Koonaspides

Koonaspides; Temporal range: Aptian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Life restoration, missing elements reconstructed after modern anaspidesids
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Anaspidacea
Family:	Anaspidesidae
Genus:	Koonaspides; Jell & Duncan, 1986
Type species
	Koonaspides indistinctus; Jell & Duncan, 1986

Koonaspides is an extinct genus of fossil crustacean in the family Anaspidesidae, from Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Koonwarra Fossil Beds in eastern Victoria, Australia. The only known species within the genus is Koonaspides indistinctus.^[1] Along with the Triassic genus Anaspidites, this is one of two known fossil members of this family.

Discovery and etymology

A single specimen of K. indistinctus, NMV P102799 is known from the Koonwarra Fossil Beds. The genus name consists of Koon- from Koonwarra and -aspides from Greek aspis, a shield. The species name indistinctus means obscure or dim.^[1]

Description

The only known specimen of K. indistinctus has a body length of 23 mm (0.91 in), with indistinct antennae preserved as long as 11 mm (0.43 in). Its eyes are large and very widely separated with eye stalks. Head and anterior part of thorax are indistinct, three posterior tergites could be recognized, but those are shorter and apparently much less sclerotized than abdominal ones. Although very indistinct, long and slender thoracic appendages are confirmed, some reaching around half length of thorax. The abdomen has six segments, with the five anterior ones of almost equal length, with ventral tip of tergites bluntly pointed. The sixth segment is narrower and longer than other five, and the telson is almost as long. The telson has scalloped lateral margins and distinct border furrows on each side. Endopodites are visible on abdominal tergites, being compressed similar to that of Anaspides. The sixth abdominal segment bears large uropods which have hairy margin.^[1]

Preserved tergites are penetrated by many circular holes, destroying details of the cuticle. This may be because of escaping gases from compaction of body, or sediment rupturing the cuticle. Preservation also suggests that cuticle is extremely thin.^[1]

Classification

The lack of a carapace and abdominal segment morphology suggests that Koonaspides is a member of Syncarida, with its stalked eyes, pleopod morphology and general morphological similarities with Anaspidites suggesting that it is a member of Anaspidesidae,^[1]^[2] the family previously called as Anaspididae.^[3] Modern anaspidesids are endemic to Tasmania, which suggests the current distribution of that family represents a relict endemism, originated from earlier members like Triassic Anaspidites.^[4] Koonaspides and Anaspidites possibly show that this group lived in southeastern Australia for at least 200 million years.^[1]

Paleoecology

Koonaspides is known from Aptian Koonwarra Fossil Beds in Victoria, which represents a freshwater lacustrine environment in the polar regions of Gondwana. Some algae microfossils and many plant macrofossils are known, insects of many groups including the stem-flea Tarwinia, other arthropods like freshwater xiphosuran Victalimulus, and other fauna including fish are known from this fossil site.^[5] Other crustaceans known from Koonwarra are Cyzicus (Lioestheria) banchocarus, conchostracan branchiopod and Koonwarrella, an anostracan branchiopod, as well as ostracods.^[5]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f P. A. Jell and P. M. Duncan. 1986. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater, Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 3:111-205
^ Camacho, A. I.; Valdecasas, A. G. (2008), Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (eds.), "Global diversity of syncarids (Syncarida; Crustacea) in freshwater", Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 257–266, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_28, ISBN 978-1-4020-8259-7, retrieved 2024-12-23
^ Shane T. Ahyong; Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga (6 September 2017). "Anaspidesidae, a new family for syncarid crustaceans formerly placed in Anaspididae Thomson, 1893" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 69 (4): 257–258. doi:10.3853/J.2201-4349.69.2017.1680. ISSN 0067-1975. Wikidata Q56036674.
^ Höpel, Christoph G; Yeo, Darren; Ahyong, Shane T; Meier, Rudolf; Richter, Stefan (2023-06-01). "First mitochondrial genomes of Anaspidacea (Malacostraca, Crustacea) and the phylogenetic relationships of mountain shrimps (Anaspides Thomson, 1894) and their relatives within Anaspidesidae". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 43 (2): ruad028. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruad028. ISSN 0278-0372.
^ ^a ^b Poropat, Stephen F.; Martin, Sarah K.; Tosolini, Anne-Marie P.; Wagstaff, Barbara E.; Bean, Lynne B.; Kear, Benjamin P.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H. (2018-04-03). "Early Cretaceous polar biotas of Victoria, southeastern Australia—an overview of research to date". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 42 (2): 157–229. doi:10.1080/03115518.2018.1453085. ISSN 0311-5518.
^ Van Houte, Emma; Hegna, Thomas A.; Butler, Aodhán D. (2022-03-28). "A new genus and species of ?parthenogenic anostracan (Pancrustacea, Branchiopoda, ?Thamnocephalidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed in Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 46 (2): 180–187. doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2048267. ISSN 0311-5518.

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f P. A. Jell and P. M. Duncan. 1986. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater, Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 3:111-205

[2] Camacho, A. I.; Valdecasas, A. G. (2008), Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (eds.), "Global diversity of syncarids (Syncarida; Crustacea) in freshwater", Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 257–266, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_28, ISBN 978-1-4020-8259-7, retrieved 2024-12-23

[3] Shane T. Ahyong; Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga (6 September 2017). "Anaspidesidae, a new family for syncarid crustaceans formerly placed in Anaspididae Thomson, 1893" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 69 (4): 257–258. doi:10.3853/J.2201-4349.69.2017.1680. ISSN 0067-1975. Wikidata Q56036674.

[4] Höpel, Christoph G; Yeo, Darren; Ahyong, Shane T; Meier, Rudolf; Richter, Stefan (2023-06-01). "First mitochondrial genomes of Anaspidacea (Malacostraca, Crustacea) and the phylogenetic relationships of mountain shrimps (Anaspides Thomson, 1894) and their relatives within Anaspidesidae". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 43 (2): ruad028. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruad028. ISSN 0278-0372.

[:1-5] Poropat, Stephen F.; Martin, Sarah K.; Tosolini, Anne-Marie P.; Wagstaff, Barbara E.; Bean, Lynne B.; Kear, Benjamin P.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H. (2018-04-03). "Early Cretaceous polar biotas of Victoria, southeastern Australia—an overview of research to date". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 42 (2): 157–229. doi:10.1080/03115518.2018.1453085. ISSN 0311-5518.

[6] Van Houte, Emma; Hegna, Thomas A.; Butler, Aodhán D. (2022-03-28). "A new genus and species of ?parthenogenic anostracan (Pancrustacea, Branchiopoda, ?Thamnocephalidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed in Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 46 (2): 180–187. doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2048267. ISSN 0311-5518.

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