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Khwaday-Namag

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Khwadāy-Nāmag (New Persian: خدای‌نامه Khudāy-Nāma;[a] lit. 'Book of Lords') is the hypothetical title[b] of a lost Middle Persian history of Iran from the Sasanian era. It presumably encompassed the legendary and mythical history of Iran from the beginning of time until the Sasanian period. It was a remote predecessor of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh ('Book of Kings'), the 10th-century Iranian national epic, which, it is assumed, drew from a version[2] or versions of the Khwaday-Namag.[3] Scholars have tried to determine the content of the Khwaday-Namag through a comparison of Zoroastrian works, Arabic sources, and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh.[2] Some scholars use the term Khwaday-Namag to refer to a tradition or genre of texts dealing with Sasanian or Iranian national history, rather than to refer to a single putative original text.[1][2][4]

According to Theodor Nöldeke's theory, the book itself was composed first under the reign of Khosrow I Anushirvan (r. 531–579), and enlarged in the reign of the last Sasanian monarch, Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651). It was translated into Arabic in the 8th century by Ibn al-Muqaffa, a Zoroastrian convert to Islam; this translation, too, is lost. Nöldeke believed that all later Arabic histories of Iran used al-Muqaffa's translation. In particular, the Arabic Annals of al-Tabari and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are supposed to have best preserved the material of the Khwaday-Namag.[5] While al-Muqaffa did in fact translate a Persian history into Arabic titled Khudāy-Nāma,[c] there were, by the 10th century, many Arabic Khudāy-Nāmas (none of which have survived) with differing contents, so these cannot all have derived from al-Muqaffa's translation.[6][d] Mahmoud Omidsalar and Touraj Daryaee state that it is very likely that there were different versions of the Khwaday-Namag already in Sasanian times, commissioned by different noble families and telling the same Iranian national epic in different ways. However, they do not exclude that a great Khwaday-Namag was produced by the order of Khosrow I; this version may have been regarded as the finest or most prestigious of all the Khwaday-Namags. The result of this diversity was that the actual histories of the Iranian noble families were "grafted" onto Iranian mythical history and legend in the Khwaday-Namags. Early Muslim authors must have used translations of the various Khwaday-Namags and other independent epic stories when writing about pre-Islamic Iranian history.[4]

The main source of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh was the Shahnameh of Abu Mansur, a New Persian prose text made in 957 by a number of Zoroastrian scholars and dihqans under the supervision of Abu Mansur Mamari; only the introduction of this work remains today.[8] According to one view, the Shahnameh of Abu Mansur was a translation of a Pahlavi text dating back to Yazdegerd III's time, which was in turn based on an older text from the reign of Khosrow I. According to another view, the Shahnameh of Abu Mansur was a compilation of various sources, not a translation of a single work.[9]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Khodāy-Nāme per modern Iranian Persian pronunciation.
  2. ^ Michael R. J. Bonner writes that, while it is common practice to refer to the text as the Khudāy-Nāma or its hypothetical Middle Persian equivalent Khvatāy-Nāmak, this should be avoided since the original Middle Persian text and its title are lost. He uses the phrase "Khudāy-Nāma tradition" instead.[1]
  3. ^ The title is New Persian.
  4. ^ One surviving Arabic work that presents itself as a derivation of Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the Khwaday-Namag is Nihayat al-arab, but only a small amount of its material may reasonably be traced back to the lost Persian work.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bonner 2011, p. 20.
  2. ^ a b c Zeini 2018.
  3. ^ Yarshater 1983, p. 360.
  4. ^ a b Omidsalar & Daryaee 2017.
  5. ^ Bonner 2011, p. 19.
  6. ^ Bonner 2011, p. 21.
  7. ^ Hämeen-Anttila 2018, pp. 92–99.
  8. ^ Khalegi-Motlagh 1983, p. 337.
  9. ^ Bonner 2011, pp. 35–36.

Sources

[edit]
  • Bonner, M. R. Jackson (2011). "Three Neglected Sources of Sasanian History in the Reign of Khusraw Anushirvan". Studia Iranica. 46. Paris: 1–116.
  • Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018). Khwadāynāmag: The Middle Persian Book of Kings. Brill.
  • Khalegi-Motlagh, Dj. (1983). "Abū Manṣūr Maʿmarī". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/4: Abū Manṣūr Heravı̄–Adat. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-71009-093-5.
  • Omidsalar, Mahmoud; Daryaee, Touraj (2017). "Šāh-nāma nn. The Šāh-nāma as a historical source". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  • Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). "Iranian National History". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 359–481. ISBN 0-521-24693-8.
  • Zeini, Arash (2018). "Xwaday Namag". The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-5099.


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