 (0%)

Jerry White, Socialist Equality Party

[edit]
Further information: Socialist Equality Party (United States)

Electoral votes: 8

Ballot access: Louisiana[183]

Name Prior positions State Nominated Vice presidential nominee Total popular vote

Jerry White 		Labor editor,
World Socialist Web Site
Socialist Equality Party presidential
nominee, 1996, 2008, and 2012 		 Michigan April 22, 2016[184] Niles Niemuth of Wisconsin
(Constitutionally ineligible – under age 35)[185] 		485 nationwide.

Other candidate considerations

[edit]

American Independent and other fusion tickets

[edit]

Several states, most notably New York, permit fusion tickets. A fusion ticket is when a candidate or candidates are permitted more than one ballot line by being nominated by one or more third parties and permitting the votes on all lines to be added together for a single state total.

The Clinton/Kaine ticket was on the ballot in New York on the Women's Equality and Working Families Party lines, while the Trump/Pence ticket was on the Conservative party there as well as the American Independent Party in California.

Conservative party nomination in New York

[edit]

The state committee nominated Donald Trump by voice vote.

Total popular vote: 271,961 (3.8%)

Working Families party nomination in New York

[edit]

Initially, the Working Families Party had endorsed Bernie Sanders for president, but when he conceded defeat at the Democratic convention and endorsed Hillary Clinton, the party had a mail in primary where Clinton defeated Jill Stein and "no endorsement" with 68% of the vote, preferring fusion rather than "asking voters to cast a vote that is at best meaningless and at worst destructive of progressive possibility."[186]

Total popular vote: 130,245 (1.8%)

Woman's Equality party nomination in New York

[edit]

A faction of the party's executive committee nominated Dr. Lynn Sandra Kahn, while another nominated Hillary Clinton. The New York State board of elections decided the former Secretary of State would get the ballot line.[187][188]

Total popular vote: 32,307 (0.5%)

American Independent Party nomination in California

[edit]
Further information: American Independent Party

The state committee ignored the primary and designated Trump as its nominee.[189]

California did not record a separate ballot total for the AIP.

Party nomination contest

Below are the results of the California Primary ballot, which was rendered superfluous when the state committee decided to select Donald Trump.[190]

California American Independent presidential primary, June 7, 2016[191]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Alan Spears 7,348 19%
Arthur Harris 6,510 17%
Robert Ornelas 6,411 17%
J. R. Myers 4,898 13%
Wiley Drake 4,828 13%
James Hedges 3,989 11%
Thomas Hoefling 3,917 10%
Total 37,901 100%

No ballot access

[edit]

According to the Federal Election Commission almost 2,000 people, both real and fictional, were registered as 2016 presidential candidates.[192]

Among the more notable ones are:

Name Prior positions State Announced candidacy

Zoltan Istvan 		Futurist, writer, transhumanist philosopher  California October 2014[193][194][195] He had write-in access in New York and in Florida, where he received 76 and 19 votes respectively, for a total of 95 votes.[196]

Dan Bilzerian 		Professional poker player, internet celebrity  California June 2015[197] Withdrew in December 2015 and endorsed Donald Trump.[198]

Ken Fields 		Entrepreneur, environmental advocate  New York November 2015[199][200] campaign last heard of in August.[201]

Terry Jones 		Pastor for Dove World Outreach Center  Florida July 2013[202][203]
Lucy Lou Mayor of Rabbit Hash, Kentucky  Kentucky November 2015[204][205]

Merlin Miller 		Filmmaker  Tennessee July 2015[206]

Write-in candidates

[edit]

A minimum of 1,022,439 (0.8%) voters[207] cast write-in ballots, what is believed to be a record. Many were for registered candidates who were on the ballot in one or more states, others for candidates who were registered but were on no ballots and others were for fictional or perceptibly humorous figures, like of Mickey Mouse or Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The vast majority of these will never be counted or recorded as individuals but as "Others" or "Scattered." Many states disallow write-in candidacies.[208]

Previously speculated

[edit]

The following individuals were the focus of presidential speculation as an independent candidate in multiple media reports during the 2016 election cycle.

Withdrew

[edit]

Declined

[edit]

Individuals listed in this section were the focus of media speculation as being possible 2016 presidential candidates but unequivocally ruled out an independent presidential bid in 2016.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Notes

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  1. ^ Having lost the Democratic primaries and endorsed Clinton, Sanders did not officially have a running mate. However, a faithless elector voted for Sanders as president and Warren as vice president.
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