Koralm Tunnel
 Western entrance | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Line | Koralmbahn |
| Location | Styria/Carinthia (Austria) |
| Coordinates | 46°45′12″N 15°1′52″E / 46.75333°N 15.03111°E |
| Status | under construction |
| Start | Frauental |
| End | Sankt Andrä |
| Operation | |
| Work begun | 2008 |
| Opens | 2026 |
| Traffic | railway |
| Technical | |
| Length | 32.9 km |
| No. of tracks | 2 single-track tunnels |
The Koralm Tunnel is a railway tunnel that is under construction in Austria under the Koralpe mountain range. It forms one section of the 130 km (81 mi)-long Koralm Railway which will link Graz with Klagenfurt.
Once complete, the Koralm Tunnel shall be Austria's longest railway tunnel, possessing a length of 32.9 km (20.4 mi) while running at depths of up to 1,250 m (4,100 ft) below ground.[1][2] It comprises a pair of tunnels running in parallel, each capable of carrying a single railway track, which will be linked together every 500 metres (1,600 ft).
History
[edit]The Koralm Tunnel is perhaps the most prominent engineering feature of the Koralm Railway, Austria's most southern line.[3][4] It is intended for this high performance route, which shall possess a maximum speed of 250 km/h wherever economically feasible to do so, to shorten journey times between Vienna and Klagenfurt via Graz by over an hour for an estimated journey time of two hours and 40 minutes. In terms of international traffic, the completion of the line shall better facilitate the movement of rail freight between ports on the Adriatic and Baltic Seas.[3] Numerous regional figures in Styria have promoted the tunnel's construction as helping to address the comparatively limited railway infrastructure of the mountainous region compared with the rest of Austria and that, once in service, the tunnel ought to bring considerable economic benefits and investment to local businesses.[5]
During 1995, the Austrian Government authorised the Austrian Federal Railways to proceed with the planning and designing of the Koralm Railway, including the Koralm Tunnel; in addition to finalising the route selection and legal preparations, extensive environmental surveys were conducted.[4] Prior to the construction process, extensive studies of the local geology were performed; during 2002, the first of a series of test bores, eventually totalling 130 exploratory wells, was driven in the vicinity of the future tunnel.[6][7] During the 2010s, the Koralm Railway program was the largest project of its nature taking place in the country.[8]
In 2013, work commenced on boring the tunnel.[6] The process of driving the tunnel's twin bores involved in excess of 800 personnel and three tunnel boring machines (TBMs), it was reportedly considered to be a world-first to continuously use a TBM upon hard rock for more than 17km. The excavation involved the removal of six million cubic metres of spoil, of which two-thirds was reused as bulk material for various noise barriers, railway embankments, filter gravel or aggregate in concrete.[9][10] In addition to the TBMs, traditional drilling and blasting techniques were also employed in places.[6][11] To limit the ingress of ground water into the tunnel, approximately 132,000 m² of AGRUFLEX tunnel liners were installed along its length.[12] Extensive attention was paid to ensuring adequate drainage throughout its length.[13]
In 2017, completion of the tunnel was anticipated to occur in 2023, while the full extent of the line would be commissioned during the following year.[3] However, during 2018, Transport Minister Norbert Hofer announced that the tunnel's rate of construction had been significantly slowed by challenging geology; ÖBB spokesman Christoph Posch stated that the timetable changes were not attributable to austerity measures but to unpredicted fault zones discovered during the tunneling process. At that point in time, the Koralm Tunnel was expected to be completed by December 2025 and to become operational by 2026.[5] Other regional infrastructure projects have been impacted by the delayed completion of the tunnel, such as the doubling of the railway in the vicinity of Jauntal Bridge.[14]
On 14 August 2018, breakthrough was achieved in the south bore.[15] On 18 June 2020, it was announced that breakthrough had been achieved in the north bore, marking the completion of all tunnelling along the Koralm railway.[6] Accordingly, work transitioned to the fitting-out phase, during which the tunnel is to be furnished with its interior shell along with all equipment and fixtures required for operational use.[6] Furthermore, operational safety features shall be installed along the tunnel's length, such as cross-passages every 500 meters along with a single emergency station positioned at roughly the half way point, which shall have intentionally staggered platforms and a reinforced refuge room with a length of 800 meters.[16]
On 12 June 2023 the first test train passed through the tunnel.[17] Once all the signalling systems are installed and tests finished, ÖBB is expected to launch passenger rail service in 2026.[18]
References
[edit]- ^ Fleckl-Ernst, Johannes (May 2010). "Geodätische Herausforderungen beim Projekt "Koralmtunnel". Felsbau: 315–321. ISSN 1866-0134.
- ^ "Koralmbahnreport: Die Drehscheibe im Interview mit Projektleiter DI Dr. Klaus Schneider und ein Bericht von der Andrehfeier im Koralmtunnel" (PDF). Drehscheibe. March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-04. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
- ^ a b c "Koralmbahn: Planung des letzten Teilstücks" (in German). steiermark.orf.at. 26 July 2017.
- ^ a b Harer, Gerhard (2 October 2009). "KORALM TUNNEL - RISK ASSESSMENTS AS AN AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALIGNMENT SELECTION, COST ESTIMATES AND INVESTIGATION WORKS" (PDF). paginas.fe.up.pt.
- ^ a b "Eröffnung der Koralmbahn verzögert sich bis 2026" (in German). steiermark.orf.at. 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Burroughs, David (19 June 2020). "Tunnelling completed on Austria's 33km Koralm tunnel". railjournal.com.
- ^ "The Koralm connection". worldconstructionnetwork.com. 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Tunnelling works for northern tube of Koralm Tunnel completed". energyindustryreview.com. 1 March 2018.
- ^ "Koralm Tunnel: The first breakthrough is imminent". globalrailwayreview.com. 6 June 2018.
- ^ M. Entacher; G. Winter; R. Gallera (September 2013). "Cutter force measurement on tunnel boring machines – Implementation at Koralm tunnel". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 38: 487–496. Bibcode:2013TUSTI..38..487E. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2013.08.010.
- ^ "Final TBM breakthrough for KAT2 at Koralm". tunneltalk.com. 23 August 2018.
- ^ "Tunnel liner for Koralmtunnel in Austria". agru.at. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Martin Dietzel; Thomas Rinder; Albrecht Leis; Peter Reichl; Peter J. Sellner; Christian Draschitz; Gerhard Plank; Dietmar Klammer; Herwig Schöfer (2008). "Koralm Tunnel as a Case Study for Sinter Formation in Drainage Systems - Precipitation Mechanisms and Retaliatory Action". Geomechanics and Tunnelling. 1 (4): 271–278. Bibcode:2008GmTun...1..271D. doi:10.1002/geot.200800024. S2CID 111123094.
- ^ "Kaiser: "Schiefe Optik" bei Koralm-Verzögerung" (in German). steiermark.orf.at. 2018.
- ^ "Koralm Tunnel breakthrough". railwaygazette.com. 18 June 2020.
- ^ "Tunnel Safety Concept Koralm Tunnel". Geomechanik und Tunnelbau. August 2008. pp. 264–270.
- ^ Erste Fahrt auf neuer Koralmbahnstrecke (in German) 12 June 2023, Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ "Eröffnung der Koralmbahn verzögert sich bis 2026". 23 March 2018.