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LGBTQ history in Michigan

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1700s

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From 1660 to 1763, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of New France, which included France's laws making sodomy a capital offense. In 1763, Michigan was transferred to Great Britain's Indian Reserve and adopted British buggery statute that mandated a sentence of death for male-male buggery. The Quebec Act of 1774 incorporated Michigan into the Province of Quebec. When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada. In 1796, under terms negotiated in the 1794 Jay Treaty, Britain withdrew from Michigan and it was adopted into the Northwest Territory. The Northwest Territory had adopted a statute in 1795 that received all of the common law of England as well as all English statutes adopted prior to the English settlement of North America in 1607. This included the English buggery statute that mandated a sentence of death for male-male buggery.

1800s

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In 1800, Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. None of the original laws of the Territory is known to exist today.

In 1805, most of Michigan became a separate territory and enacted its own criminal code. It made no reference to sodomy. In 1809, a part of Michigan became part of the Illinois Territory, which adopted a statute of all laws of the Indiana Territory. This included penalty of up to five years in prison, a fine of $100–$500, and up to 500 lashes for sodomy.

In 1810, the Michigan Territory decided to go its own way with law, enacting a statute that abrogated all laws of Great Britain, Canada, French, the Northwest Territory, the Indiana Territory, and all laws enacted by itself between specified dates in 1807 and 1810. It is unclear from the missing Code of 1800 if this law or a similar one had been in force in Michigan, but, if so, it was repealed as of this date.

The first official prohibition of sodomy occurred in 1816, when a new criminal code weighed sodomy as being of lesser heinous effect than murder, manslaughter, and treason and ahead of rape. The penalty was decreed as an unspecified fine and solitary imprisonment at hard labor for up to 21 years. In 1818, all of Michigan was incorporated into the Michigan Territory. In 1820, added a new code which specified the fine for sodomy at a maximum of $300 and reduced the maximum penalty to three years, still at solitary hard labor.

In 1846, a new code of laws adopted the penalty for sodomy was raised to a maximum of 15 years, and the provision for a fine was eliminated. The legislature did not retain the language about the crime being complete upon penetration only.

In 1892, the first sodomy trial to go to the Michigan Supreme Court was People v. Graney, which upheld a sodomy conviction on appeal. Later in 1892, the Michigan Supreme Court decided People v. Hodgkin, where the court decided that the failure of the legislature to retain the language about penetration completing an act of sodomy in the 1846 code meant that proof of emission had to be established in order to convict.

In 1897, Michigan enacted a unique ancillary law that prohibited the debauching of boys, which had two separate sections dealt with female and male violators.

1900–1970

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In 1903, a "gross indecency" law was enacted by the Michigan Legislature, further criminalizing non-heterosexual activity.

In 1922, the Michigan Supreme Court upheld the gross indecency law in the case of People v. Carey.

In 1923, the sodomy law was amended to eliminate the need to prove emission of semen to prove the crime.

In 1931, the crimes against nature sodomy law was amended to add that even the slightest penetration was sufficient to complete the crime. The gross indecency law was changed to lower the maximum fine from $5,000 to $2,500.

In 1935, Michigan became the first state in the nation to enact a "psychopathic offender" law. The law established a procedure to refer those convicted of "indecent crimes" to state hospitals if certain criteria were met. The indecent crimes included not only sodomy and gross indecency, but also "indecent language in the presence or hearing of any woman or child," "any disorderly conduct involving sex," or "any other crime or offense of like nature."

In 1936, the Michigan Supreme Court, in the case of People v. Schmitt, ruled that the term "crime against nature" did not embrace fellatio and that the latter crime could be prosecuted only under the "gross indecency" law, which provided a maximum penalty of five years in prison, versus the 15 years for the sodomy law.

In 1938, the Michigan Supreme Court, in a 5-3 vote, found in the case of People v. Frontczak, that the psychopathic offender law was unconstitutional.

In 1939, the "gross indecency" law was expanded to cover two females and a male and a female and the psychopathic offender law was rewritten to get around the objections of the court. The specific reference to sodomy and gross indecency and all references to sex degenerates and sex perverts disappeared from the law and were replaced by those "with criminal propensities to the commission of sex offenses."

The 1960s saw a continuation of the firing and ostracism of homosexual residents in Michigan as an aftereffect of McCarthyism.

In 1965, Michigan enacted a law permitting any person convicted of most crimes, including sodomy and gross indecency, prior to turning 21 years old to have judgement of conviction set aside if requested five years or more after conviction and if the person had been convicted on not more than one offense. A judge was permitted to enter such an order if "the circumstances and behavior of the applicant" warranted it.

In 1967, the Michigan Court of Appeals, deciding the case of People v. Askar, ruled that the sodomy law applied to heterosexuals.

The constitutionality of the sodomy law was upheld by the Court of Appeals in 1968 in People v. Green. Also in 1968, the psychopathic offender law was repealing it outright.

1970–1979

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Organized activism

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January 15, 1970, is regarded as the beginning of organized LGBT rights activism in Michigan. Following the Stonewall riots six months before, a "Gay Meeting" was advertised to be held at the St. Joseph's Episcopal Church in Detroit, a church which was known to be sociopolitically liberal in its orientation. The meeting attracted people from as far as Ann Arbor, and led to the foundation of the Detroit Gay Liberation Movement, of which then-organist of St. Joseph's Jim Toy was a founding member. Toy also helped start an Ann Arbor chapter in March of that year, and came out as gay at an anti-Vietnam War rally in April. Gayle Rubin, also a resident of Ann Arbor at the time, helped establish a group for lesbians in the local area.[1]

On March 17, 1970, the University of Michigan chapter of the Gay Liberation Front was established by Jim Toy. In September 1971, Toy, a graduate of the University of Michigan, co-founded with Cynthia Gair the Human Sexuality Office (HSO) (later Lesbian-Gay Male Programs Office (LGMPO) and currently the Spectrum Center) at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, which was one of the first LGBT student centers ever established in the United States.[2] He was appointed to the Diocesan Commission on Homosexuality in 1971 by Bishop Richard Emrich of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan; the group published the Report & Recommendations of the Commission on Homosexuality (1973), one of the earliest church documents in this country to support the concerns of lesbian and gay people.

The 1976 case of People v. Howell left a legal puzzle. Two of the eight members of the Michigan Supreme Court did not sit. The remaining six split 3-3 on the question of the constitutionality of the gross indecency law as applied to private, consensual activity between males, although the opinion of the court reads as though the decision went in favor of the striking of the law.

Local level anti-discrimination ordinances (1972–present)

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The East Lansing chapter of the Gay Liberation Movement (now the Alliance of Queer and Ally Students) was formed on the campus of Michigan State University. It protested continued firings of openly gay city workers and successfully pressured the East Lansing City Council to pass the first-ever anti-discrimination ordinance inclusive of sexual orientation in U.S. history on March 7, 1972.[3]

The April 1972 election of Jerry DeGrieck and Nancy Wechsler to the Ann Arbor city council on the Human Rights Party ticket would signal changes for LGBT rights in the state. The first-ever "Lesbian-Gay Pride Week Proclamation" by any government body in the country was issued by the city council in June. The groundbreaking Ann Arbor anti-discrimination ordinance passed by the council following the election was amended by December 1972 to include sexual orientation, making Ann Arbor the second city in the state to pass an LGBT-inclusive anti-discrimination ordinance. Both the proclamation and amendment were co-authored by Jim Toy.

Both Wechsler and DeGrieck came out as homosexual during their terms on city council, thus becoming the first openly homosexual public-office holders in the United States. When Wechsler declined to run for reelection in 1974, her seat was won by HRP candidate Kathy Kozachenko, who became the country's first openly gay or lesbian candidate to win public office.

Map of cities and counties that have sexual orientation and/or gender identity anti–employment discrimination ordinances
  Sexual orientation and gender identity with anti–employment discrimination ordinance
  Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment
  Sexual orientation and gender identity solely in public employment1
1Ingham, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties also prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity in government employment.
Municipality Sexual
orientation 		Gender
identity 		Employment
protections 		Housing
protections 		Date
Adrian Yes Yes Yes Yes April 21, 2014[4]
Albion Yes Yes Yes Yes 2015[5][6]
Ann Arbor Yes[note 1] Yes (1999)[8] Yes Yes July 1972[9][7][10]
Battle Creek Yes Yes Yes Yes September 3, 2013[11]
Bay City Yes Yes Yes Yes 2016[12]
Birmingham Yes No No Yes 1992[13]
Buchanan Yes Yes Yes Yes June 10, 2019[14]
Cadillac Yes Yes Yes Yes September 17, 2018[15]
Canton Township Yes Yes Yes Yes June 11, 2014[16]
Chelsea Yes Yes Yes Yes 2016[5]
Dearborn Heights Yes Yes Yes Yes 2006[13]
Delhi Township Yes Yes Yes Yes October 1, 2013[17]
Delta Township Yes Yes Yes Yes October 21, 2013[18]
Detroit Yes Yes (2008) Yes Yes 1979[10][8][13]
Douglas Yes Yes Yes Yes 1995[13]
East Grand Rapids Yes Yes Yes Yes March 26, 2015[19]
East Lansing Yes[note 2] Yes (2005)[8] Yes Yes (1986)[9] March 7, 1972[20]
Farmington Hills Yes Yes Yes Yes 2014[5]
Fenton Yes Yes Yes Yes June 9, 2014[21][22]
Ferndale Yes[note 3] Yes Yes Yes 2006[10][8][13]
Flint Yes No[note 4] No Yes 1990[13]
Grand Ledge Yes No Yes Yes 2000[13]
Grand Rapids Yes Yes Yes Yes 1994[8][13]
Holland Yes Yes Yes Yes August 19, 2020[25]
Howell Yes Yes Yes Yes 2016[5]
Huntington Woods Yes[note 5] Yes Yes Yes 2001[13]
Jackson Yes Yes Yes Yes 2017[5]
Kalamazoo Yes[note 6] Yes Yes Yes 2009[8][13]
Kalamazoo Township Yes Yes Yes Yes July 22, 2013[27]
Lake Orion Yes Yes Yes Yes 2016[28]
Lansing Yes Yes Yes Yes 2006[10][8][13]
Lathrup Village Yes Yes Yes Yes February 24, 2014[29]
Linden Yes Yes Yes Yes September 12, 2013[30]
Marquette Yes Yes Yes Yes December 14, 2015[31]
Meridian Township Yes Yes No Yes July 10, 2013[32]
Mount Pleasant Yes Yes Yes Yes July 9, 2012[33][24][34][35]
Muskegon Yes Yes Yes Yes March 12, 2012[24][36]
Oshtemo Township Yes Yes Yes Yes August 27, 2013[37]
Pleasant Ridge Yes[note 7] Yes Yes Yes March 4, 2013[23]
Portage Yes Yes Yes Yes 2016[5]
Royal Oak Yes[note 8] Yes Yes Yes November 5, 2013[38]
Saginaw Yes No No Yes 1984[13]
Saint Joseph Yes Yes Yes Yes March 11, 2019[39]
Saline Yes Yes Yes Yes March 5, 2018[40]
Saugatuck Yes Yes Yes Yes 2007[8][13]
Saugatuck Township Yes Yes Yes Yes 2007[13]
Southfield Yes Yes Yes Yes 2015[5]
Traverse City Yes[note 9] Yes Yes Yes October 4, 2010[41]
Trenton Yes Yes Yes Yes November 12, 2013[43]
Union Township Yes Yes Yes Yes October 11, 2012[24][33]
Wayland Yes Yes Yes Yes 2015[5]
Ypsilanti Yes Yes Yes Yes 1997[8][13]

Notes:

  1. ^ While East Lansing was the first community in the United States to enact civil rights protections that included sexual orientation, Ann Arbor was the first to pass comprehensive protections that included employment, housing, and public accommodations.[7]
  2. ^ East Lansing was the first community in the United States to enact civil rights protections that included sexual orientation.[20]
  3. ^ Ferndale voters passed the measure in 2006 after three voter referendums since the time it was first proposed in 1991.[23]
  4. ^ An ordinance expanding its non-discrimination ordinance was passed in 2012. However, when the Emergency Financial Manager (EFM) law was voted down statewide, all ordinances enacted in Flint by the EMF were removed, including the non-discrimination ordinance. Their previous non-discrimination ordinance is still in effect, but the gender identity component is not.[24]
  5. ^ In 2001, the City Council approved the measure, but opponents gathered enough signatures to force a citywide ballot question on the ordinance. In November 2001, voters then approved the measure, 1,982 to 896.[26]
  6. ^ The ordinance was first passed in December 2008. It was repealed in January 2009 when opponents submitted petitions to force a public vote. The city drafted language that offered a compromise, including the exemption for religious organizations. The City Council voted unanimously in June 2009 to pass it. Groups opposed to including sexual orientation and gender identity in the ordinance again submitted petitions — 1,273 signatures were needed, 2,088 were gathered. On November 4, 2009, the ordinance was upheld with 7,671 people voting “yes” and 4,731 voting “no” — 60% to 37%.[13]
  7. ^ On March 4, 2013 the Pleasant Ridge City Commission passed a human rights ordinance in a 6–1 vote which included sexual orientation. On April 9, 2013, the Commission voted unanimously to also prohibits biases based on HIV status and gender identity.[23]
  8. ^ In March 2013, the Royal Oak City Commission voted 6-1 to enact a human rights ordinance inclusive of gender identity and sexual orientation. Opponents collected more than 1,000 petition signatures to override the commission’s vote and put the issue before Royal Oak voters in the November 2013 election. Royal Oak voters rejected a similar human rights ordinance in 2001 by a 2-1 margin, but passed the ordinance in 2013 by a margin of 6,654 votes for and 5,670 votes against the measure.[38]
  9. ^ On October 4, 2011, the Traverse City Commission approved the measure to prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.[41] Opponents of the law collected signatures to require a referendum. On November 8, 2011, Traverse City residents voted 63% to 37% in favor of retaining the city ordinance.[42]

1980–1989

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In 1983, House Bill 5000 was introduced, the first to seek adding "sexual orientation" to the state's Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, co-sponsored by Republican representative Jim Dressel, who later came out as gay.

In 1987, in People v. Kalchik, the Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of the gross indecency law, but still overturned the conviction.

In another case from 1989, People v. Lynch, another Court of Appeals panel decided to follow Howell that consenting adults could not be prosecuted under the gross indecency law, but allowed the conviction to stand because it occurred in a public restroom.

1990–1999

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Michigan's crime against nature and gross indecency laws was briefly overturned in Wayne County by Michigan Organization for Human Rights v. Kelley when MOHR won the case in Michigan's Wayne County Circuit Court on July 9, 1990.[44] While the state did not appeal the ruling, the laws was upheld, in a 10-3 vote, by the Michigan Court of Appeals, in People v. Brashier on December 29, 1992, effectively reversing MOHR v. Kelly.[45][46]

In 1991, the Ann Arbor City Council unanimously enacts the first domestic partnership ordinance in the state.

In 1994, the Michigan Supreme Court, by a 5-3 vote, ruled that the Court of Appeals erred in Brashier in deciding that "gross indecency" could be decided by triers of fact under a "common sense of the community."

In June 1996, the Michigan House of Representatives voted 88-14 to ban same-sex marriage in the state, while the Michigan State Senate voted 31-2 in favor of the ban. Also in June, the Michigan House also approved, in a 74-28 vote, a bill banning recognition of out of state-same-sex marriages. The Michigan Senate also approved of this bill.[47][48] Both bills where signed into law by Governor John Engler.

2000–2009

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In 2001, after the arrest of a Detroit state judge for exposing himself in a restroom, County Prosecutor Mike Duggan announced that "[w]e are not going to charge and prosecute consenting adults."

In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas invalidated all laws against consensual sodomy throughout the United States. However, the law has not been formally repealed by the Michigan Legislature as of present. On December 23, 2003, Governor Jennifer Granholm issues an executive order prohibited employment discrimination in public sector employment on the basis of sexual orientation.[49]

In 2004, voters approved a constitutional amendment, Michigan State Proposal – 04-2, that banned same-sex marriage and civil unions in the state. It passed with 58.6% of the vote. The Michigan Supreme Court later ruled that public employers in Michigan would not be legally allowed to grant domestic partnership benefits based on the recently passed measure.[50]

On November 22, 2007, Governor Jennifer Granholm extended her executive order to include gender identity.[51] This executive order would be extended under Governor Rick Snyder.

2010–present

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On September 15, 2011, the Michigan House of Representatives, in a 64-44 vote, approved of a bill that would banned most public employers, though not colleges and universities, from offering health benefits to the domestic partners of their employees. It did not extend to workers whose benefits are established by the Michigan Civil Service Commission. On December 7, 2011, the Michigan State Senate, in a 27-9 vote, approved of the bill. On December 22, 2011, Governor Rick Snyder signed the bill into effect.[52]

On January 23, 2012, a lesbian couple filed a lawsuit known as DeBoer v. Snyder in federal district court, challenging the state's ban on adoption by same-sex couples so they can jointly adopt their children. In December 2012, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that the state's courts have jurisdiction to grant second parent adoptions by same-sex couples. The ruling stopped short of offering an interpretation of the code to allow for courts to grant such adoptions.[53]

On March 14, 2013, the Michigan State Senate passed, by a 37-0 vote, an emergency harbor dredging funding bill that made private marinas ineligible for a new loan program if they discriminate based on sexual orientation. On March 20, 2013, the Michigan House of Representatives passed the bill by a vote of 106-4. On March 27, 2013, Governor Rick Snyder signed an emergency harbor dredging funding bill that made private marinas ineligible for a new loan program if they discriminate based on sexual orientation.[54][55]

On June 28, 2013, U.S. District Judge David M. Lawson issued a preliminary injunction blocking the state from enforcing its law banning local governments and school districts from offering health benefits to their employees' domestic partners.[56][57]

The state of Michigan legalized same-sex marriage on March 21, 2014, when U.S. District Judge Bernard Friedman struck down the state's ban, finding it unconstitutional. Attorney General Bill Schuette filed for an emergency stay.[58] In the interim, gay and lesbian couples began to apply for licenses and marry as early as the morning of Saturday, March 22, 2014, when the clerks' offices opened.[59] That same day the appeals court imposed a stay in the case until March 26.[60]

In March 2023, the Governor of Michigan signed a bill into law that passed both houses of the Michigan Legislature in the same month - formally codifies both sexual orientation and gender identity into civil rights laws and preventing LGBT discrimination against individuals within Michigan.[61]

LGBT people from Michigan

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  • Forman Brown (born in Otsego), one of the world's leaders in puppet theatre in his day, as well as an important early gay novelist
  • Cookie Buffet (born in Ann Arbor), drag queen, gay rights activist
  • David Burtka (born in Dearborn), actor and chef
  • Lynn Conway, computer scientist and trans activist
  • James K. Dressel, state representative in the Michigan legislature in the late 1970s and early 1980s
  • Ruth Ellis, activist and inspiration for Ruth Ellis Center
  • Feloni, rapper
  • Marilyn Frye, feminist theorist, teaches feminist philosophy, metaphysics, and philosophy of language at Michigan State University since 1974
  • LZ Granderson (born in Detroit), journalist and commentator
  • David M. Halperin, scholar
  • Quentin Harris (born in Detroit), house music producer, remixer and DJ
  • James Leo Herlihy (born in Detroit), novelist, playwright and actor.
  • Holly Hughes, (born in Saginaw), performance artist
  • Chris Kolb (born in Ann Arbor), former member of the Michigan State House of Representatives for the 53rd district
  • Lisa Kron (born in Ann Arbor), actress, playwright.
  • Kathy Kozachenko, won a seat on the Ann Arbor City Council in 1972, first openly gay or lesbian candidate to run successfully for political office in the United States
  • Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, author, scholar, and performer
  • W. Dorr Legg, trained as a landscape architect at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, one of the founders of the United States gay rights movement
  • Holly Miranda, singer-songwriter and musician
  • Peter McWilliams (born in Allen Park), writer and self-publisher of best-selling self-help books
  • Gary Miller, conductor, graduated from University of Michigan with a Master of Music in choral conducting
  • Jeffrey Montgomery (born in Detroit), activist and co-founder of Triangle Foundation (now Equality Michigan)
  • Steven Piziks, novelist
  • Charles Pugh (born in Detroit), television journalist, radio personality and politician best known for his work at WJBK in Detroit from 1999 to 2009, elected council president of Detroit City Council in 2009
  • Alma Routsong, poet
  • Gayle Rubin, scholar
  • Nate Silver (born East Lansing), statistician and writer who analyzes in-game baseball activity and elections
  • Jon Stryker, architect, philanthropist and activist for social and environmental causes
  • Jim Toy, co-author of the first official "Lesbian-Gay Pride Week Proclamation" in U.S. history (in Ann Arbor), founded the Spectrum Center at the University of Michigan

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rostom Mesli and Brian Whitener. "The Flame, the Gay Bar of Ann Arbor, MI, 1949–1998". OutHistory.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  2. ^ Jim Toy (November 17, 2011). "How America's First Campus Center For Gay And Lesbian Issues Was Founded". Huffington Post.
  3. ^ "East Lansing Marks 40th Anniversary of Gay Rights Ordinance". WKAR. March 6, 2012.
  4. ^ "33rd Michigan City Adds LGBT Nondiscrimination Protections". Unity Michigan. June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Two Michigan Cities Pass Nondiscrimination Ordinances
  6. ^ Ordinance #2015-04
  7. ^ a b Cosentino, Lawrence (March 7, 2012). "A gay rights first". lansingcitypulse.com. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Cities and Counties with Non-Discrimination Ordinances that Include Gender Identity". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  9. ^ a b Michigan Department of Civil Rights (January 28, 2013). "MDCR Report on LGBT Inclusion under Michigan Law With Recommendations for Action" (PDF). michigan.gov. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d "Municipal Equality Index". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  11. ^ "Battle Creek, Mich., bars anti-LGBT discrimination in housing, employment". LGBTQ Nation. Battle Creek, MI. September 6, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  12. ^ Munguia, Jesi (April 19, 2016). "Bay City Officials Approve Anti-Discrimination Ordinance". 9&10 News.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Manwell, Annette (June 18, 2011). "Holland could face long battle over human rights changes". The Holland Sentinel. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  14. ^ "City of Buchanan Commission Minutes: June 10, 2019". CityofBuchanan.com. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  15. ^ "Cadillac passes anti-discrimination law". Cadillac News. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  16. ^ "Canton board adopts equal rights rules, draws praise". Hometownlife.com. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  17. ^ Kangas, Will (October 4, 2013). "Delhi Township OKs law banning discrimination based on sexual preference". Lansing State Journal. Delhi Township, Michigan. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  18. ^ Khalil, Joe (October 21, 2013). "Anti-Discriminatory Ordinance Passes in Delta Township". Delta Township, Michigan: WLNS-TV. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  19. ^ "East Grand Rapids adds LGBT clause to law". Associated Press. Detroit Free Press. March 17, 2015.
  20. ^ a b Millich, Gretchen (March 6, 2012). "East Lansing Marks 40th Anniversary of Gay Rights Ordinance". WKAR-FM. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  21. ^ "Fenton bans discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". mlive.com. June 9, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  22. ^ MLive.com File Photo (June 5, 2014). "Fenton considers ordinance banning discrimination based on sexual orientation". Mlive.com. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c Kavanaugh, Catherine (September 3, 2013). "Pleasant Ridge human rights law takes effect". The Oakland Press. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  24. ^ a b c d Proxmire, Crystal A. (January 10, 2013). "Non Discrimination Ordinances Spread Equality City by City". Between the Lines. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  25. ^ Muskens, Carolyn. "Holland adopts anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ, others". Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  26. ^ T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich (2003). Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 182. ISBN 1551113341.
  27. ^ Monacelli, Emily (July 22, 2013). "Non-discrimination ordinance passed in 6-0 vote by Kalamazoo Township board". Kalamazoo Gazette. Kalamazoo Township, Michigan. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  28. ^ Thelen, Georgia (September 29, 2016). "Lake Orion Village votes 4-3 in favor of passing LGBTQ Ordinance". The Lake Orion Review.
  29. ^ "Lathrup Village adds gay rights to anti-bias law". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. February 25, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  30. ^ Aldridge, Chris (September 12, 2013). "Linden enacts ordinance protecting residents from discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity". MLive.com. Linden, MI. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  31. ^ Walton, Nicole (December 15, 2015). "Anti-discrimination ordinance passed by Marquette City Commission". wnmufm.org. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  32. ^ "Meridian Township Adopts Inclusive Policies". Between the Lines. July 18, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  33. ^ a b "Union Township adopts 'human rights' law". The Morning Sun. October 12, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  34. ^ "Ordinance No. 973" (PDF). City of Mount Pleasant. Retrieved August 20, 2012. The City intends that no individual be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his or her civil rights or be discriminated against because of his or her [...] sexual orientation or gender identity.
  35. ^ Pomber, Phil (July 10, 2012). "Mount Pleasant approves anti-discrimination law at Monday City Commission meeting". Central Michigan Life. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  36. ^ Alexander, Dave (March 12, 2012). "Lesbian-gay anti-discrimination policy accepted by Muskegon City Commission". Michigan Live LLC. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  37. ^ Wilcox, Fran (August 27, 2013). "Oshtemo Township adopts non-discrimination ordinance". The Kalamazoo Gazette. Oshtemo Township, Michigan. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  38. ^ a b AlHajal, Khalil (November 5, 2013). "Gay rights ordinance passes in Royal Oak". Michigan Live. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  39. ^ Matuszak, John (March 12, 2019). "St. Joseph approves LGBT non-discrimination ordinance". The Herald-Palladium. Saint Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  40. ^ City of Saline Passes Non Discrimination Ordinance
  41. ^ a b Bukowski, Art (October 5, 2010). "TC approves anti-discrimination ordinance". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Traverse City, Michigan. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  42. ^ "Traverse City voters approve gay-rights law". The Morning Sun. Traverse City, Michigan. Associated Press. April 27, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  43. ^ "Ordinance 777" (PDF). City of Trenton. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  44. ^ Michigan Organization for Human Rights v. Kelley, 88–815820 CZ slip op. (Mich. 3rd Cir. Ct. July 9, 1990).
  45. ^ "Sodomy Laws: Michigan". Gay & Lesbian Archives of the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  46. ^ People v. Brashier, 496 NW 2d 385 (Mich. App. December 29, 1992).
  47. ^ "House OK's ban on gay marriages". May 29, 1996. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  48. ^ "State Senate OK's gay marriage, sends bill to Engler". June 6, 1996. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  49. ^ "EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE No. 2003-24". Michigan.gov. June 1, 2005. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  50. ^ "Michigan domestic partnerships". Findarticles.com. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  51. ^ "Michigan Broadens Discrimination Protections (Published 2007)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018.
  52. ^ "House Bill 4770 (2011)". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  53. ^ "ACLU Praises Appeals Court Decision on Same-Sex Second-Parent Adoption, December 13, 2012". ACLU. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  54. ^ "Senate Bill 0252 (2013)". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  55. ^ "Harbor Dredging Law Includes LGBT Protections". ipr.interlochen.org. March 29, 2013. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  56. ^ White, Ed (June 28, 2013). "Mich. ban on domestic partner benefits blocked". Pioneer Press. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  57. ^ Lederman, Marty (July 1, 2013). "After Windsor: Michigan same-sex partners benefits suit advances". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  58. ^ "Judge strikes down Michigan ban on gay marriage; state asks for a stay". Detroit Free Press Freep.com. March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  59. ^ "Michigan's 1st Gay Marriage License Issued". ABC News ABCnews.go.com. March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  60. ^ "Michigan gay marriages could fall into legal limbo". USA Today. March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  61. ^ "Michigan adds LGBTQ protections to anti-discrimination law". Associated Press. March 16, 2023.
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