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Leptopyrum

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Leptopyrum
Temporal range: 15.36–0 Ma Miocene – Recent
Leptopyrum fumarioides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Thalictroideae
Genus: Leptopyrum
Rchb.
Species:
L. fumarioides
Binomial name
Leptopyrum fumarioides
(L.) Rchb.
Synonyms[1]
  • Helleborus fumarioides (L.) Lam.
  • Isopyrum fumarioides L.
  • Isopyrum fumariifolium Salisb.
  • Leptopyrum generale E.H.L.Krause

Leptopyrum is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. The only species is Leptopyrum fumarioides, native to north and east Asia.[1]

Description

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Morphology

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Leptopyrum fumarioides is an annual[2] herbaceous plant growing to 8–30 cm (3–12 in) tall, with 4–9 (rarely as few as 2 or as many as 17) smooth, sparsely branched stems. The leaves are triangular-ovate and have stalks of 2.5–13 cm (1–5 in) length. The leaflets are rhombic in shape, with the central leaflet having a short stalk, and each leaflet divided into three unequal, narrow, teardrop-shaped lobes. The leaflet edges may be smooth or have small teeth. The flowers measure 3–5 mm in diameter with oval yellowish sepals 3–4.5 mm long and smooth petals 1 mm long. The stamens are around 3 mm in length and the anthers around 0.5 mm.[3]

Phytochemistry

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The previously unknown alkaloids leptopyrine[4] and leptofumarine[5] were isolated from the above-ground parts of the plant, as well as the known alkaloids protopine and thalifoline.[4]

Taxonomy

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Taxonomic history

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The species was initially described in the genus Isopyrum, as I. fumarioides, by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck disagreed with the attribution to Isopyrum and instead classified the plant in 1789 as a hellebore, Helleborus fumarioides.[1] In 1807, Richard Anthony Salisbury followed Linnaeus in assigning the plant to Isopyrum but renamed the species as I. fumariifolium (meaning "with leaves like fumitory").[6] Ludwig Reichenbach coined the now-accepted genus name Leptopyrum in 1828.[1]

Phylogeny

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Within the subfamily Thalictroideae, genetic analyses suggest Leptopyrum fumarioides forms a group with the genera Thalictrum, Paropyrum (a suggested new genus containing only Isopyrum anemonoides, separated from the possibly polyphyletic Isopyrum), and Paraquilegia. Within this group, Leptopyrum forms a sister clade to the other three genera.[7][8] Leptopyrum appears to have split from the other genera around 15.3 million years ago, in the mid-Miocene epoch.[8]

Etymology

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The generic name Leptopyrum means "slender grain" (referring to the fruits),[9] while the specific epithet fumarioides means "resembling Fumaria" (fumitory or fumewort).[10]

Distribution and habitat

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Leptopyrum fumarioides is native to Russia (Siberia, Amur Oblast, and Khabarovsk Krai), Kazakhstan, China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Xinjiang), Korea, and Mongolia.[1][11] It grows in forest margins, in grassy places, and by fields, at altitudes of 100–1,400 m (330–4,590 ft).[3]

Conservation

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As of December 2024, the genus has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List.[12]

Ecology

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Leptopyrum fumarioides flowers between May and July, and fruits between June and July.[3]

Pests and diseases

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The fungi Puccinia actaeae-agropyri and Sphaeropsis isopyri are known parasites of the species, forming pustules and spots on the leaves respectively.[13]

Uses

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Leptopyrum fumarioides has been used in traditional medicine in Mongolia and Tibet to treat fever, typhoid fever, increased blood pressure, liver, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, edema, and for treatment of various intoxications. Chemicals in the plant have been found to protect DNA from damage from catechol, probably by acting as potent antioxidants.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Rchb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Boldbaatar, Delgerbat; El-Seedi, Hesham R.; Findakly, Meriana; Jabri, Safa; Javzan, Batkhuu; Choidash, Battsetseg; Göransson, Ulf; Hellman, Björn (8 August 2014). "Antigenotoxic and antioxidant effects of the Mongolian medicinal plant Leptopyrum fumarioides (L): An in vitro study". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 155 (1): 599–606. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.005. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Dezhi, Fu; Robinson, Orbélia R. "Leptopyrum fumarioides". Flora of China. Vol. 6. Retrieved 16 December 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ a b Doncheva, Tsvetelina; Solongo, Amgalan; Kostova, Nadezhda; Yadamsuren, Gerelt-Od; Selenge, Dangaa; Philipov, Stefan (2015). "Leptopyrine, new alkaloid from Leptopyrum fumarioides L. (Ranunculaceae)". Natural Product Research. 29 (9): 853–856. doi:10.1080/14786419.2014.991322. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  5. ^ Solongo, Amgalan; Doncheva, Tsvetelina; Kostova, Nadezhda; Yadamsuren, Gerelt-Od; Philipov, Stefan; Ivanovska, Nina (2019). "Alkaloids from the aerial parts of Leptopyrum fumarioides express immunomodulatory activity". Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 22 (9): 1–9. doi:10.1080/10286020.2019.1666821. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  6. ^ Zimmer, George Frederick (1912). A Popular Dictionary of Botanical Names and Terms. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 44. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  7. ^ Wang, Wei; Zhi-Duan, Chen (2007). "Generic level phylogeny of Thalictroideae (Ranunculaceae) — implications for the taxonomic status of Paropyrum and petal evolution". Taxon. 56 (3): 811–821. doi:10.2307/25065863. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  8. ^ a b Ling, Yuan-Yuan; Peng, Huan-Wen; Lian, Lian; Andrey S., Erst; Xiang, Kun-Li; Wang, Wei (2024). "Out of and in East Asia: phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of Thalictroideae (Ranunculaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere". Annals of Botany. 20: 1–12. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae148. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  9. ^ Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304364695.
  10. ^ Gledhill, David (2006). The names of plants (4th. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521866456. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  11. ^ "Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Rchb". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  12. ^ "Ranunculaceae — family". IUCN Red List. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  13. ^ Ellis, W. N. "Leptopyrum fumarioides". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
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