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The Language Environment Analysis (LENA) System is a nonprofit organization that created a technology system consisting of a LENA device, patented processing software, and secure, cloud-based data access.[1] LENA technology contributes to the foundation of programs aimed at increasing interactive talk between children and caregivers, which are implemented by community organizations worldwide.

The LENA System is also used by researchers at universities such as Harvard, MIT, Brown University and Stanford University, hospitals, and other research institutions, where it has been used to study subjects such as how language builds children's brains,[2] autism,[3] child language acquisition,[4] and communication in deaf and hard of hearing families.[5]

History

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The LENA Research Foundation, a nonprofit organization, was created in 2009 through a donation of assets of Infoture Inc. by Terrance "Terry" and Judith "Judi" Paul, who were also majority owners of Renaissance Learning Inc. (RLI).

As the founder of Renaissance Learning, Terry Paul became familiar with the achievement gap caused by differences in home language environments. In 1998 he read Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Lives of Young American Children by Betty Hart, Ph.D., and Todd Risley, Ph.D. Based on data gathered through an intensive longitudinal study, Meaningful Differences revealed that the number of adult words spoken to children from birth to three predicted almost all of the variance in the children's language ability and IQ at age three.[6][7]

In 2004 Terry started Infoture, Inc. and hired a team to conduct research and development work for the LENA System. Infoture launched a pilot version of the LENA System in February 2006. In February 2009 the Pauls donated the assets from Infoture and a gift of $2 million to create the LENA Research Foundation, a nonprofit organization.[8] In January 2018, the organization changed its name to LENA and adopted the tagline "Building brains through early talk."[9]

Philosophy

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LENA's organizational goals are based on science that shows that the more talk and conversational engagements a child experiences in the first four years of life, the better off he or she will be in academics and society. This is based on research from Harvard University showing that interactive talk between children and caregivers is one of the most important factors affecting early brain development.[10][11] New research from MIT published in February 2018 confirmed that conversational turns are responsible for activation in Broca's area in children.[12] LENA has several programs designed to encourage interactive talk between children and caregivers, including programs aimed at parents, childcare providers and home visitors.[13]

Scientific background

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A growing body of research shows that early childhood contains "critical periods" for tasks such as language acquisition, meaning that the first three years are a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for development.[14] Early childhood development drives success in school and life, fostering cognitive skills like attentiveness, self-regulation, motivation, and sociability.[15][16] Interactive talk—and more specifically, conversational turns—have been proved to be a key factor in stimulating brain growth during these important years, according to the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University.[17][18][11] Additionally, longitudinal research from LENA has found that the amount of conversation children experience between the ages of 18 and 24 months is related to their IQ, verbal comprehension, and language skills during adolescence.[19] Research has shown investments in young children can lead to reductions in criminal activity later in life, 13 percent returns on investment annually, and positive effects that last for several generations.[20][21][22]

LENA System

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LENA stands for "Language ENvironment Analysis". LENA technology provides more than 25 different metrics on the natural language environment of children, including estimates and percentile scores for adult words spoken to the child, conversational turns, and child vocalizations. The system also generates an automatic expressive language developmental age and percentile score based on a child's voiceprint.[8]

Core Language Metrics

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  • Adult Word Count (AWC): The AWC is the number of words a child hears from an adult within a specific period. LENA provides breakdowns of AWC in five-minute, hourly, daily, and monthly reports.
  • Conversational Turns (CTs): CTs occur when a child vocalizes (initiates) and an adult responds or an adult speaks (initiates) and a child responds. Each time that happens one turn is counted. CTs are one of the only ways to measure engaged interaction with a child. LENA offers breakdowns of CTs in five-minute, hourly, daily, and monthly reports.
  • Child Vocalizations (CVs): A CV is counted when a child's speech of any length is surrounded by greater than 300 milliseconds of silence or other sound that is not child speech. CVs do not include cries or vegetative sounds. LENA provides breakdowns of CVs in five-minute, hourly, daily, and monthly reports.

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How LENA Works

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LENA Device (Digital Language Processor)

A parent or teacher places a LENA device in his or her children's LENA vest and records an entire day of the child's sound environment.[24] The device is then connected to a computer with special software that processes the recording into data metrics including the child's exposure to verbal stimulation, the number of child utterances, and other information. As pediatricians do with a child's height and weight, the system also generates percentile scores comparing the child's vocalizations with those of other children the same age.[25]

Product line

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LENA Start

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LENA Start is a program for parents that uses regular feedback from the LENA System plus 13 weekly group sessions to help improve the home language environment.[26] Since its introduction in 2015, LENA Start has been implemented by school districts, library systems, and other types of organizations in Huntsville, Alabama, San Mateo County, California, Ames, Iowa, Longmont, Colorado, and Minneapolis, Minninnesota, and other sites across the country.[27][28][29] Texas Children's Hospital is the first regional healthcare center to adopt the model.[30] In October 2020 amid the restrictions of Covid-19 pandemic, Read Aloud Delaware began a virtual LENA Start program with families statewide. Parents are provided with feedback and participate in one-hour Zoom workshops each week during the 10-week program. LENA facilitators offer simple techniques to help them increase their children’s exposure to oral language while wearing the 'talk pedometers.' [37]

The LENA device is worn inside of specially-made, gender-neutral vests.

LENA Grow

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LENA Grow is a professional development program for teachers who work in early childhood classrooms.[31] According to LENA's website, "LENA’s talk reports for teachers focus primarily on conversational turns, a strong measure of interactive talk." Training teachers on how to increase conversational turns is important because children can spend up to 60 percent of their time in childcare. The program was first piloted in Escambia County, Florida before launching at sites around the country.[32][33]

LENA Home

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LENA Home is a supplement to existing parent coaching curriculums.[34] Typically, home visitors facilitate the use of the LENA System to help parents track their progress towards increasing interactive talk in their homes.[35]

LENA SP

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LENA SP is the version of LENA designed for researchers and language professionals to use.[35]

Developmental Snapshot

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The LENA Developmental Snapshot, based on a 52-question parent survey, assesses both expressive and receptive language skills and provides an estimate of a child's developmental age from 2 months to 36 months.[36]

LENA Research Foundation findings

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  • Parental Perception vs. Reality: Parents often believe they talk more with their children than they actually do.
  • Maternal Contribution: Mothers are the primary source of language input, contributing about 75% of the total talk in a child's environment.
  • Gender Differences: Mothers tend to talk approximately 9% more to their daughters than to their sons.
  • Firstborn Advantage: Parents engage more in conversation with their firstborn child compared to their subsequent children.
  • Timing of Conversations: Most adult talk in a child's environment occurs during the late afternoon or early evening.
  • Influence of Talkative Parents: Children of talkative parents are more likely to be talkative themselves.
  • Impact of Television: Increased television viewing correlates with lower language ability scores in children.
  • Autism and Communication: Parents of children with autism tend to speak less as the severity of their child’s symptoms increases. Conversely, parents talk more when their child demonstrates stronger language abilities.[37]

References

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  1. ^ "LENA Start™ -". www.lenafoundation.org. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  2. ^ "Back-and-forth exchanges boost children's brain response to language". MIT News. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  3. ^ Dykstra, Jessica R; Sabatos-DeVito, Maura G; Irvin, Dwight W; Boyd, Brian A; Hume, Kara A; Odom, Sam L (2013-09-01). "Using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) system in preschool classrooms with children with autism spectrum disorders". Autism. 17 (5): 582–594. doi:10.1177/1362361312446206. ISSN 1362-3613. PMID 22751753. S2CID 39731754.
  4. ^ Kuhl, Patricia (15 February 2011), The linguistic genius of babies, retrieved 2017-10-06
  5. ^ "The Relationship between Quality and Quantity in Parental Language Input to Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Children | LENA Research Foundation". www.lena.org. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  6. ^ "(Hart & Risley, 1995) Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children". LEADERSproject. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  7. ^ Sparks, Sarah D. (2015-04-22). "Key to Vocabulary Gap Is Quality of Conversation, Not Dearth of Words - Education Week". Education Week. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  8. ^ a b [1] Archived February 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Just call us LENA | LENA". www.lena.org. 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  10. ^ "Brain Architecture". Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  11. ^ a b Anderson, Sarah. "Conversing helps language development more than reading alone". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  12. ^ Wallis, Claudia. "Talking with--Not Just to--Kids Powers How They Learn Language". Scientific American. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  13. ^ "Solutions | LENA Research Foundation". www.lena.org. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  14. ^ Purves, Dale (January 15, 2001). The Development of Language: A Critical Period in Humans. Sutherland (MA): Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878937420.
  15. ^ "Brain Development". Zero to Three. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  16. ^ "Invest in Early Childhood Development: Reduce Deficits, Strengthen the Economy - The Heckman Equation". The Heckman Equation. 2013-07-12. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  17. ^ "Serve and Return". Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  18. ^ "Does experience change the actual structure of the brain?". ZERO TO THREE. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  19. ^ "New research says how much you talk with babies is linked to their IQ in adolescence". LENA. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
  20. ^ "Research Summary: The Lifecycle Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program - The Heckman Equation". The Heckman Equation. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  21. ^ "Q&A with economist Flávio Cunha | LENA Research Foundation". www.lena.org. 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  22. ^ "Does "Early Education" Come Way Too Late? A New Freakonomics Radio Podcast - Freakonomics". Freakonomics. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  23. ^ "www.lena.org". Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  24. ^ "Baby vest measures talk between parent and child". CBC Radio. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  25. ^ Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (24 February 2008). "Baby-Talk Show". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  26. ^ "LENA Start". Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  27. ^ "West metro program helps parents build babies' and toddlers' vocabularies". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  28. ^ "St. Vrain Valley, Longmont's OUR Center partner to tackle the early childhood 'word gap'". Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  29. ^ "Tech can make your conversations with kids way more effective". Popular Science. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  30. ^ "Texas Children's Hospital Becomes First Healthcare Organization to Launch LENA Start". PRWeb. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  31. ^ "Solutions | LENA Research Foundation". www.lena.org. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
  32. ^ "Escambia County blazes early education trail". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  33. ^ Strategies, Teaching. "Wearable Technology Helps Enrich the "Linguistic Diet" for Young Learners in Virginia". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  34. ^ "Parents as Teachers Affiliates Add an Early-talk Focus | LENA". www.lena.org. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  35. ^ a b "Solutions | LENA Research Foundation". www.lena.org. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
  36. ^ "What Is LENA Developmental Snapshot". archive.is. 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.
  37. ^ "Technical Reports". Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
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