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Gwanghaegun of Joseon

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Gwanghaegun
광해군
光海君
King of Joseon
ReignMarch 1608 – 12 April 1623
PredecessorSeonjo
SuccessorInjo
Regent of Joseon
Regency1592–1608
MonarchSeonjo
Born4 June 1575
Hanseong, Joseon
Died7 August 1641 (1641-08-08) (aged 66)
Jeju-mok, Jeolla Province, Joseon
Burial
Gwanghaegunmyo Mausoleum, Namyangju, South Korea
Spouse(s)
​
(m. 1587⁠–⁠1623)​
Issue4 sons, 1 daughter
Names
Yi Hon (이혼; 李琿)
ClanJeonju Yi
DynastyYi
FatherSeonjo of Joseon
MotherRoyal Noble Consort Gong
ReligionKorean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)
Korean name
Hangul
광해군
Hanja
光海君
Revised RomanizationGwanghae
McCune–ReischauerKwanghae
Birth name
Hangul
이혼
Hanja
李琿
Revised RomanizationI Hon
McCune–ReischauerI Hon

Gwanghaegun or Prince Gwanghae (Korean: 광해군; Hanja: 光海君; 4 June 1575 – 7 August 1641), personal name Yi Hon (이혼; 李琿), was the 15th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. As he was deposed in a coup d'état, he did not receive a temple name.

Biography

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Birth and background

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Gwanghaegun was the second son of King Seonjo; born to Royal Noble Consort Gong, a concubine, who later died a year after his birth. He had one older brother.

When Japan invaded Joseon to attack the Ming Empire, he was installed as Crown Prince. When the king fled north to the border of Ming, he set up a branch court and fought defensive battles. During and after the Imjin Wars (1592–1598), despite being Crown Prince, he acted as the de facto ruler of the Joseon Dynasty in 1592, commanding battles and taking care of the reconstruction of the nation after the devastating wars, in the place of old and weak King Seonjo.[1]

Although it brought prestige to him, his position was still unstable. He had an elder but incompetent full-brother Prince Imhae (임해군; 臨海君) and a younger but legitimate half-brother Grand Prince Yeongchang (영창대군; 永昌大君), who was supported by the Lesser Northerners faction. Fortunately for Gwanghae, King Seonjo's abrupt death made it impossible for his favorite son Yeongchang to succeed to the throne.[citation needed]

Violence of Greater Northerner faction

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Before King Seonjo died in 1608, he named Prince Gwanghae as his official successor to the throne and ordered his advisers to make a royal document. However, Lyu Young-gyong of the Lesser Northerners faction hid the document and plotted to install Grand Prince Yeongchang as king, only to be found out by the head of the Great Northerners faction (대북; 大北), Jeong In-hong. Lyu was executed immediately.

After the incident, Gwanghae tried to bring officials from various political and regional background to his court, but his plan was interrupted by Greater Northerners including Yi I-cheom and Jeong In-hong. Then, Greater Northerners began to take members of other political factions out of the government, especially Lesser Northerners. In 1613, the Greater Northerners moved against Grand Prince Yeongchang; his maternal grandfather, Kim Je-nam, along with his maternal uncles, was found guilty of treason and executed, while Yeongchang was sent into exile, where he too was executed in 1614. At the same time, Greater Northerners suppressed the Lesser Northerners. In 1618, with the help of Court Lady Kim, Grand Prince Yeongchang's mother, Queen Inmok, was stripped of her title and imprisoned along with his younger half-sister, Princess Jeongmyeong. Gwanghae had no power to stop this even though he was the official head of the government.[citation needed]

Monarchs of Korea
Joseon monarchs
Taejo 1392–1398
Jeongjong 1398–1400
Taejong 1400–1418
Sejong 1418–1450
Munjong 1450–1452
Danjong 1452–1455
Sejo 1455–1468
Yejong 1468–1469
Seongjong 1469–1494
Yeonsangun 1494–1506
Jungjong 1506–1544
Injong 1544–1545
Myeongjong 1545–1567
Seonjo 1567–1608
Gwanghaegun 1608–1623
Injo 1623–1649
Hyojong 1649–1659
Hyeonjong 1659–1674
Sukjong 1674–1720
Gyeongjong 1720–1724
Yeongjo 1724–1776
Jeongjo 1776–1800
Sunjo 1800–1834
Heonjong 1834–1849
Cheoljong 1849–1864
Gojong 1864–1897

Achievements

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Despite his poor reputation after his death, he was a talented and pragmatic politician. He endeavored to restore the country and sponsored the restoration of documents. As a part of reconstruction, he revised land ordinance and redistributed land to the people; he also ordered the rebuilding of Changdeokgung along with several other palaces. Additionally, he was responsible for the reintroduction of the hopae identification system after a long period of disuse.[2]

In foreign affairs he sought a balance between the Ming Empire and the Manchus. Since he realized Joseon was unable to compete with Manchu military power, he tried to maintain friendly relationship with the Manchus while the kingdom was still under the suzerainty of Ming, which angered the Ming and dogmatic Confucian Koreans. The critically worsened Manchu-Ming relationship forced him to send ten thousand soldiers to aid Ming in 1619.[3] However, the Battle of Sarhū ended in Manchu's overwhelming victory. The Korean General Gang Hong-rip lost two-thirds of his troops and surrendered to Nurhaci. Gwanghaegun negotiated independently for peace with the Manchus and managed to avoid another war. He also restored diplomatic relationship with Japan in 1609 when he reopened trade with Japan through Treaty of Giyu, and sent his ambassadors to Japan in 1617.

In the domestic sphere, Gwanghaegun implemented the Daedong law, which let his subjects pay their taxes more easily. However, this law was activated only in Gyeonggi Province, which was the largest granary zone at that time, and it took a century for the law to be extended across the whole kingdom. He encouraged publishing in order to accelerate reconstruction and to restore the kingdom's former prosperity. Many books were written during his reign, including the medical book Dongui Bogam, and several historical records were rewritten in this period. In 1616, tobacco was first introduced to Korea and it soon became popular amongst the Korean aristocracy.

Dethronement and later life

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Gwanghaegun's diary

On April 11, 1623, Gwanghaegun was deposed in a coup by the Westerners faction. The coup directed by Kim Yu took place at night, Gwanghaegun fled but was captured later.[4] He was confined first on Ganghwa Island and then on Jeju Island, where he died in 1641.[5] He does not have a royal mausoleum like the other Joseon rulers. His and Lady Ryu's remains were buried at a comparatively humble site in Namyangju in Gyeonggi Province. The Westerners faction installed Neungyanggun as the sixteenth king Injo who promulgated pro-Ming and anti-Manchu policies, which resulted in two subsequent Manchu invasions.

Legacy

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Gwanghaegun's tomb

Gwanghaegun is one of only two deposed kings who were not restored and given a temple name (the other one being Yeonsangun).

He remains a polarizing figure among historians. Historian Oh Hang-nyeong strongly criticized the king, writing that he "practically used up the country's entire budget solely for the construction of palaces, his policies were flawed and moreover, he was absent in many of the cabinet meetings. Gwanghaegun failed to communicate with his servants and with his people." However, historian Lee Duk-il praised the king, did that he "indeed made some political errors, but during his reign, the famous oriental medical book 'Donguibogam' was published and he created the tax system 'Daedong law' that was enforced for the benefit of the people." Despite the controversy over the king's handling of domestic policies, most historians have a positive assessment of Gwanghae's acts regarding foreign affairs.[6]

Family

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Consort(s) and their respective issue

  1. Deposed Queen Yu of the Munhwa Yu clan (폐비 유씨; 15 August 1576 – 31 October 1623)
    1. First son (1592)
    2. Second son (1596)
    3. Deposed Crown Prince Yi Ji (폐세자 이지; 31 December 1598 – 22 July 1623), third son
    4. Fourth son (1605–1610)
  2. Royal Noble Consort Su of the Yangcheon Heo clan (수빈 허씨; 1595–1623)[a]
  3. Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Papyeong Yun clan (귀인 윤씨; 1602 – 14 March 1623)
    1. Princess Hwain (화인옹주; 1619–1664), first daughter
  4. Royal Consort So-ui of the Pungsan Hong clan (소의 홍씨; 1584–1623)
  5. Royal Consort So-ui of the Andong Gwon clan (숙의 권씨; 1586–1624)
  6. Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Wonju Won clan (숙의 원씨; 1588–?)
  7. Royal Consort So-yong of the Dongnae Jeong clan (소용 정씨; 1592–1623)
  8. Royal Consort So-yong of the Pungcheon Im clan (소용 임씨; 1598–1628)
  9. Royal Consort So-won of the Yeongsan Shin clan (소원 신씨; 1594–?)
  10. Royal Consort Suk-won of the Han clan (숙원 한씨; 1585–?)
  11. Court Lady Kim (상궁 김씨; 1584–1623)
  12. Court Lady Yi (상궁 이씨; 1585–?)
  13. Court Lady Choe (상궁 최씨; 1585–?)
  14. Court Lady Jo of the Hanyang Jo clan (궁인 조씨; 1596–?)
  15. Court Lady Byeon of the Wonju Byeon clan (궁인 변씨; 1585–?)
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Film and television

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Music

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  • Referenced in rapper Agust D's 2020 regnal march inspired Daechwita.[7][8] Both the song's lyrics and accompanying Lumpens music video draw further from the 2012 film Masquerade with Agust D portraying a scarred tyrant threatened by the arrival of his modern era doppelganger.[9][10]

Literature

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  • Gwanghae's Lover, a 2013 novel written by Euodia. Originally posted on web portal Naver, it is a love story about Gwanghae and a time traveling high school girl.[11]

See also

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Gwanghae-gun of Joseon.

Notes

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  1. ^ Her personal name was Heo Jeong-sun (허정순)

References

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  1. ^ Quartermain, Thomas (December 2019). "State Symbols, Group Identity, and Communal Memory in Jeong Gyeong-un's Godae illok, 1592-1598" (PDF). The Review of Korean Studies. 22 (2): 77. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  2. ^ Rutt, Richard; Pratt, Keith L.; Hoare, James (1999). Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0463-9. (p252)
  3. ^ "The lament of Prince Gwanghae". Dong A Ilbo. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  4. ^ 승정원일기 1책(탈초본 1책) 인조 1년 3월 12일 임인. 승정원일기. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  5. ^ Woo, Jiwon. "[Jeju Playbook] Banished to the Island!". Korea Foundation. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  6. ^ "Controversy reignited over King Gwanghae". Korea JoongAng Daily. 16 September 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  7. ^ Agust D (22 May 2020). "D-2" (in Korean). Big Hit Music. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ^ Agust D (22 May 2020). "'D-2'" (in Korean). Big Hit Music. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  9. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Agust D '대취타' MV, 22 May 2020, retrieved 11 April 2021
  10. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Agust D 'D-2' Mixtape Interview, 27 May 2020, retrieved 11 April 2021
  11. ^ Baek, Byung-yeul (31 May 2013). "Recent Book: Gwanghae's Lover". The Korea Times. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
Gwanghaegun of Joseon
Born: 1575 Died: 1641
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Joseon
1608–1623 		Succeeded by
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