Jump to content

Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Kiev regime)

A Russian propaganda rally in Sevastopol, April 2022, portraying the Russian invasion of Ukraine as a defence of the Donbas. The slogan reads: "For the President! For Russia! For Donbas!"

As part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian state and state-controlled media have spread disinformation in their information war against Ukraine.[1] Ukrainian media and politicians have also been accused of using propaganda and deception, although such efforts have been described as more limited than the Russian disinformation campaign.[2]

Russian propaganda and fake news stories have attacked Ukraine's right to exist and accused it of being a neo-Nazi state, committing genocide against Russian speakers, developing nuclear and biological weapons, and being influenced by Satanism. Russian propaganda also accuses NATO of controlling Ukraine and building up military infrastructure in Ukraine to threaten Russia. Some of this disinformation has been spread by Russian web brigades. It has been widely rejected as untrue and crafted to justify the invasion and even to justify genocidal acts against Ukrainians. The Russian state has denied carrying out war crimes in Ukraine, and Russian media has falsely blamed some of them on Ukrainian forces instead. Some of the disinformation seeks to undermine international support for Ukraine and to provoke hostility against Ukrainian refugees.

Russian disinformation has been pervasive and successful in Russia itself, due to censorship of war news and state control of most media. Because of the amount of disinformation, Russian media has been restricted and its reputation has been tarnished in many Western and developed countries. Russia has been more successful spreading disinformation in the Global South, particularly in the Sahel region of Africa, where Russia uses private military companies to support local regimes (see Wagner Group activities in Africa).[3][4][5][6][7]

Descriptions of Ukraine-sponsored propaganda and misinformation have focused on over-optimistic reports about the war and promotion of patriotic stories.

Russian themes

Main article: Russian information war against Ukraine
Russian mural of a pro-war "Z" symbol and the slogan "truth is with us"
Russian TV and radio host Vladimir Solovyov has broadcast disinformation and propaganda supporting the invasion of Ukraine.[8]

Disinformation (a lie or exaggeration meant to sway opinion) has been spread by the Russian state, state-controlled media, propagandists, and Russian web brigades as part of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Its purpose is to build support for Russia's invasion, and to weaken opposition to the invasion.[9][10][11][12] It also seeks to sow disunity among Western countries who support Ukraine; to counter NATO; and to cover up or create plausible deniability for Russian war crimes.[13]

The following are common themes in Russian propaganda and disinformation, along with some of the common rebuttals.

Denying Ukrainian nationhood and statehood

Further information: Anti-Ukrainian sentiment, Russian irredentism, Russian nationalism, and Russian world

Russian propaganda has attacked Ukrainian nationhood and national identity, portraying Ukrainians as "Little Russians" or "part of an all-Russian nation". This has been a theme in Russian imperialist and nationalist rhetoric since the seventeenth century. Russian President Vladimir Putin has long questioned the Ukrainian people's identity[14] and the country's legitimacy.[15] In his 2021 essay "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians", Putin called Russians and Ukrainians "one people" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians".[16] Since then, Russia's official and media narrative is that Ukraine has always been Russian.[16] In announcing the invasion, Putin repeatedly denied Ukraine's right to exist, claiming that it was created by the Russian Bolsheviks and that it never had "real statehood".[17] Björn Alexander Düben, professor of international affairs, writes that "Putin's historical claims do not hold up to serious academic scrutiny" and that he is "embracing a neo-imperialist account that exalts Russia's centuries-long repressive rule over Ukraine, while simultaneously presenting Russia as a victim of 'US imperialism'".[16]

Dmitry Medvedev, deputy chairman of the Security Council of Russia and former Russian president, has called Ukraine part of Russia.[18] He wrote that "Ukraine is NOT a country, but artificially collected territories" and that Ukrainian "is NOT a language" but a "mongrel dialect" of Russian.[19] He has said that Ukraine should not exist in any form and that Russia will continue to wage war against any independent Ukrainian state.[20]

Such denial of nationhood is said to be part of a campaign of incitement to genocide by Russian authorities.[21][22] United Nations special rapporteurs have condemned the Russian occupation authorities for attempting "to erase local [Ukrainian] culture, history, and language" and to forcibly replace them with Russian language and culture.[23]

After the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russian rhetoric portrayed Ukrainian governments as illegitimate, calling them the "Kyiv regime" or "junta".[24][25] Putin said they were "led by a band of drug addicts and neo-Nazis",[26] and claimed Ukraine is "under external control" by the West or the United States.[27]

The official governmental website of Ukraine says that Ukrainians consider themselves an independent nation.[28] A poll conducted in April 2022 by "Rating" found that the vast majority (91%) of Ukrainians (excluding the Russian-occupied territories) do not support the thesis that "Russians and Ukrainians are one people".[29]

Allegations of Nazism

Pro-Russian activists with a sign likening the Ukrainian government to the Nazis
A sign saying "Denazify Putin" at a Ukraine solidarity protest

Putin falsely claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis and announced that one of his goals was the "de-Nazification of Ukraine". Putin's claims were repeated by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in a speech to the UN Human Rights Council; many diplomats walked out in protest.[30][31][32] These claims were repeated in Russian media to justify the war.[33] In April 2022, Russian state-owned news agency RIA Novosti published an article by Timofey Sergeytsev, "What Russia should do with Ukraine", where he argued that Ukraine and Ukrainian national identity must be wiped out, because he claimed most Ukrainians are at least "passive Nazis".[34][35][36] By May, references to de-Nazifying Ukraine in Russian media began to wane, reportedly because it had not gained traction with the Russian public.[37]

These allegations of Nazism are widely rejected as untrue and part of a Russian disinformation campaign to justify the invasion, with many pointing out that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy is Jewish and had relatives who were victims of the Holocaust.[38] Some of the world's leading historians of Nazism and the Holocaust put out a statement rejecting Putin's claims, which was signed by hundreds of other historians and scholars of the subject. It says:

"We strongly reject the Russian government's ... equation of the Ukrainian state with the Nazi regime to justify its unprovoked aggression. This rhetoric is factually wrong, morally repugnant and deeply offensive to the memory of millions of victims of Nazism and those who courageously fought against it."[39]

The authors say that Ukraine "has right-wing extremists and violent xenophobic groups" like any country, but "none of this justifies the Russian aggression and the gross mischaracterization of Ukraine".[39] The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum denounced Putin's claims, saying "once again, innocent people are being killed purely because of insane pseudo-imperial megalomania".[40] The US Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem condemned Putin's abuse of Holocaust history.[41][42] Ukrainian Jews likewise rejected claims of Ukraine being a neo-Nazi state.[43]

Kremlin claims of Nazism against Ukraine are partly an attempt to drum-up support for the war among its citizens. Russian propaganda has framed it as a continuation of the Soviet Union's "Great Patriotic War" against Nazi Germany, even though Russia supports far-right groups across Europe.[44][45] In the words of Miriam Berger for The Washington Post, "the rhetoric of the 'fight against fascism' resonates deeply in Russia, which suffered huge losses in the fight against Nazi Germany".[46] Some Soviet imagery was used as part of this propaganda drive, and Ukrainian flags were replaced with Victory Banners in some occupied towns.[47][48]

Experts on disinformation say that Russia's portrayal of Ukrainians as Nazis helps them justify Russian war crimes;[33] Russia's UN representative justified the Hroza missile attack in this way.[49] Historian Timothy Snyder said the Russian regime calls Ukrainians "Nazis" to justify genocidal acts against them. He said pro-war Russians use "Nazi" to mean "a Ukrainian who refuses to be Russian".[50] Russian neo-fascist Aleksandr Dugin proposed to simply "identify Ukrainian Nazism with Russophobia". Dugin argued that Russia should be the only country allowed to define Ukrainian Nazism and Russophobia, in the same way that Jews have what he calls a "monopoly" on the definition of antisemitism.[51]

Ukrainian officials respond that Russia's own actions in Ukraine are like those of Nazi Germany,[52][49] and some commentators, including Snyder,[50] have likened Putin's Russia to a fascist state (see Ruscism).[53][54][55][56] Many Russian units who took part in the invasion are linked to neo-Nazism themselves, including the Rusich Group and Kremlin-sponsored Wagner Group.[57][58][59] Other openly neo-Nazi groups have been involved in recruiting, training and fighting on the Russian side, such as the Russian Imperial Legion, AAST and Atomwaffen Division Russland.[60][61][62][63] Russian far-right groups also played a major role among the Russian proxy forces in Donbas.[64][65]

Like many countries, Ukraine has a far-right fringe, such as Right Sector and Svoboda.[66][67] Analysts generally agree that the Russian government greatly exaggerates far-right influence in Ukraine, as there is no widespread support for far-right ideology in the government, military, or electorate.[68][69] In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, a coalition of far-right parties including Right Sector received only 2% of votes and did not win any seats.[70] Ukraine's Azov Brigade, which had far-right origins and included neo-Nazis in the past, was a focus of Kremlin propaganda, which falsely described it as an "anti-Russian neo-Nazis persecuting ethnic Russians and Russian speakers". Azov has been mentioned on Russian TV more often than Putin's ruling United Russia party.[71] By the time of the invasion, the brigade had been largely de-politicized.[72][73][74] A 2022 Counter Extremism Project report concluded that the Azov Brigade can no longer be defined as neo-Nazi.[75][76]

Donbas genocide allegations

A rally in support of Novorossiya in Moscow on 11 June 2014
Russian children at a memorial to children allegedly killed by Ukrainian forces in Donbas, a state-sponsored event in Kursk in July 2023
Further information: Accusations of genocide in Donbas and War in Donbas (2014–2022) § Casualties

In his announcement of the invasion, Putin baselessly claimed that Ukraine was carrying out genocide in the mainly Russian-speaking Donbas region.[77] He said the purpose of Russia's "military operation" was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. Putin claimed they had been facing "genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for eight years.[77] There is no evidence for Putin's claims of genocide, and they have been widely rejected as an excuse to justify invasion.[77][78][79][9][80][81] The European Commission called the allegations "Russian disinformation".[82] Over 300 scholars on genocide issued a statement rejecting Russia's abuse of the term "genocide" to "justify its own violence".[83] Ukraine brought a case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to challenge Russia's claim. The ICJ said it had not seen any evidence of genocide by Ukraine.[84]

Altogether, about 14,300 people were killed in the Donbas War, both soldiers and civilians. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 6,500 were Russian proxy forces, 4,400 were Ukrainian forces, and 3,404 were civilians on both sides of the frontline.[85] The vast majority of civilian deaths were in the first year,[85] and the death rate in the Donbas War was actually falling before the 2022 Russian invasion: in 2019 there were 27 conflict-related civilian deaths, in 2020 there were 26 deaths, and in 2021 there were 25 deaths, over half of them from mines and unexploded ordnance.[85] By comparison, after Russian full-scale invasion, 4,163 civilians were killed in March 2022,[86] meaning that more civilians died in that one month alone than in the entire eight years of the Donbas War. Since the invasion, Russian state-controlled media and pro-Kremlin Telegram channels falsely accused Ukrainian troops of attacking civilian targets in Mariupol and bombing Ukrainian cities.[87][88][89] Russian website Bumaga stated that an anonymous former employee of Yevgeny Prigozhin's media company "Patriot" said that most of their reports about "victims of Ukrainian Armed Forces" in Donbas were staged.[90][91]

Allegations of NATO provocation and aggression

Further information: Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership and Russia–NATO relations
A map of NATO (blue) and the CSTO (orange) when the 2022 invasion began.

Russian propaganda often claims that NATO provoked the invasion and that Russia had to invade Ukraine to defend itself. In his two speeches just before the invasion, Putin said that Ukraine joining NATO would be a threat, and warned that NATO might use Ukraine to launch a surprise attack on Russia. He falsely claimed that NATO was building up its forces and military infrastructure in Ukraine, and that the Ukrainian military was under NATO control.[92][93] After the invasion began, Russian state media falsely claimed that some Ukrainian military units were under NATO command,[92][94] and that thousands of NATO soldiers had been killed.[95]

NATO is a collective security alliance of 32 member states, similar to the CSTO of which Russia is a member. Outside its member states, NATO only has a military presence in Kosovo and Iraq, at the request of their governments.[96] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security, affirming the right of each state to choose its security arrangements and join alliances if they wish.[97] In 2002, Putin said Ukraine's relationship with NATO was not Russia's concern,[98] and NATO and Russia co-operated until Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014.[96] At the time, Ukraine was a neutral country and was not seeking NATO membership.[99][100] Ukraine's parliament voted to end its neutral status in response to Russia's aggression,[101] and Ukraine applied to join NATO after the 2022 invasion. According to Politico, members of the alliance have been wary of discussing its potential membership due to "Putin's hyper-sensitivity".[102]

Putin said that NATO's "eastward expansion" had provoked Russia, and claimed that NATO broke a promise not to let any Eastern European countries join. This unwritten promise was allegedly made by American and German diplomats to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990, but the diplomats and NATO denied ever making any formal proposal.[103][96][104] Such a promise was never included in any treaty.[105] Between the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Russian invasion, 14 Eastern European countries willingly joined NATO, and the last time a country bordering Russia had joined NATO was in 2004.[106] Russia's invasion led Finland to join NATO, doubling the length of Russia's border with NATO.[107] Putin said that Finland's membership was not a threat, unlike Ukraine's, "but the expansion of military infrastructure into this territory would certainly provoke our response".[108]

The Russian government accused NATO of waging a "proxy war" against Russia, because its members have sent military aid to Ukraine after the invasion.[109] NATO says it is not at war with Russia, but supports Ukraine's "right to self-defense, as enshrined in the UN Charter".[96] Lawrence Freedman wrote that calling Ukraine a NATO "proxy" wrongly implied that "Ukrainians are only fighting because NATO put them up to it, rather than because of the more obvious reason that they have been subjected to a vicious invasion". He said that any weakening of Russia caused by the war would result from "Moscow's folly ...not NATO's intent".[110] Geraint Hughes said that calling Ukraine NATO's "proxy" insults and belittles Ukrainians, denies their autonomy and implies they do not really have the will to defend their country.[109]

Countering claims of NATO waging a proxy war, it is pointed out that NATO states have actually been slow in sending weaponry to Ukraine, especially advanced offensive weapons, and they prevented Ukraine from firing those weapons into Russia.[111] NATO refused to enforce a no-fly zone over Ukraine,[110] and the US told Ukraine to stop attacking refineries and early-warning radars in Russia.[112][113]

Vladimir Putin's address to the nation (with English captions) on 24 February 2022. Putin claimed that Russia was forced to invade Ukraine to defend itself from NATO.[114]

Peter Dickinson of the Atlantic Council suggested the real reason Putin opposes NATO is not because he believes it is a threat, but because it "prevents him from bullying Russia's neighbors".[115] Tom Casier writes that Russia's annexation of southeastern Ukraine reveals that the real motive for the invasion is to create a "Greater Russia".[116]

Shortly before his death in a plane crash, Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin accused the Russian military leadership of lying about NATO aggression to justify the invasion.[117] Prigozhin was a close ally of Putin and his Wagner Group played an important role in the Russian invasion.[118]

An article published by the Institute for the Study of War concluded:

"Putin didn't invade Ukraine in 2022 because he feared NATO. He invaded because he believed that NATO was weak, that his efforts to regain control of Ukraine by other means had failed, and that installing a pro-Russian government in Kyiv would be safe and easy. His aim was not to defend Russia against some non-existent threat but rather to expand Russia's power, eradicate Ukraine's statehood, and destroy NATO, goals he still pursues".[119]

Alleged assassination and sabotage attempts

On 18 February 2022, the Luhansk People's Republic showed a video purportedly showing removal of a car full of explosives prepared to blow up a train full of women and children evacuating to Russia. The video's metadata showed that it had been recorded on 12 June 2019.[120]

The breakaway Donetsk People's Republic also released a video on 18 February 2022 that claimed to show Poles trying to blow up a chlorine tank. The video was further distributed by Russian media. The video's metadata showed that it was created on 8 February 2022, and included different pieces of audio or video, including a 2010 YouTube video from a military firing range in Finland.[120][9] Ukrainian intelligence attributed responsibility for the video to the Russian intelligence service GRU.[9]

According to Bellingcat, a supposed bombing of a "separatist police chief" by a "Ukrainian spy", broadcast on Russian state television, showed visual evidence of the bombing of an old "green army vehicle". The old car's registration plate was that of the separatist police chief, but the same licence plate was also seen on a different, new SUV.[10][120][9]

On 22 February 2022, the Russian people's militias in Ukraine accused Ukraine of a "terrorist attack" that killed three civilians in a car on the Donetsk-Gorlovka highway.[121] France 24 described the incident as a false flag attempt with corpses likely coming from a morgue to set up the scene.[122]

Russia's alleged attempt to end the Donbas War

On 7 September 2022, at the Eastern Economic Forum, Putin claimed that Russia did not "start" any military operations, but was only trying to end those that started in 2014, after a "coup d’état in Ukraine".[123] Conversely, Russia's annexation of Crimea in February 2014 is regarded as the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[124]

Before Russia began its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the intensity of the hostilities in the Donbas had been steadily declining since the signing of the Minsk agreements in February 2015.[125]

Ukrainian biological and radiological weapons

Biological weapons labs

Main article: Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory

In March 2022, Russia alleged that Ukraine was developing biological weapons in a network of labs linked to the US.[126] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and Chinese state media amplified Russian claims.[127] QAnon promoters also echo disinformation.[128][129] BBC Reality Check found no evidence supporting the claims.[130] The United Nations also refuted this.[129][131] Russian biologists in and outside of Russia have debunked the claims, calling the allegations "transparently false".[132]

According to researcher Adam Rawnsley, the Kremlin has a history of discrediting ordinary biology labs in former Soviet republics, and previously spread conspiracy theories about Georgia and Kazakhstan similar to those deployed against Ukraine.[133][134]

Birds as bio-weapons

Prior to March 2022, the Russian Ministry of Defence made unsubstantiated accusations that the United States was manufacturing bio-weapons in Ukraine. In March the Ministry followed up with another conspiracy theory: the US was training birds to spread disease in Ukraine among Russian citizens, according to Major General Igor Konashenkov, spokesman for the Ministry of Russian state-controlled media. He mentioned specific details, including a strain of influenza with 50% mortality, and Newcastle disease. Media reports included maps, documents, and photos of birds with American military insignia, and claimed that infected birds had been captured alive in eastern Ukraine.[135][136]

A U.S. State Department spokesman laughed these claims off and called them "outright lies", "total nonsense", "absurd", "laughable" and "propaganda". CIA Director William Burns told the U.S.Senate that Russia made these claims to prepare the terrain for a biological or chemical attack against Ukraine, which they would then blame on the United States and Ukraine.[135][136]

Combat mosquitoes

On 28 October 2022 Vasily Nebenzya, Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations, accused Ukraine of using drones with "combat mosquitoes" which spread "dangerous viruses".[137]

Ukrainian plans to use a dirty bomb

See also: Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction

In March 2022, Russian state-controlled news agencies claimed, without evidence, that Ukraine was developing a plutonium-based dirty bomb nuclear weapon at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.[138]

In a series of calls to foreign defence officials made in October 2022, Russian Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu similarly claimed that Ukraine was preparing a "provocation" involving the use of a dirty bomb.[139][140] The Institute for the Study of War suggested a desire to slow or suspend foreign aid to Ukraine as a possible motive for the allegations.[139] The foreign ministries of France, the United Kingdom and the United States rejected "Russia's transparently false allegations".[139] In a briefing, the Russian Ministry of Defence used photos of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station, the Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant, the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, and a photo from a 2010 presentation by the Slovenian Radioactive Waste Management Agency [sl] as "evidence" for its claims.[141]

Denial of Russian war crimes

Main articles: War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Russian 2022 war censorship laws

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity were recorded and extensively documented, including attacks on civilians and energy-related infrastructure, wilful killings, unlawful confinement, torture, rape, and unlawful deportations of children.[142] Russian officials denied the war crimes perpetrated by Russian forces. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov called the Bucha massacre a "fake attack" against Russia, claiming it was staged. He said that Russian forces had left Bucha on 30 March while evidence of killings had emerged, according to him, four days later.[143]

On 4 April at the United Nations, Russian representative Vasily Nebenzya said that the bodies in the videos were not there when Russian forces withdrew from Bucha.[144] This was contradicted by satellite images showing that the bodies were there as early as 19 March;[145] the position of the corpses in the satellite images matches the smartphone photos taken in early April.[146]

The Russian Defence Ministry's Telegram channel said Russian forces did not target civilians during the battle. According to them, a massacre could not have been covered up by the Russian military, and the mass grave in the city was filled with victims of Ukrainian airstrikes. The Ministry said it had analyzed a video purporting to show the bodies of dead civilians in Bucha, and the corpses were moving. The BBC's Moscow office investigated this claim and concluded there was no evidence the video had been staged.[147] Russian officials also blamed Ukrainian forces for the Mariupol theatre airstrike,[148] though independent sources confirmed that Russia was responsible.[149]

Residential building in Dnipro after Russian missile strike on 14 January 2023. Dmitry Peskov claimed that the residential building probably collapsed due to a Ukrainian air defense counterattack.

In November 2022, Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov denied that the Russian military was attacking civilian infrastructure in Ukraine. According to Peskov, the Russian army only attacked targets directly or indirectly connected to military potential. In January 2023, the Russian Ministry of Defence confirmed their responsibility for the Dnipro residential building airstrike, which killed over 40 civilians.[150] But Peskov said that Russian forces never attack residential buildings and the residential building probably collapsed because of a Ukrainian air defence counterattack.[151]

In December 2022, Russian opposition politician Ilya Yashin was sentenced to eight-and-a-half years in prison for his statements about the killings in Bucha on charges of "spreading false information" about the armed forces. Yashin was tried over a YouTube video released in April 2022 in which he discussed the discovery of murdered Ukrainian civilians in the suburban town of Bucha, near Kyiv.[152] In February 2023, Russian journalist Maria Ponomarenko [sv] was sentenced to six years in prison for publishing information about the Mariupol theatre airstrike.[153]

Other Russian claims

Ukrainian Satanism and black magic

In May 2022, Russian state media claimed that Ukraine was using black magic to fend off the Russian military. RIA Novosti said that evidence of black magic had been found in an eastern Ukrainian village; according to their report, Ukrainian soldiers had allegedly consecrated their weapons "with blood magick" at a location with a "satanic seal".[154]

Dmitry Medvedev, deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council and also a former Russian president and prime minister, described the invasion as a sacred war against Satan.[155] Vladimir Solovyov, a presenter on state-owned channel Russia-1, also called the invasion a "holy war" against "Satanists" and said Russia is up against fifty countries "united by Satanism".[156]

Assistant secretary of Russia's Security Council Aleksey Pavlov called for the "de-Satanisation" of Ukraine in October 2022, claiming that the country had turned into a "totalitarian hypersect".[157] In an article for the Russian state-owned Argumenty i Fakty newspaper, he identified the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement as one of the "hundreds of neo-pagan cults" operating in Ukraine. Russia's chief rabbi, Berel Lazar, wrote a letter to Russian authorities, asking them to condemn Pavlov's comments, which he described as "a new variety of old blood libels".[158] About 70% of Ukrainians are religious, and half of those attend religious services.[159]

False flag fakes

In March 2022, videos were discovered purporting to show Ukrainian-produced disinformation about missile strikes inside Ukraine which were then "debunked" as some other event outside Ukraine. However, this may be the first case of a disinformation false-flag operation,[160] as the original, supposedly "Ukraine-produced" disinformation was never disseminated by anyone, and was in fact preventive disinformation created specifically to be debunked and cause confusion and mitigate the impact on the Russian public of real footage of Russian strikes within Ukraine that may get past Russian-controlled media. According to Patrick Warren, head of Clemson's Media Forensics Hub, "It's like Russians actually pretending to be Ukrainians spreading disinformation. ... The reason that it's so effective is because you don't actually have to convince someone that it's true. It's sufficient to make people uncertain as to what they should trust."[160]

The Olenivka prison massacre, described by most independent experts as a Russian-orchestrated sabotage, has been reported by Russian media as a missile attack by Ukraine. While the exact cause of the incident has still not been conclusively confirmed, most experts conclude the Russian version highly improbable.[161][162][163][164]

Flight and surrender of Ukrainian President

The Russian state media agency TASS claimed that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy fled Kyiv following the invasion and also that he had surrendered. Zelenskyy used social media to post statements, videos and photos to counter the Russian disinformation.[165][166]

Russian state-owned television channel Russia-1 spread false claims that Zelenskyy fled Ukraine following the 10 October 2022 missile strikes.[167]

Anti-refugee sentiments

Russian disinformation has also attempted to promote anti-refugee sentiments in Poland and other countries with an influx of mostly Ukrainian refugees from the war. Social media accounts with ties to Russia have promoted stories of refugees committing crimes or being unfairly privileged, or about locals discriminating against refugees (in particular, against black and non-Ukrainian refugees). Such disinformation is intended to weaken international support for Ukraine.[168]

News masquerading as Western coverage

A number of fabricated CNN headlines and stories went viral on social media,[169] including of a faked image of CNN reporting that Steven Seagal had been seen alongside the Russian military,[169] false tweets claiming that a CNN journalist had been killed in Ukraine,[169][170] a CNN lower third that was digitally altered to include a claim that Putin had issued a statement warning India not to interfere in the conflict,[169][171] and another that was altered to claim that Putin planned to delay the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine until "Biden delivers weapons to Ukraine for Russia to capture",[172] as well as a fabricated CNN tweet supposedly reporting on a figure referred to as "the Kharkiv Kid finder" alongside an image that actually portrayed the YouTuber Vaush, who lives in the US and was not in Kharkiv at the time.[173]

Other Western stations, including the BBC, DW and Euronews, have seen similar fakes distributed.[174]

"Grandmother with red flag"

Further information: Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Propaganda poster of grandmother with red flag, Saky, Crimea, 9 May 2022

A video showing an elderly woman holding the Soviet national flag to greet the Ukrainian military has been widely spread in Runet since March 2022. The grandmother with a red flag was turned into an iconic image by Russian propaganda. Allegedly, it represents the desire of "ordinary Ukrainians" to reunite with their "Russian brothers".[175]

Anna Ivanivna, the subject of the "grandmother with red flag" video, explained that she mistook the Ukrainian military for Russian invaders and she wanted to "placate" them with a Soviet flag so they would not destroy the village. She now regrets it and feels like a "traitor".[176] Her house near Kharkiv was destroyed by the Russian army, and she and her husband have been evacuated. She cursed the Russian army which she deemed was responsible for shelling her house. The Ukrainian military appealed to the public to not chastise Anna Ivanivna, who was a victim herself.[175][177]

13 "French mercenaries" killed in Kharkiv

On 16 January 2024, Russia carried out a missile strike on a multi-storey building in Kharkiv, claiming it had killed a dozen "French mercenaries". Local authorities said that 17 civilians were injured and that there was no military target in the building.[178] Russian media even published a list of 13 French men ostensibly killed in the attack. French network Radio France Internationale (RFI) contacted two people on the list, Alexis Drion and Béranger Minaud, volunteers of the International Legion of Ukraine who were both in France during this attack on Kharkiv, and made an interview with them, confirming they never died and that the story is a Russian propaganda. RFI assumes this was tied to the French announcement of a delivery of 40 SCALP missiles to the Ukrainian Army.[179]

Russian claims about Ukrainian civilians

  • "Russian soldiers will be welcomed as heroes by civilians for liberating them in Ukraine" [180]
    • Ukrainians confront Russian tanks with bare hands [181]
    • Ukrainians jubilant as Ukraine retakes Kherson [182]
  • "No strikes are being made on civilian infrastructure" - In February 2022 Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov[183] "Russian armed forces do not attack civilian objects on the territory of Ukraine" - June 2023 Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov [184]
    • Russia's full-scale aggression has caused $137.8 billion damage to Ukraine's infrastructure in a year.[185]
  • "Civilians are not being targeted"[186]
    • The United Nations estimated that as of 24 July, the war had killed or injured more than 12,000 civilians[186]
    • Civilians are tortured and killed[180]
    • Civilians suffer wilful killings, attacks, unlawful confinement, torture, rape and sexual violence, as well as forcible transfer and deportation of children - Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, to the General Assembly[187]
    • At least 10,000 killed civilians confirmed by the UN since the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion - November 2023[188]
  • The Kremlin claimed "they do not intend to impose anything by force."[189]
    • Civilians who refuse Russian passports denied medical facilities[190]
    • Civilians without passports threatened with deportation[191]
  • "Ukrainian citizens can decide on their future" - President Putin 12 June 2021 [192]

Claims of Wikipedia publishing false information

See also: Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Amongst Russia's attempts to control the free press and present their own views are attacks on Wikipedia, which has been on a government registry of prohibited websites for over 10 years.[193]

In May 2022, the Wikimedia Foundation was fined 5 million rubles for articles about the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russia claimed to have uncovered 16.6 million messages spreading "fakes" about the invasion on platforms including Wikipedia.[193] The Wikimedia Foundation appealed the ruling in June, stating the "information at issue is fact-based and verified by volunteers who continuously edit and improve articles on the site; its removal would therefore constitute a violation of people's rights to free expression and access to knowledge."[194]

In November 2022, a Russian court fined the Wikimedia Foundation 2 million rubles for not deleting "false" information in seven articles about the "special military operation", including the Bucha massacre and the Mariupol theatre airstrike.[195]

In February 2023, a Russian court imposed a fine of 2 million rubles on the Wikimedia Foundation for failing to remove "misinformation" about the Russian military.[196][194] In April 2023, another fine of 800,000 rubles was imposed on the Wikimedia Foundation for not removing materials about Russian rock band Psiheya [ru], with another fine of 2 million rubles being imposed in relation to other articles such as the Russian language version of Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[197]

Support for Hamas

See also: Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war

On 8 October 2023, a video supposedly of Hamas thanking Ukraine for supplying them was shared by an X account linked to the Wagner Group. It was viewed over 300,000 times and shared by American far-right accounts. The next day, former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev tweeted, "Well, Nato buddies, you've really got it, haven't you? The weapons handed to the Nazi regime in Ukraine are now being actively used against Israel."[198][199][200]

Claims of organ harvesting

In April 2022, Canada's Communications Security Establishment said there was a coordinated effort by Russia to promote false reports about Ukraine harvesting organs from dead soldiers, women and children.[201]

In May 2023, RT aired a documentary titled Tanks for Kidneys, which promotes false claims that Ukraine has been selling organs since 2014, including from children in orphanages and Ukrainian soldiers.[202]

Involvement in the Crocus City Hall attack

Further information: Crocus City Hall attack § Russian allegations of Ukrainian and Western involvement

In March 2024, four Tajik ISIS–K gunmen launched an attack on a concert hall in Krasnogorsk, Russia, with rifles and incendiaries, killing 144.[203] Ukrainian officials described Russian claims that the perpetrators of the Crocus City Hall attack tried to escape to Ukraine as "very doubtful and primitive" disinformation, recalling that the border is heavily guarded by soldiers and drones, mined in many areas, and constantly shelled from both sides.[204] Latvia-based Russian news outlet Meduza has reported that pro-government and state-funded media in Russia have been instructed by the Russian government to highlight possible "traces" of Ukrainian involvement in the attack.[205]

On the evening of the attack, Russian television channel NTV broadcast a doctored video using audio deepfaking, purporting to show Oleksiy Danilov, the Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, confirming Ukrainian involvement in the attack, supposedly saying, "It's fun in Moscow today, I think it's very fun. I would like to believe that we will arrange such fun for them more often."[206][207] The deepfake was created by patching together previous news streams of the Ukrainian 1+1 channel.[206][208]

In late March 2024, more than 50% of Russians believed that Ukraine was responsible for the terrorist attack, while 27% said Islamic State was responsible and 6% blamed the so-called "collective West", according to a survey conducted by OpenMinds. The Islamic State was blamed most often by young people aged 18-30 who opposed the war in Ukraine.[209]

Ukrainian themes

The Ghost of Kyiv

Main article: Ghost of Kyiv

On the second day of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, videos and picture went viral on social media, with claims that a Ukrainian pilot nicknamed the "Ghost of Kyiv" had shot down 6 Russian fighter jets in the first 30 hours of the war. There is no credible evidence that he existed.[2][210] A video of the alleged pilot was shared on Facebook and the official Twitter account of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence, was later found to be from the video game Digital Combat Simulator World.[211][212] An altered photo was also shared by the former president of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko.[213] On 30 April 2022, Ukrainian Air Force asked the "Ukrainian community not to neglect the basic rules of information hygiene" and to "check the sources of information, before spreading it",[214] stating that the Ghost of Kyiv "embodies the collective spirit of the highly qualified pilots of the Tactical Aviation Brigade who are successfully defending Kyiv and the region".[215]

The Ukrainian Air Force later admitted that the Ghost of Kyiv was a fabrication.[216][217][218][219] Despite this, The Times and several other outlets published stories without evidence[220] asserting that the pilot was real and had died.

Snake Island campaign

Main article: 2022 Snake Island campaign

On 24 February 2022, the Ukrainian newspaper Ukrainska Pravda published a viral audio recording in which the crew of a Russian warship offered Ukrainian border guards on Serpent Island to surrender to the Russian forces. One of the border guards responded by saying, "Russian warship, go fuck yourself".[2]

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced the death of the border guards. A few days later, Ukrainian officials reported that the border guards were alive and had been captured by Russian troops.[2][221] The New York Times stated that "The Ghost of Kyiv" story was likely to be false and that the claim that the Snake Island border guards had all been killed was false, and that both cases were either propaganda or a campaigns to raise morale.[2]

Ukrainian southern counteroffensive

See also: Military deception

In the summer of 2022, a number of Ukrainian officials spread misleading information about the impending Ukrainian counteroffensive in the south of the country in the Kherson Oblast in order to regain control of Kherson.[222] Ukrainian special forces have said that the highly publicized Ukrainian counteroffensive in the Kherson Oblast was a military disinformation campaign aimed at distracting Russian forces from the real offensive that was being prepared in the Kharkiv Oblast. Taras Berezovets, a spokesman for the Ukrainian special forces brigade, said: "[It] was a big special disinformation operation. ... [Russia] thought it would be in the south and moved their equipment. Then, instead of the south, the offensive happened where they least expected, and this caused them to panic and flee".[223][224]

Rumors about Russian mobilisation

Alexander Titov from Queen's University Belfast notes that the rumours about new Russian mobilisation are "partly a misinformation campaign launched by Kyiv to sow dissent in Russia" and that the "spreading rumours of imminent mobilisation in Russian is clearly part of Ukraine's psychological warfare, but the more they do it without anything happening, the less credible it becomes".[225]

On 22 September 2022, the "conscript base" of the 2022 Russian mobilisation from the hacker group Anonymous began to spread in Ukrainian Telegram channels. As it was claimed, the distributed file allegedly contained the passport data of more than 305 thousand Russians subject to mobilisation "first of all". It was also noted that Anonymous hackers obtained the data by hacking the website of the Russian defence ministry, but the group itself didn't report this leak. The ministry didn't comment on the alleged leak, but reposted "War on Fakes", a Telegram channel. The report says that the published database "is compiled from several open databases and has nothing to do with the Ministry of Defense." Ruslan Leviev, the founder of Conflict Intelligence Team, and Andrei Zakharov, a correspondent of the BBC News Russian, are of the opinion that the "conscript base" is a fake.[226][227]

On 30 December 2022, Oleksii Reznikov announced a second wave of Russian mobilization, which was supposed to begin on 5 January 2023

In December 2022, Ukrainian Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov and head of military intelligence Kyrylo Budanov claimed that a new wave of mobilisation would begin on 5 January 2023, but this didn't happen. Then in January of the same year, Ukrainian officials continued to claim that 500,000 people would be mobilized that same month.[225]

On 9 January 2023, information spread on social networks that the Federal Security Service sent all border services an order to restrict the departure of Russian citizens subject to conscription for military service.[228] On 11 January, this statement was published, among other things, by the Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. Press Secretary of the Russian President Dmitry Peskov called that as "information sabotage". The head of the human rights group Agora, Pavel Chikov, called the "orders" a fake, because "the orders were executed inappropriately, although they are similar to the original ones".[229] Factcheck.kg noted that, according to the Russian GOST for official documents, the date must be indicated in a "verbal-digital way" and that when writing an order it is also necessary to refer to the law. Paragraph 12 contains an extra character, which is also unacceptable. Also the document is not certified by the seal or signature of the relevant officials or organizations and, thus, is a fake.[228]

On 5 September 2023, a document allegedly signed by Sergei Shoigu on a new wave of Russian mobilization appeared in the Ukrainian media and Telegram channels (including UNIAN). Regional and federal representatives of the Russian authorities called the "order" a fake. Russian independent media SOTA concluded that it was a fake and provided a number of arguments to support this opinion; for example, in Russian legislation there are not "representatives of military commissariats", but military commissars.[230][231] A few days later, on 11 September, the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces published an unsubstantiated statement that Russia could soon launch a major mobilization campaign of 400,000 to 700,000 people.[232][225]

Other disinformation

The media focused much less on how other countries' propaganda during Russia's invasion of Ukraine worked to promote certain narratives.[1]

Russosphere

Russosphere is a French-language social network that promotes pro-Russian propaganda in Africa. It was created in 2021, but fully launched in February 2022, prior to the invasion of Ukraine.[233] It amassed over 65,000 followers on social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, as well as Telegram and VK.[234] The network's posts typically accuse France of modern-day "colonialism", describe the Ukrainian Army as "Nazis" and "Satanists", and praise the Wagner Group, a Russian private military company.[233] In early 2023, the BBC and Logically reported that Russosphere was created by Luc Michel, a Belgian far-right activist.[233][235][234]

Fakes involving celebrities

In December 2023, Microsoft revealed that messages recorded by US actors on the website Cameo have been repurposed to spread misinformation about Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy being a drug addict on social media and Russian state media.[236] Wired reported that images of Western celebrities edited to contain pro-Russian and anti-Ukrainian quotes were spread on Facebook, with the operation being linked to Doppelganger, a Russian disinformation campaign.[237]

Censorship

In Russia

For broader coverage of this topic, see Media freedom in Russia.

On 4 March 2022, Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian military and its operations, with the Russian government deciding what is the truth, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet.[238][239][240] Although the 1993 Russian Constitution has an article expressly prohibiting censorship,[241] the Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to only use information from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks, and accused a number of independent media outlets of spreading "unreliable socially significant untrue information" about the shelling of Ukrainian cities by the Russian army and civilian deaths.[242][243]

Roskomnadzor launched an investigation against the Novaya Gazeta, Echo of Moscow, inoSMI, MediaZona, New Times, TV Rain, and other independent Russian media outlets for publishing "inaccurate information about the shelling of Ukrainian cities and civilian casualties in Ukraine as a result of the actions of the Russian Army".[244] On 1 March 2022, the Russian government blocked access to TV Rain, as well as Echo of Moscow, in response to their coverage of the invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces. The channel closed, with its general director announcing they would be "temporarily halting its operations", on 3 March 2022; its frequencies were later reassigned to the Russian state propaganda outlet Sputnik Radio.[245][246] Novaya Gazeta ceased publications on 28 March 2022 and its publishing license was revoked on 5 September, but it was quickly revived in Latvia as Novaya Gazeta Europe.[247][248][249] The websites of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, The Moscow Times, Radio France Internationale, The New Times and BBC News Russian were blocked.[250][251]

As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with the war in Ukraine.[252] Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said that "These new laws are part of Russia's ruthless effort to suppress all dissent and make sure the [Russian] population does not have access to any information that contradicts the Kremlin's narrative about the invasion of Ukraine."[253]

Due to Russian fake news laws, Russian authorities blocked Facebook and Twitter, while TikTok in Russia banned new uploads. However a study by Tracking Exposed found out that TikTok had blocked all non-Russian content, but has continued to host old videos uploaded by Russia-based accounts and permitted Russian state media to continue posting, described as establishing a "splinternet" within a global social media platform.[254] TikTok's vague censorship has permitted pro-Kremlin news but blocked foreign accounts and critics of the war, as a result "Russians are left with a frozen TikTok, dominated by pro-war content".[255][256]

In China

Further information: China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

The BBC reported that coverage of the war was heavily censored on social media in China. Many stories and accounts supporting one or the other side were removed. A Taiwanese research group accused Chinese media of "regularly quoting disinformation and conspiracy theories from Russian sources".[257]

In March 2022, China Global Television Network (CGTN) paid for digital ads on Facebook targeting users with newscasts featuring pro-Kremlin talking points after Meta Platforms banned Russian state media advertisements.[258][259] The same month, CGTN repeated unsubstantiated Russian claims of biological weapons labs in Ukraine.[260] A leaked internal directive from The Beijing News ordered its employees not to publish news reports that were "negative about Russia". An analysis found that nearly half of Weibo's social media posts used Russia sources which were pro-Putin or described Ukraine in negative terms, while another third of posts were anti-West and blamed NATO, while very few posts described the war in neutral terms. Several history professors have penned an open letter that strongly opposed China's support for "Russia's war against Ukraine" but their post was quickly deleted by censors, while a celebrity who criticized Russia over the invasion had her account suspended.[261][262][263]

Effects of Russian disinformation

See also: Denialism, Doublethink, and Selective exposure theory
Putin and Konstantin Ernst, chief of Russia's main state-controlled TV station Channel One[264]

Facebook uncovered a Russian campaign using fake accounts, and attempts to hack the accounts of high-profile Ukrainians.[265] There are reports of Russian government staff searching for "organic content" posted by genuine users in support of the Kremlin, while making sure that these do not run afoul of platform guidelines, then amplifying these posts. Researchers have found that Russia's Internet Research Agency has operated numerous troll farms who spam critics of the Kremlin with pro-Putin and pro-war comments.[266]

In February 2022, Eliot Higgins of Bellingcat judged that the quality of Russian misinformation videos had weakened, but remained especially effective for the older generation of Russians.[9]

Some observers noted what they described as a "generational struggle" among Russians over perception of the war, with younger Russians often opposed to the war and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled mass media in Russia.[267] Kataryna Wolczuk, an associate fellow of Chatham House's Russia and Eurasia programme, said that "[Older] Russians are inclined to think in line with the official 'narrative' that Russia is defending Russian speakers in Ukraine, so it's about offering protection rather than aggression."[267] About two-thirds of Russians use television as their primary source of daily news.[268] According to the cyber threat intelligence company Miburo, about 85% of Russians get most of their news from Russian state-controlled media.[269]

Many Ukrainians say that their relatives and friends in Russia trust what the state-controlled media tells them and refuse to believe that there is a war in Ukraine and that the Russian army is shelling Ukrainian cities.[270][271][272]

Some Western commentators have claimed that the main reason many Russians have supported Putin and the "special military operation" in Ukraine has to do with the propaganda and disinformation.[273][274][275] At the end of March, a poll conducted in Russia by the Levada Center concluded the following: When asked why they think the military operation is taking place, respondents said it was to protect and defend civilians, ethnic Russians or Russian speakers in Ukraine (43%), to prevent an attack on Russia (25%), to get rid of nationalists and "denazify" Ukraine (21%), and to incorporate Ukraine and/or the Donbas region into Russia (3%)."[276]

In China,[277][278] India,[279][280] Indonesia,[281] Malaysia,[282] Africa,[283] the Arab world,[284] and Latin America,[285] some social media users trended towards showing sympathy for Russian narratives. A study performed by Airlangga University revealed that 71% of Indonesian netizens supported the invasion.[286] This support was due to affection for Putin's strongman leadership, as well as anti-US and anti-Western political alignments.[287] Additionally, many Indonesians supported Russia due to positive reports of Ramzan Kadyrov and claims of the Azov Regiment covering their bullets with pork lard to be used against Muslim Chechen troops in the invasion.[288][289]

A series of four online polls by Alexei Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation found that between 25 February and 3 March, the share of respondents in Moscow who considered Russia an "aggressor" increased from 29% to 53%, while the share of those who considered Russia a "peacemaker" fell by half from 25% to 12%.[290] On 5 April 2022, Alexei Navalny said the "monstrosity of lies" in the Russian state media "is unimaginable. And, unfortunately, so is its persuasiveness for those who have no access to alternative information."[291] He tweeted that "warmongers" among Russian state media personalities "should be treated as war criminals. From the editors-in-chief to the talk show hosts to the news editors, [they] should be sanctioned now and tried someday."[292]

On 3 April 2024, Russia's Defense Ministry announced that "around 16,000 citizens" had signed military contracts in the last 10 days to fight as contract soldiers in the Russo-Ukrainian War, with most of them saying they were motivated to "avenge those killed" in the Crocus City Hall attack.[293]

Countering Russian disinformation

Logo of NAFO
A NAFO mascot on a destroyed Russian tank displayed in front of the Russian embassy in Berlin

The United States Department of State and the European External Action Service of the European Union (EU) published guides aiming to respond to Russian disinformation.[13] Twitter paused all ad campaigns in Ukraine and Russia in an attempt to curb misinformation spread by ads.[294] European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen announced an EU-wide ban of Russian state-sponsored RT and Sputnik news channels on 27 February, after Poland and Estonia had done so days before.[295]

Reddit, an American social news aggregation, content rating, and discussion website, quarantined subreddits r/Russia, the national subreddit of Russia, and r/GenZedong, a self-described "Dengist" subreddit in March 2022, after both the subreddits were spreading Russian disinformation. In the case of r/Russia, the site's administrators removed one of its moderators for spreading disinformation. Sister sub of r/Russia, r/RussiaPolitics was also quarantined for similar reasons. When the subreddits are quarantined, they don't show up in searches, recommendations and user feeds, and anyone who tries to access the quarantined subreddits would be shown a warning regarding the content, which they must acknowledge in order to access it.[296][297]

In May 2022, a group calling themselves NAFO was created with the object of posting irreverent comments about the war and memes promoting Ukraine or mocking the Russian war effort and strategy using a "cartoon dog" based on the Shiba Inu. NAFO was seen by The Washington Post as having a significant impact on Russian troll farms.[298] On 28 August 2022, the official Twitter account of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine tweeted its appreciation of NAFO, with an image of missiles being fired and a "Fella" dressed in a combat uniform, hands on face, in a posture of appreciation.[299]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Su, Yvonne (13 April 2022). "#PolandFirstToHelp: How Poland is using humanitarianism to boost its propaganda". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e Stuart A. Thompson, Davey Alba (3 March 2022). "Fact and Mythmaking Blend in Ukraine's Information War". The New York Times. 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022. In the information war over the invasion of Ukraine, some of the country's official accounts have pushed stories with questionable veracity, spreading anecdotes, gripping on-the-ground accounts and even some unverified information that was later proved false, in a rapid jumble of fact and myth. The claims by Ukraine do not compare to the falsehoods being spread by Russia, which laid the groundwork for a "false flag" operation in the lead-up to the invasion, which the Biden administration sought to derail.
  3. ^ "Russia is Winning the Global Information War". Royal United Services Institute. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Putin's Disinformation Push Targets Developing Nations, Sweden Says". Bloomberg.com. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  5. ^ Burke, Jason (3 October 2022). "Burkina Faso coup fuels fears of growing Russian mercenary presence in Sahel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  6. ^ Whitman, Dan (29 August 2023). "Russian Disinformation in Africa: No Door on this Barn". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  7. ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth (30 October 2023). "How Russian disinformation toppled government after government in Africa". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  8. ^ "Ukraine War: Russia Is Running an Orwellian Propaganda Campaign". Haaretz. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Harding, Luke; Roth, Andrew; Walker, Shaun (21 February 2022). "'Dumb and lazy': the flawed films of Ukrainian 'attacks' made by Russia's 'fake factory'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  10. ^ a b Zaks, Dmitry (21 February 2022). "Information War Rages Ahead of Feared Russian Invasion". Moscow Times. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  11. ^ agencies, Staff and (1 May 2022). "'Troll factory' spreading Russian pro-war lies online, says UK". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  12. ^ Mozur, Paul; Satariano, Adam; Krolik, Aaron (15 December 2022). "An Alternate Reality: How Russia's State TV Spins the Ukraine War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  13. ^ a b Scott, Mark (27 January 2022). "As Ukraine conflict heats up, so too does disinformation". Politico. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Putin says Russians and Ukrainians 'practically one people'". Reuters. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  15. ^ Marson, James (25 May 2009). "Putin to the West: Hands off Ukraine". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  16. ^ a b c Düben, B A. "Revising History and ‘Gathering the Russian Lands’: Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood". LSE Public Policy Review, vol. 3, no. 1, 2023
  17. ^ Durand, Olivia (24 February 2022). "Putin's invasion of Ukraine attacks its distinct history and reveals his imperial instincts". The Conversation.
  18. ^ "Putin ally says 'Ukraine is Russia' and historical territory needs to 'come home'". Reuters. 4 March 2024.
  19. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  20. ^ "Putin Ally Says There's '100 Percent' Chance of Future Russia-Ukraine Wars". Newsweek. 17 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  21. ^ Borger, Julian (27 May 2022). "Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  22. ^ Baiou, Sabrine (27 May 2022). "An Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation's Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent". New Lines Institute. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  23. ^ "Targeted destruction of Ukraine's culture must stop: UN experts". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 22 February 2023. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  24. ^ "Disinfo: Ukraine is ruled by a Nazi junta". EU vs Disinfo. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  25. ^ GERASYMCHUK, SERGIY (7 May 2022). "Bulgaria: Hard Choice between Weapons for Ukraine and Unity of the Coalition". European Pravda. European Union and the International Renaissance Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  26. ^ "Putin says Ukraine run by 'band of drug addicts and neo-Nazis'; urges Ukrainian army to stage coup". Global News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Disinfo: Ukraine is militarized and under external control". EU vs Disinfo. 7 December 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  28. ^ Lutska, Veronika (1 April 2022). "Why should you not consider Ukrainians and Russians as 'one nation'?". War.Ukraine.ua.
  29. ^ "Восьме загальнонаціональне опитування: Україна в умовах війни (6 квітня 2022)". Ratinggroup.ua. 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  30. ^ "Watch: U.N. Envoys Stage Walkout As Russia's Lavrov Begins Address". NBC News. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023 – via YouTube.
  31. ^ "Lavrov embodies Moscow's steely posture". AP News. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  32. ^ "Russian actions aim to save people, demilitarize, denazify Ukraine – Lavrov". TASS. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  33. ^ a b Smart, Charlie (2 July 2022). "How the Russian Media Spread False Claims About Ukrainian Nazis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  34. ^ Brown, Chris (5 April 2022). "A Kremlin paper justifies erasing the Ukrainian identity, as Russia is accused of war crimes". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  35. ^ "Ukraine 'to be renamed' after war". The Australian. 5 April 2022. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  36. ^ Ball, Tom. "Russia's vision for renaming Ukraine includes executing rebels". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  37. ^ Gessen, Masha (18 May 2022). "Inside Putin's Propaganda Machine". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  38. ^ Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe, Bastiaan Willems (2022). "Putin's Abuse of History: Ukrainian 'Nazis', 'Genocide', and a Fake Threat Scenario". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 35 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/13518046.2022.2058179. S2CID 250340541.
  39. ^ a b Tabarovsky, Izabella; Finkel, Eugene (27 February 2022). "Statement on the War in Ukraine by Scholars of Genocide, Nazism and World War II". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  40. ^ Haltiwanger, John (24 February 2022). "Auschwitz museum says Russia's war in Ukraine is an 'act of barbarity that will be judged by history'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  41. ^ Hollinger, Andrew, ed. (24 February 2022). "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum condemns Russia's invasion Of Ukraine and Vladimir Putin's exploitation of Holocaust history as a pretext for war". Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022. In justifying this attack, Vladimir Putin has misrepresented and misappropriated Holocaust history by claiming falsely that democratic Ukraine needs to be 'denazified.' Equally groundless and egregious are his claims that Ukrainian authorities are committing 'genocide' as a justification for the invasion of Ukraine.
  42. ^ "Yad Vashem Statement Regarding the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" (Press Release). Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022. ... the propagandist discourse accompanying the current hostilities is saturated with irresponsible statements and completely inaccurate comparisons with Nazi ideology and actions before and during the Holocaust. Yad Vashem condemns this trivialization and distortion of the historical facts of the Holocaust.
  43. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (25 April 2022). "Putin wants to de-Nazify Ukraine — that's ludicrous, say the country's Jews". Politico. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  44. ^ Garner, Ian (26 March 2022). "Russia and Ukraine Are Fighting for the Legacy of World War II". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  45. ^ "The 'Death Cult' Keeping Russia in Ukraine". The Bulwark. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  46. ^ Berger, Miriam (25 February 2022). "Putin says he will 'denazify' Ukraine. Here's the history behind that claim". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  47. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (2 May 2022). "Soviet flags keep rising over Russian-occupied Ukraine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022.
  48. ^ "'It's a reference to the USSR — to its return' Why is the Kremlin incorporating Soviet symbols into its war propaganda?". Meduza. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022.
  49. ^ a b "Russia claims 'neo-Nazis' were at wake for Ukrainian soldier in village café where missile killed 52". Associated Press. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  50. ^ a b Snyder, Timothy (8 April 2022). "Russia's genocide handbook – The evidence of atrocity and of intent mounts". Thinking about... – Opening the future by understanding the past. Substack. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  51. ^ Dugin, Aleksandr. "Denazification means complete eradication of Russophobia in Ukraine and elsewhere". Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  52. ^ "Ukraine's Zelensky says Russia acting like 'Nazi Germany'". The Times of Israel. AFP. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  53. ^ Đokić, Aleksandar (13 April 2023). "When Russia calls others 'Nazis', it should be taking a hard look at itself". Euronews. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  54. ^ "Yes, Putin and Russia are fascist – a political scientist shows how they meet the textbook definition". The Conversation. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  55. ^ "Putin's attack on Ukraine echoes Hitler's takeover of Czechoslovakia". The Washington Post. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  56. ^ "How Putin's Russia embraced fascism while preaching anti-fascism". Atlantic Council. 17 April 2022. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  57. ^ Šmíd, Tomáš & Šmídová, Alexandra. (2021). Anti-government Non-state Armed Actors in the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Czech Journal of International Relations, Volume 56, Issue 2. pp.48-49.
  58. ^ Townsend, Mark (20 March 2022). "Russian mercenaries in Ukraine linked to far-right extremists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2023. Russian mercenaries fighting in Ukraine, including the Kremlin-backed Wagner Group, have been linked to far-right extremism ... Much of the extremist content, posted on Telegram and the Russian social media platform VKontakte (VK), relates to a far-right unit within the Wagner Group called Rusich ... One post on the messaging app Telegram, dated 15 March, shows the flag of the Russian Imperial Movement (RIM), a white-supremacist paramilitary ... Another recent VK posting lists Rusich as part of a coalition of separatist groups and militias including the extreme far-right group, Russian National Unity.
  59. ^ "Russian Neo-Nazis Participate in 'Denazifying' Ukraine – Der Spiegel". The Moscow Times. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  60. ^ "Washington's Defunct Atomwaffen Division had Deep Ties to the Terrorist Org, Russia Imperialist Movement". 4 July 2022.
  61. ^ Nacos, Brigitte L. (16 May 2023). Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-86414-4.[page needed]
  62. ^ "Putin's Stealth Mobilization: Russian Irregulars and the Wagner Group's Shadow Command Structure".
  63. ^ "Vanguard of a White Empire: Rusich, the Russian Imperial Movement, and Russia's War of Terror". 13 June 2023.
  64. ^ Likhachev, Vyacheslav (July 2016). "The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine" (PDF). Russie.NEI.Visions in English. pp. 21–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022. Members of far-right groups played a much greater role on the Russian side of the conflict than on the Ukrainian side, especially at the beginning.
  65. ^ Averre, Derek; Wolczuk, Kataryna, eds. (2018). The Ukraine Conflict: Security, Identity and Politics in the Wider Europe. Routledge. pp. 90–91. Separatist ideologues in the Donbas, such as they are, have therefore produced a strange melange since 2014. Of what Marlène Laruelle (2016) has called the 'three colours' of Russian nationalism designed for export—red (Soviet), white (Orthodox) and brown (fascist) ... there are arguably more real fascists on the rebel side than the Ukrainian side.
  66. ^ Berger, Miriam (24 February 2022). "Russian President Valdimir Putin says he will 'denazify' Ukraine. Here's the history behind that claim". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  67. ^ Campbell, Eric (3 March 2022). "Inside Donetsk, the separatist republic that triggered the war in Ukraine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  68. ^ Farley, Robert (31 March 2022). "The Facts on 'De-Nazifying' Ukraine". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  69. ^ Abbruzzese, Jason (24 February 2022). "Putin says he is fighting a resurgence of Nazism. That's not true". NBC News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022.
  70. ^ Arredondas, Margarita (5 April 2022). "Azov Battalion key to Russian propaganda justifying invasion of Ukraine". Atalayar. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  71. ^ Gunaratna, Rohan; Pethö-Kiss, Katalin (12 April 2024). A Research Agenda for Far-Right Violence and Extremism. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 164–166. ISBN 978-1-80220-962-4.
  72. ^ "Azov Regiment takes centre stage in Ukraine propaganda war". France 24. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  73. ^ Ritzmann, Alexander (12 April 2022). "The myth far-right zealots run Ukraine is Russian propaganda". Euronews. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  74. ^ McCallum, Alasdair (19 August 2022). "Much Azov about nothing: How the 'Ukrainian neo-Nazis' canard fooled the world". Monash University. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  75. ^ Braschayko, Andrea (13 June 2023). "Le accuse di 'nazismo' all'esercito dell'Ucraina". Valigia Blu (in Italian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  76. ^ "Western Extremists and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in 2022". Counter Extremism Project. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  77. ^ a b c Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  78. ^ Stanley, John (26 February 2022). "The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  79. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Vladimir Putin address fact-checked". BBC News. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  80. ^ "United States: Russia's claim of 'genocide in Ukraine' is reprehensible falsehood". Ukrinform. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  81. ^ "US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  82. ^ "Disinformation About the Current Russia-Ukraine Conflict – Seven Myths Debunked". Directorate-General for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (Press release). 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  83. ^ Kursani, Shpend (2022). "Beyond Putin's Analogies: The Genocide Debate on Ukraine and the Balkan Analogy Worth Noting". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (3–4): 1–13. doi:10.1080/14623528.2022.2099633. S2CID 250513465.
  84. ^ "UN international court of justice orders Russia to halt invasion of Ukraine". The Guardian. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  85. ^ a b c "Conflict-related civilian casualties in Ukraine" (PDF). OHCHR. 27 January 2022. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  86. ^ "Ukraine: civilian casualty update 14 August 2023". OHCHR. 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  87. ^ Coalson, Robert (29 March 2022). "'Military Brainwashing': Russian State TV Pulls Out The Stops To Sell Kremlin's Narrative On The War In Ukraine". RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  88. ^ "Propaganda War Over Mariupol's Destruction Is Only Just Starting". Bloomberg. 22 April 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  89. ^ "'No one will ever listen to Russia:' Why Ukraine is winning the propaganda war". CBC News. 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  90. ^ Баркалова, Екатерина (5 July 2023). "Как работали СМИ «фабрики троллей» и что там происходило во время мятежа?". «Бумага» (in Russian). Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  91. ^ Voichuk, Iryna (14 July 2023). "Victims of "Donbas genocide" were paid actors, Prigozhin's fired trolls reveal". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  92. ^ a b "Fact check: Russia's disinformation campaign targets NATO". Deutsche Welle. 13 February 2023. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  93. ^ "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine". Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023.
  94. ^ "War in Ukraine: Fact-checking Russian claims that Nato troops are fighting in Ukraine". BBC News. 21 September 2022.
  95. ^ "Elon Musk slammed for amplifying fake story about hundreds of 'Nato trainers' dying in Ukraine". The Independent. 6 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  96. ^ a b c d "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight". NATO. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  97. ^ "Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  98. ^ Person, Robert, and Michael McFaul. "What Putin Fears Most" Archived 9 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Democracy, vol. 33, no. 2, April 2022, pp. 18–27
  99. ^ Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  100. ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace". Chatham House. doi:10.55317/9781784135782. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  101. ^ "Ukraine drops non-aligned status in swipe at Moscow". France 24. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  102. ^ "The West's last war-time taboo: Ukraine joining NATO". Politico. 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  103. ^ "In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't". The New York Times. 9 January 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  104. ^ Zanchetta, Barbara (18 March 2022). "Did Putin invade Ukraine because of NATOs "broken promise"?". King's College London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  105. ^ "Russia's belief in Nato 'betrayal' – and why it matters today". The Guardian. 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  106. ^ "NATO member countries". 8 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  107. ^ "Finland doubling NATO's border with Russia in blow to Putin". Associated Press. 3 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  108. ^ "Putin sees no threat from NATO expansion, warns against military build-up". Reuters. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  109. ^ a b Hughes, Geraint (12 October 2022). "Is the war in Ukraine a proxy conflict?". King's College London.
  110. ^ a b Freedman, Lawrence (23 January 2023). "Ukraine is not a proxy war". The New Statesman.
  111. ^ "Fake of the week: Russia is waging war against NATO in Ukraine". Euractiv. 6 September 2023.
  112. ^ Goncharenko, Oleksiy (7 April 2024). "Western weakness in Ukraine could provoke a far bigger war with Russia". Atlantic Council.
  113. ^ "U.S. concerned about Ukraine strikes on Russian nuclear radar stations". The Washington Post. 29 May 2024.
  114. ^ "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine". The Spectator. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  115. ^ Dickinson, Peter (24 July 2023). "Russia's aggression against Ukraine leaves no room for negotiations". Euronews. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  116. ^ Tom Casier (2023). "No Great Russia without Greater Russia: The Kremlin's Thinking behind the Invasion of Ukraine". Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies. 16 (2): 14–29. doi:10.22215/cjers.v16i2.4148.
  117. ^ "Wagner chief accuses Moscow of lying to public about Ukraine". The Guardian. 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  118. ^ "Wagner head Prigozhin says Russian army attacked his forces". Deutsche Welle. 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  119. ^ "Weakness is Lethal: Why Putin Invaded Ukraine and How the War Must End". Institute for the Study of War. 1 October 2023.
  120. ^ a b c Bowman, Verity (21 February 2022). "Four Russian false flags that are comically easy to debunk". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  121. ^ "Separatists in east Ukraine accuse Kyiv over blast that killed three people". The Jerusalem Post. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  122. ^ "Russia's false flag attack in Ukraine". France24. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  123. ^ "Putin says Russia has 'not lost a thing' from war in Ukraine". The Hill. 7 September 2022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  124. ^ Jean-Pierre Filiu (19 February 2023). "For Ukraine, the war started in 2014, not in 2022". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  125. ^ "From 'frozen' conflict to full-scale invasion". Meduza. 6 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  126. ^ Wong, Edward (11 March 2022). "U.S. Fights Bioweapons Disinformation Pushed by Russia and China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  127. ^ Rising, David (11 March 2022). "China amplifies unsupported Russian claim of Ukraine biolabs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  128. ^ O'Sullivan, Donie (10 March 2022). "Analysis: Russia and QAnon have the same false conspiracy theory about Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  129. ^ a b "China and QAnon embrace Russian disinformation justifying war in Ukraine". France 24. 12 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  130. ^ "Ukraine war: Fact-checking Russia's biological weapons claims". BBC. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  131. ^ "United Nations Not Aware of Any Biological Weapons Programmes, Disarmament Chief Affirms as Security Council Meets to Address Related Concerns in Ukraine | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  132. ^ Mackey, Robert (17 March 2022). "Russia Is Lying About Evidence of Bioweapons Labs in Ukraine, Russian Biologists Say". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  133. ^ Rawnsley, Adam (18 March 2022). "What You Don't Know About Russia's 'Bioweapons' Bullshit". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  134. ^ Stronski, Paul. "Ex-Soviet Bioweapons Labs Are Fighting COVID-19. Moscow Doesn't Like It". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  135. ^ a b Villareal, Daniel (11 March 2022). "Russian Conspiracy Theory Says U.S. Training Birds to Spread Bio Weapons". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  136. ^ a b Myers, Steven Lee; Thompson, Stuart A. (20 March 2022). "Truth Is Another Front in Putin's War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  137. ^ ""Combat mosquitoes" follow "dirty bomb": Russian representative to UN tells more frenzy lies". Yahoo! News. 28 October 2022. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  138. ^ "Russia, without evidence, says Ukraine making nuclear 'dirty bomb'". Reuters. 6 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  139. ^ a b c "Ukraine war: Kyiv denounces Russia's 'dirty bomb' claims". BBC News. 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  140. ^ Porterfield, Carlie (23 October 2022). "Russian Defense Chief Claims—Without Evidence—Ukraine Could Use 'Dirty Bomb'". Forbes. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  141. ^ "Минобороны РФ выдало фото российских научных разработок за доказательство изготовления украинцами "грязной бомбы"". The Insider (in Russian). 28 October 2022. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  142. ^ "Human Rights Council: Russia responsible for 'widespread death and destruction' in Ukraine". UN News. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  143. ^ "Lavrov slams situation in Bucha as fake attack staged by West". TASS. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  144. ^ Ball, Tom (5 April 2022). "Satellite images show bodies in Bucha before Russian retreat". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  145. ^ "Bucha killings: Satellite image of bodies site contradicts Russian claims". BBC News. 5 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  146. ^ Hern, Alex. "Satellite images of corpses in Bucha contradict Russian claims". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  147. ^ "Questions over Russian Bucha denials". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  148. ^ "Russia accuses Ukraine of trying to frame it over Mariupol theatre attack". Reuters. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  149. ^ "Ukraine: Deadly Mariupol Theatre Strike 'A Clear War Crime' By Russian Forces". Amnesty International. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  150. ^ ""Цель удара достигнута". Минобороны России подтвердило ракетные удары по Украине 14 января, в результате которых погибли более 20 человек". The Insider (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 January 2023.
  151. ^ "Kremlin refutes accusations of missile attack on apartment block in Dnepropetrovsk". TASS news agency. 16 January 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  152. ^ "Kremlin Critic Yashin Given 8.5 Years in Jail for Bucha Massacre Claims". The Moscow Times. 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022.
  153. ^ "Russia Jails Anti-War Journalist 6 Years for 'Fake News'". The Moscow Times. 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  154. ^ "Russian State Media Claims to Discover Militarized Ukrainian Witches". Vice.com. 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  155. ^ "Medvedev says Russia is fighting a sacred battle against Satan". Reuters. 4 November 202. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  156. ^ "Russian State TV Host Says Country Entering 'Holy War Mode'". Newsweek. 22 January 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  157. ^ "Russia's Security Council claims there are 'hundreds of sects' in Ukraine and demands 'desatanisation'". Ukrainska Pravda. 25 October 2022. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  158. ^ Gross, Judah Ari (26 October 2022). "Russian chief rabbi protests as top official describes Chabad as a supremacist cult". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  159. ^ Ambrose, Tom; Ho, Vivian; Sullivan, Helen (26 October 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war live: 'Heaviest of battles' ahead in Kherson, says Kyiv". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022. Vladimir Putin justified the invasion of Ukraine with claims of the need to 'denazify' the country. Yesterday, Russia's security council pivoted from 'denazification' to 'desatanisation'
  160. ^ a b Silverman, Craig; Kao, Jeff (8 March 2022). "In the Ukraine Conflict, Fake Fact-Checks Are Being Used to Spread Disinformation". ProPublica. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  161. ^ "Russia claims Ukraine used US arms to kill jailed POWs. Evidence tells a different story". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  162. ^ "US says Russia aims to fabricate evidence in prison deaths". AP NEWS. 4 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  163. ^ "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  164. ^ "Ołeniwka. Jak Rosja ukryła zbrodnię wojenna ujawniając ją". oko.press. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  165. ^ Klepper, David (5 March 2022). "Russian propaganda 'outgunned' by social media rebuttals". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  166. ^ Champion, Marc; Krasnolutska, Daryna (26 February 2022). "Ukraine's TV comedian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy finds his role as wartime leader". Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  167. ^ "Российское телевидение сообщило об "бегстве Зеленского" из Киева, но умолчало про жертвы среди гражданских". Agentstvo (in Russian). 10 October 2022. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  168. ^ "Internet zalała propaganda z Kremla. "Łączą starą narrację z nową". Jak się nie nabrać? [RADY EKSPERTA]". gazetapl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  169. ^ a b c d Dale, Daniel (6 March 2022). "Fact check: Phony images masquerading as CNN coverage go viral amid war in Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  170. ^ "Fact Check-CNN did not tweet that a journalist was killed in both Ukraine and Afghanistan, claims stem from imposter accounts". Reuters. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  171. ^ "Fact Check-CNN chyron quoting Putin warning against India's interference in the 2022 Ukraine crisis is a fake". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  172. ^ "Fact Check-Screenshot of CNN news report about Biden and Russia has been digitally altered". Reuters. 12 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  173. ^
  174. ^
  175. ^ a b ""Grandmother with USSR flag" curses the Russian army because it destroyed her house". Ukrainska Pravda. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  176. ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (29 May 2022). "A Ukrainian Woman Greeted Troops With a Soviet Flag. Now, She Tells Putin to Stop Killing Ukrainians". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  177. ^ "Babushka Z: The woman who became a Russian propaganda icon". BBC News. 15 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  178. ^ "Paris dismisses Russian claim of French 'mercenaries' in Ukraine". France24. 18 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  179. ^ "Comment la Russie a faussement annoncé la mort de "mercenaires" français en Ukraine". RFI. 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  180. ^ a b "'Never saw such hell': Russian soldiers in Ukraine call home". Associated Press News. 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  181. ^ "'Shoot, we are unarmed': Verified videos show Ukrainians confronting Russian soldiers". 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  182. ^ Landay ', Jonathan (11 November 2022). "Ukrainians celebrate soldiers retaking Kherson, Russia's latest defeat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  183. ^ "Lavrov: No strikes being made on civilian infrastructure in Ukraine". 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  184. ^ "Lavrov for the BNR: Russian armed forces do not attack civilian objects in Ukraine". 30 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  185. ^ "When Buildings Can Talk: Real Face of Civilian Infrastructure Ruined by Russian Invaders". 2 February 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  186. ^ a b "RUSSIA FALSELY CLAIMS ATTACKS DON'T TARGET UKRAINIAN CIVILIANS". 3 August 2022.
  187. ^ "Statement by Erik Møse, Chair of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, to the General Assembly Third Committee, New York [EN/RU/UK]". 25 October 2023.
  188. ^ "Ukraine: Civilian casualties mount as war enters second winter". UN News. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  189. ^ "Countering disinformation with facts - Russian invasion of Ukraine". 4 February 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  190. ^ "Medical care not provided to people in occupied territories of Kherson region without Russian passport". 26 October 2023.
  191. ^ "Russia Threatens Ukrainians Who Refuse Russian Citizenship". 16 May 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  192. ^ "Article by Vladimir Putin "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"". 12 June 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  193. ^ a b "Russian Search Engines to Label Wikipedia as 'War Fakes' Spreader". 21 July 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  194. ^ a b Brodkin, Jon (28 February 2023). "Russia fines Wikipedia for publishing facts instead of Kremlin war propaganda". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  195. ^ "Russia fines Wikimedia Foundation over Ukraine war entries". Reuters. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  196. ^ "Russian court fines Wikipedia over military 'misinformation'". Reuters. 28 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  197. ^ "Russian Court Fines Wikipedia for Article About Ukraine War". 13 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  198. ^ Ganguly, Manisha; Farah, Hibaq (11 October 2023). "How Israel-Hamas war disinformation is being spread online". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  199. ^ Faerseth, John (18 October 2023). "No evidence that Hamas has received NATO weapons donated to Ukraine". Logically. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  200. ^ Gonzales, Angelo (18 October 2023). "What you need to know about disinformation in the Israel-Hamas war". Rappler. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  201. ^ Tunney, Catharine (1 April 2022). "Canadian intelligence agency calls out false Russian claim that Ukraine is harvesting organs". CBC News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  202. ^ Faerseth, John (4 December 2023). "'Tanks for Kidneys': Accusing Ukraine of organ trafficking to weaken Western support". Logically. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  203. ^ Roth, Andrew (24 March 2024). "New Islamic State videos back claim it carried out Moscow concert hall attack". the Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  204. ^ "Center for Countering Disinformation pushes back against Russian allegations of involvement in mass shooting". The New Voice of Ukraine. 23 March 2024.
  205. ^ "Kremlin tells pro-government media to emphasize possible 'traces' of 'Ukrainian involvement' in reporting on Moscow terrorist attack". Meduza. 23 March 2024. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  206. ^ a b Robinson, Adam; Robinson, Olga; Sardarizadeh, Shayan (23 March 2024). "Russian TV airs fake video blaming Ukraine for Moscow attack". BBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  207. ^ Samantha Michaels (23 March 2024). "A Deepfake Is Already Spreading Confusion and Disinformation About the Moscow Terror Attack". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  208. ^ "НТВ показал в новостях фейковое видео, где секретарь СНБО Украины «подтвердил причастность киевского режима» к теракту в «Крокус Сити Холле»" [NTV showed a fake video on the news, where the Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “confirmed the involvement of the Kyiv regime” in the terrorist attack at Crocus City Hall]. Meduza. 23 March 2024. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  209. ^ "Financial Times: poll shows over half of Russians believe Kyiv behind deadly terrorist attack in Moscow". Meduza. 1 April 2024.
  210. ^ Thompson, Stuart; Alba, Davey (3 March 2022). "Fact and Mythmaking Blend in Ukraine's Information War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  211. ^ Coleman, Alistair (25 February 2022). "Ukraine conflict: Further false images shared online". BBC. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  212. ^ Czopek, Madison (28 February 2022). "This 'Ghost of Kyiv' clip is from a video game, not a video of fighting in Ukraine". politifact. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  213. ^ "Fact check: Ukraine's 'Ghost of Kyiv' fighter pilot". Deutsche Welle. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  214. ^ "How Ukraine's 'Ghost of Kyiv' legendary pilot was born". BBC News. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  215. ^ Shoaib, Alia (1 May 2022). "Ukraine's Air Force debunks 'Ghost of Kyiv' death, says it is not one man but represents all pilots". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  216. ^ Galey, Patrick (2 May 2022). "Ukraine admits the 'Ghost of Kyiv' isn't real, but the wartime myth worked against Russia". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  217. ^ Bubola, Emma (1 May 2022). "Ukraine acknowledges that the 'Ghost of Kyiv' is a myth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  218. ^ Beachum, Lateshia (1 May 2021). "The 'Ghost of Kyiv' was never alive, Ukrainian air force says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  219. ^ "Ukraine admits 'Ghost of Kyiv' fighter pilot is a myth". AP News. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  220. ^ Axe, David. "The 'Ghost Of Kyiv,' Who Was Never Real, Just Got Killed In The Press". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  221. ^ "Kim Iversen Debunks FAKE Russia-Ukraine War Videos Spread Widely On Social Media". The Hill. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  222. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (26 September 2023). "Disinformation is a weapon regularly deployed in Russia's war in Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  223. ^ "Ukraine's southern offensive 'was designed to trick Russia'". The Guardian. 10 September 2022. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  224. ^ Times, The Brussels. "Ukraine using disinformation tactics to recapture territory in Kharkiv region". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  225. ^ a b c Titov, Alexander (28 September 2023). "Ukraine war: Putin avoids further mobilisation while Kyiv suffers manpower shortage". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  226. ^ "В телеграме опубликовали "базу призывников" от Anonymous. Эксперты назвали ее фейковой". Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  227. ^ Чикнаева, Вита (22 September 2022). "В соцсетях появилась "база призывников"". «Бумага» (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  228. ^ a b Султаналиева, Чынара (13 January 2023). "Фактчек: Россия с 9 января ограничивает выезд военнообязанным?". Factcheck.kg (in Russian). Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  229. ^ ""Это утка и информационная диверсия". Кремль отрицает слухи о запрете на выезд из России мужчинам призывного возраста". Meduza (in Russian). 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  230. ^ "В телеграм-каналах появился "приказ" Шойгу о мобилизации 200 тысяч человек. Региональные власти назвали его фейком. В Госдуме заявили, что сейчас мобилизация не нужна". Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  231. ^ Пономарёва, Аля (8 September 2023). ""Другого пути у Путина нет". Слухи в соцсетях об осенней мобилизации". Радио Свобода (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  232. ^ "Ukraine says Russia may soon launch big mobilisation drive". Reuters. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  233. ^ a b c "Russia in Africa: How disinformation operations target the continent". BBC News. 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  234. ^ a b Bond, Shannon (1 February 2023). "A pro-Russian social media campaign is trying to influence politics in Africa". NPR. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  235. ^ Walter, Kyle; Backovic, Nick. "Kremlin-Tied Propagandists Spearhead New Influence Operations". Logically. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  236. ^ Yousif, Nadine (8 December 2023). "Russia tricks US actors into appearing in propaganda videos". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  237. ^ Gilbert, David (6 December 2023). "Fake Taylor Swift Quotes Are Being Used to Spread Anti-Ukraine Propaganda". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  238. ^ "Over 150 Journalists Flee Russia Amid Wartime Crackdown On Free Press – Reports". Moscow Times. 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. Dozhd, Ekho Moskvy and Znak have closed down after being blocked by the authorities
  239. ^ "Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army". Moscow Times. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  240. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine". Fortune. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  241. ^ "Explained: What Russia's war on Ukraine has meant for its news media". The Indian Express. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  242. ^ "Russia Bans Media Outlets From Using Words 'War,' 'Invasion'". Moscow Times. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
  243. ^ "Use Only Official Sources About Ukraine War, Russian Media Watchdog Tells Journalists". Moscow Times. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  244. ^ "Russian Government Orders Media Outlets To Delete Stories Referring To 'Invasion' Or 'Assault' On Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, RFE/RL. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
  245. ^ "Russian TV channel says it is temporarily halting work". Reuters. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022. Dozhd (Rain) is temporarily halting its work
  246. ^ "Russia to Broadcast State-Run Sputnik Radio on Banned Liberal Station's Frequency". The Moscow Times. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022.
  247. ^ "Russian independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta suspends publication". France 24. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  248. ^ Times, The Moscow (5 September 2022). "Russia Revokes Novaya Gazeta Newspaper Print License". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  249. ^ "Exiled Novaya Gazeta Team Publishes In Latvia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  250. ^ Times, The Moscow (28 February 2022). "Russia Blocks Number of Independent and Ukrainian Media Outlets". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  251. ^ RFE/RL. "Russia Blocks Websites Of The Moscow Times, Radio France International Over Ukraine War Coverage". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  252. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison". CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  253. ^ "Russia Criminalizes Independent War Reporting, Anti-War Protests". Human Rights Watch. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  254. ^ "TikTok users in Russia can see only old Russian-made content". TheGuardian.com. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  255. ^ "Study finds TikTok's ban on uploads in Russia failed, leaving it dominated by pro-war content". 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  256. ^ "On TikTok, Russian state media is still posting propaganda". 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  257. ^ Wang, Kai (12 March 2022). "Ukraine: How China is censoring online discussion of the war". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  258. ^ Gold, Ashley (9 March 2022). "China's state media buys Meta ads pushing Russia's line on war". Axios. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  259. ^ Wen Liu, Tracy (23 March 2022). "Chinese State Media Is Pushing Pro-Russian Misinformation Worldwide". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  260. ^ Rising, David (11 March 2022). "China amplifies unsupported Russian claim of Ukraine biolabs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  261. ^ "China's promotion of Russian disinformation indicates where its loyalties lie". CNN. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  262. ^ "Chinese article urging country to cut ties with Putin gets 1m views". TheGuardian.com. 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  263. ^ "What do Russians see on TikTok?". 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  264. ^ "Canada sanctions 10 Putin allies, including Russia's leading TV propagandists". The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  265. ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat (28 February 2022). "Facebook and TikTok ban Russian state media in Europe". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
  266. ^ "Russia's trolling on Ukraine gets 'incredible traction' on TikTok". TheGuardian.com. May 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  267. ^ a b "How do young Ukrainians and Russians feel about another war?". Al Jazeera. 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  268. ^ "How Russian media outlets are preparing an attack on Ukraine". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  269. ^ Stengel, Richard (20 May 2022). "Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe". Time. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  270. ^ "'My cousins are killing one another': War in Ukraine splits mixed families". WION. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  271. ^ Hopkins, Valerie (6 March 2022). "Ukrainians Find That Relatives in Russia Don't Believe It's a War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  272. ^ Lucas, Ryan (6 March 2022). "Relationships across the Ukraine-Russia border feel the strain of war". NPR. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  273. ^ "'Pure Orwell': how Russian state media spins invasion as liberation". The Guardian. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  274. ^ Yaffa, Joshua (29 March 2022). "Why Do So Many Russians Say They Support the War in Ukraine?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  275. ^ "Russians in the dark about true state of war amid country's Orwellian media coverage". CNN. 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  276. ^ "Russian Public Accepts Putin's Spin on Ukraine Conflict". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  277. ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth (8 April 2022). "China is Russia's most powerful weapon for information warfare". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  278. ^ Repnikova, Maria; Zhou, Wendy (11 March 2022). "What China's Social Media Is Saying About Ukraine". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  279. ^ "#IStandWithPutin trending in India amid Russia-Ukraine conflict". DT Next. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022.
  280. ^ Poddar, Umang (8 March 2022). "How Indians on the internet view India's tacit support of Russia". Quartz. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022.
  281. ^ Strangio, Sebastian (9 March 2022). "Why Are Indonesian Netizens Expressing Support for Russia's Invasion of Ukraine?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  282. ^ Azmi, Hadi (19 March 2022). "How Russia and Ukraine are trying to win the battle on Malaysia's social media". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  283. ^ Gathara, Patrick (23 March 2022). "Why Africa does not appear to be 'standing with Ukraine'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  284. ^ "Ukraine War: Arab Social Media Unsympathetic, Sees Western Hypocrisy". Newsweek. 7 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  285. ^ Latif, Asad (17 March 2022). "Latin American media respond to Ukraine invasion with mix of deja vu, consternation". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  286. ^ Iswara, Aditya Jaya, ed. (15 March 2022). "Kenapa Mayoritas Netizen Indonesia Dukung Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina dan Kagum dengan Putin?" [Why do the majority of Indonesian netizens support the Russian invasion of Ukraine and admire Putin?]. Kompas (in Indonesian). BBC News Indonesia. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  287. ^ "5 Alasan yang Bikin Banyak Warga RI Dukung Rusia Invasi Ukraina" [5 reasons why many Indonesians support Russia's invasion of Ukraine]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  288. ^ "Mengapa Banyak Warga Indonesia Dukung Putin Invasi Ukraina?" [Why Do Many Indonesians Support Putin's Invasion of Ukraine?]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 11 March 2022. Page 2. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  289. ^ Anggadhitya, Riffa (10 March 2022). "Masyarakat Indonesia Dinilai Media Asing Lebih Dukung Rusia Dibanding Ukraina, Kenapa Ya?" [Indonesian people are considered by foreign media to be more supportive of Russia than Ukraine, why yes?]. Pikiran Rakyat (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  290. ^ "Anti-war momentum growing in Russia, poll from opposition leader Navalny claims". The Independent. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  291. ^ "Channelling Goebbels: The obscenity of Russian state TV news, as it conceals war crimes for Putin". inews.co.uk. 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  292. ^ "Navalny Calls for Sanctions Against Russian State Media 'Warmongers'". Moscow Times. 6 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  293. ^ "Russian Military Says Recruited 100K Contract Soldiers Since Start of 2024". The Moscow Times. 3 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  294. ^ Wagner, Kurt (26 February 2022). "Twitter Pauses Ads in Russia, Ukraine to Keep Focus on Safety". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  295. ^ Kayali, Laura (27 February 2022). "EU to ban Russia's RT, Sputnik media outlets, von der Leyen says". Politico. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  296. ^ Yeo, Amanda (1 March 2022). "Reddit has quarantined r/Russia due to misinformation". Mashable. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  297. ^ Chow, Andrew R. (24 March 2022). "Reddit Moves to Control Hate Speech and Misinformation in Two Forums". Time. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  298. ^ Taylor, Adam (1 September 2022). "With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  299. ^ @DefenceU (28 August 2022). "We usually express gratitude to our international partners for the security assistance. But today we want to give a shout-out to a unique entity – North Atlantic Fellas Organization #NAFO. Thanks for your fierce fight against kremlin's propaganda &trolls. We salute you, fellas!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&oldid=1253972426#Denying_Ukrainian_nationhood_and_statehood"