Lake Rotomakariri
| Lake Rotomakariri | |
|---|---|
| Rotomakariri (Māori) | |
 Map of Mount Tarawera in 1888 with pre 1886 eruption features | |
  Lake Rotomakariri | |
| Location | North Island |
| Coordinates | 38°15′36″S 176°26′42″E / 38.26°S 176.445°E |
| Primary outflows | Awapurohe[1] |
| Basin countries | New Zealand |
| Max. length | 0.54 km (0.34 mi)[1] |
| Max. width | 0.27 km (0.17 mi)[1] |
| References | [1] |
| Lake Rotomakariri | |
|---|---|
| Naming | |
| Etymology | Cold Lake |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | volcanic crater lake |
| Rock type | basalt |
| Volcanic arc | Taupo Volcanic Zone |
| Last eruption | 1886 |
Lake Rotomakariri (From Māori: roto, meaning lake, and makariri, meaning cold) was a lake which formerly existed in the basin that is now occupied by Lake Rotomahana, in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand's North Island. The lake's name was in contrast to the nearby Lake Rotomahana, which prior to the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, was a shallower warm water lake. Prior to this eruption, Lake Rotomakariri sat in a shallow basin surrounded by marshes, draining into Lake Tarawera by Awapurohe Creek and Rotomahana's outflow of Kaiwaka Stream. The eruption of Mount Tarawera initially destroyed Lake Rotomakariri and its lakeside village with the loss of 19 lives, though water entering the new crater gradually refilled Lake Rotomakariri after volcanic activity subsided. As water accumulated over the decade after the eruption, Lake Rotomakariri was absorbed by the larger Lake Rotomahana, which eventually rose to about 36–48 m (118–157 ft) above its pre-eruption level due to the previous outflow of the basin being blocked by ashfall.
History
[edit]The Māori name Rotomakariri means cold water lake,[2][1] and was first used by Hochstetter.[3] This is in contrast to the larger warm lake Rotomahana just to its west on whose shores were the famous Pink and White Terraces that like all these features were destroyed or buried in the 1886 eruption.[1][4] The only high quality survey of the lake area before this eruption had been done by Hochstetter in 1859,[5] despite this area rapidly becoming a famous exotic geological tourist destination.[4] High quality pictures of the then Lake Rotomahana and associated tourist attractions were widely available in Europe by 1875.[6] The first Lake Rotomakariri was in a swampy vegetated location and the village of Waingōngongo on the lake shore was destroyed in the 1886 eruption with the loss of 19 lives.[7][8]
The first official survey was done in 1887 after the eruption and this mapping showed a new cold water lake, also called Rotomakariri well to the east of the previous lake, in a new Rotomahana crater.[9] Pictures of this new and temporary Lake Rotomakariri in a rather desolate landscape of the fresh eruptives exist.[10][11] In due course Lake Rotomahana expanded again to ten times its previous area to occupy much of a crater produced by the 1886 eruption.[12] This expansion has drowned the positions occupied by both the old and new Lake Rotomakariri, as the present Lake Rotomahana is 35–37 m (115–121 ft) above the old Lake Rotomahana according to one source,[12] and 48 m (157 ft) according to another.[13]
Geography
[edit]The old Lake Rotomakariri had swampy surrounds and was to the east of the White Terrace and the old Lake Rotomahana, between Lake Rotomahana and Mount Tarawera.[14][15] The shape of the lake varies from the original 1859 map in later versions of the same map, and it seems most likely that the old Lake Rotomakariri was an ovoid orientated north-south as this was how it was sketched in 1859 and immediately after the eruption.[5][1] It drained via a creek called Awapurohe (Māori)[1] into the Kaiwaka Stream.[1] This stream drained mainly Lake Rotomahana and was quite swift, so canoes had to be poled up it from Lake Tarawera.[16] It had a fall of 12 m (39 ft) in 1.6 km (0.99 mi).[16] On the north-eastern lake shore was the village of Waingōngongo.[7][8] The old Lake Rotomakariri was only 0.54 km (0.34 mi) long.[1] There were several other small ponds or lakes to the east of Lake Rotomakariri towards Mount Tarawera, with Hochstetter showing an unnamed one to the east and to the south east a Lake Rangarua Tapu.[14] European accounts gave a lake to the east, the name Green Lake, which, as many have had the same name in the locality over time, is almost meaningless.[17] The present Green Lake to the east, occupying an explosion crater near the south-east shore of Lake Rotomahana did not exist prior to 1886.[17] After the eruption which totally destroyed the old lake, a new lake formed in the most western part of the new Rotomahana crater, and this larger lake was called during its roughly decade of existence, the new Lake Rotomakariri.[9]
Geology
[edit]The area of the lake and the old Lake Rotomahana were volcanic as part of the Ōkataina Caldera and occupied an area that later became a vent of the 1886 eruption. There were some sinter cones near the lake.[1] As the deepest part of the post eruption crater (and lake) is where the old Lake Rotomakariri was, part of the vent is likely to have been under it.[18] However one interpretation of Hochstetter's original 1859 map's coordinates used to conjecture that some of the White Terrace might be buried rather than destroyed, would have put some of the old Lake Rotmakariri covered under a built up new Rotomahana crater rim today.[19] Such an interpretation does not fit that well with the geological processes assumed to have occurred that erupted lake type mud deposits. The volcanics before the eruption were likely of rhyolite origin but after the eruption would have had new basaltic components.[20] One or other of these lakes is the likely origin of shells of water-snails found, in a sample of fresh ash from Tauranga, and in an ash sample from Cape Runaway.[21] The eruption accordingly likely both destroyed features, but could have covered them in eruptives which are meters thick. The depth of some of these eruptives is such that the present Lake Rotomahana has now no surface drainage to Lake Tarawera and is separated from it by a ridge rather than the former stream bed which all agree is buried by them. The mud from at least one of the two main old lakes was distributed to the northwest and for a period provided richer, healthier farmland as the basalt component contains more cobalt than cobalt poor rhyolite and this deficiency issue was not understood until many years later.[22]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thomas 1888, p. 26
- ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 19 August 2023.
- ^ Hochstetter, Ferdinand (1867). New Zealand. Stuttgart: Cotta. pp. 393–394.
- ^ a b Bunn 2023, pp. 1–3
- ^ a b Bunn 2019, p. 30, Figure 1
- ^ Mundy, Daniel Louis; von Hochstetter, Ferdinand (1875). "Rotomahana; and the boiling springs of New Zealand". Sampson Low, Marston Low, and Searle, Crown buildings, Fleet Street. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ^ a b Lowe, Kearn & Lee 2001, p20
- ^ a b Lowe, Newnham & McCraw 2003, pp. 141–144, Tarawera eruption
- ^ a b "Tarawera Eruption Map Showing the Great Fissure and Points of Eruption". Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Lake Rotomakariri". Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Plate No 9. — The New Lake—"Rotomakariri" — Within the Great Fissure-Looking South-west. (From a photo C. Spencer)". Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ a b Bunn 2023, p. 5
- ^ de Ronde, Caratori Tontini & Keam 2018, pp. 41–43
- ^ a b Bunn 2023, FIGURE 2 Map of Lake Rotomahana from the English edition of Hochstetter & Petermann’s Geological and Topographical Atlas of New Zealand, showing streams entering and leaving the lakes.
- ^ Furst, Hurst & Scott 2014, Figure 1: Map of Tarawera area showing locations of the main craters of the 10 June 1886 fissure eruption across Tarawera Volcanic Complex, Rotomahana Crater (including pre-eruption lakes Rotomahana and Rotomakariri), and Waimangu craters (after Lowe et al., 2002).
- ^ a b Bunn 2023, p. 11, Section 3.2.2.1 Pre-eruption Kaiwaka
- ^ a b Bunn 2023, p. 15, 3.3.2 Lake Rotomakariri
- ^ de Ronde, Caratori Tontini & Keam 2018, p. 44, Figure 1.High resolution (0.5 m) bathymetric maps of Lake Rotomahana
- ^ Bunn 2019, p. 34, Figure 7
- ^ Berryman et al. 2022, p. 4
- ^ Thomas 1888, p. 60
- ^ Cole 1970, p. 900
Sources
[edit]- Thomas, A. P. W. (1888). Report on the Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana, N.Z. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- Bunn, A. Rex (2023). "Resolving the 1886 White Terraces riddle in the Taupō Volcanic Zone". Frontiers in Earth Science. 11. Bibcode:2023FrEaS..1107148B. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1007148.
- Furst, Severine; Hurst, Tony; Scott, Bradley (2014). Variations of the Inferno Crater Lake cycles, insights from new data. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022-07-01). "Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107552. Bibcode:2022JVGR..42707552B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552. hdl:2292/59681. S2CID 248111450.
- Lowe, David J; Kearn, Ron; Lee, Daphne (2001). "How Many Deaths Were Caused by the TaraweraEruption?" (PDF). Geological Society of New Zealand Newsletter. 126: 18–20. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- Lowe, DJ; Newnham, RM; McCraw, JD (2003). Grattan, John; Torrence, Robin (eds.). Chapter 45 Volcanism and early Maori society in New Zealand in Natural disasters and cultural change. Routledge. pp. 126–61. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- de Ronde, Cornel E. J.; Caratori Tontini, Fabio; Keam, Ronald F. (2018) [Published online: 31 Jul 2018]. "Where are the Pink and White Terraces of Lake Rotomahana?". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 49: 36–59. doi:10.1080/03036758.2018.1474479. S2CID 134563209.
- Cole, J. W. (1970). "Structure and eruptive history of the Tarawera Volcanic Complex". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 13 (4): 879–902. Bibcode:1970NZJGG..13..879C. doi:10.1080/00288306.1970.10418208.
- Bunn, Rex (2019). "Surveying+Spatial September 2019 : Survey Spatial New Zealand". www.surveyspatialnz.org. pp. 30–35. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
External links
[edit]- Contains Figure 1 Hochstetter’s method-of-squares map 1859 of old Lake Rotomahana, which is only surveyed map pre-1886 not subject to other's artistic license
- An undated picture labelled as showing Lake Rotomakariri in foreground. It is believed to be post 1886 but before 1896 due to the presence of fresh eruptives, absence of surrounding swamp, and Mount Tarawera with current fissure behind.
- Map of Tarawera area showing locations of the main craters of the 10 June 1886 fissure eruption across Tarawera Volcanic Complex, Rotomahana Crater (including pre-eruption lakes Rotomahana and Rotomakariri), and Waimangu craters (after Lowe et al., 2002). Locations of villages and associated fatalities (numbers in parentheses) are based on Keam (1988)