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Kalvari-class submarine (2015)

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For the Foxtrot-class submarine, see Kalvari-class submarine (1967).

Kalvari, the lead vessel of the class, at sea
Class overview
NameKalvari class
BuildersMazagon Dock Limited
Operators Indian Navy
Preceded by
Succeeded byProject 75I
Cost
  • ₹23,652 crore (equivalent to ₹340 billion or US$4.0 billion in 2023) for six units
  • ₹3,942 crore (equivalent to ₹57 billion or US$660 million in 2023) per unit (FY 2016)
In commission2017 – present
Planned9[1][2]
On order3
Completed6
Active5
General characteristics
TypeAttack submarine
Displacement
  • Surfaced: 1,615 tonnes (1,589 long tons)
  • Submerged: 1,775 tonnes (1,747 long tons)
Length67.5 m (221 ft 5 in)[3]
Beam6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)[4]
Height12.3 m (40 ft 4 in)[3]
Draught5.8 m (19 ft 0 in)[4]
Propulsion
  • 4 x MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines[4]
  • 360 x battery cells
  • DRDO PAFC Fuel Cell AIP (expected to be added in Fleet I submarines from September 2025 onwards)
Speed
  • Surfaced: 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph)
  • Submerged: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range
  • 6,500 nmi (12,000 km; 7,500 mi) at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (surfaced)
  • 550 nmi (1,020 km; 630 mi) at 4 kn (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) (submerged)[5]
Endurance50 days[6]
Test depth350 metres (1,150 ft)[7]
Complement
  • 8 officers
  • 35 sailors
Electronic warfare
& decoys		C303/S anti-torpedo countermeasure system[8]
Armament

The Kalvari-class submarines, formally classified as the Project-75 submarines (P-75), is a class of diesel-electric attack submarines operated by the Indian Navy (IN).[9] Currently being constructed by a syndicate of French and Indian shipyards, namely, Naval Group and Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) respectively, the class is an export derivative of the French-origin Scorpène-class submarine, originally designed by Naval Group.[10]

A namesake of the former Foxtrot-class submarines that the IN operated between 1967 and 2010, the class was originally planned in the late-1990s as an initial phase of a 30-year long naval rearmament roadmap to replace the IN's conventional submarine fleet, namely the Sindhughosh and Shishumar-class submarines.[11][10] India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) ordered an introductory batch of six submarines in 2005, at an initially-estimated cost of ₹13,000 crore (equivalent to ₹440 billion or US$5.2 billion in 2023); of the ordered six, five are currently in operational service.[12] In addition to the first batch, a proposal for the purchase of three more submarines was approved in 2023, at an estimated cost of ₹36,000 crore (US$4.2 billion).[13]

First introduced to operational service in 2017, the submarines are currently operated by the IN for a variety of missions, namely, littoral surveillance, intelligence gathering, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and minelaying operations.[9]

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

In 1997, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), the highest-decision making body of India's Ministry of Defence (MoD), approved a proposal for the purchase of two Type 209/1500 attack submarines (SSK) for the Indian Navy (IN), at a then-estimated cost of ₹700 crore (equivalent to ₹36 billion or US$420 million in 2023).[14] The two examples of the design, originally conceived by the German-based Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, were proposed to be built at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders (MDL), located in Mumbai, with the assistance of a foreign naval firm in a corroborative role.[14]

In accordance with the scheme, the IN and MDL approached several naval enterprises for assistance; however, the French-based Thomson-CSF (TCSF) was the only firm willing to participate.[14] Two years later, in 1999, the MoD approved a two-phase plan to build 24 submarines over a 30-year period.[14] For the first phase, which called for the construction of SSKs at MDL, two options were proposed: the former option recommending the construction of the Type 209/1500 at MDL with the assistance of TCSF; the latter option recommending the construction of SSKs based on the newer Scorpène submarine design, conceived by the French-based Armaris (later DCNS, now Naval Group).[14]

Ultimately, the IN chose the latter, reasoning that the Scorpène, which had been offered with a provision of technology transfer (TOT), was more advanced than the Type 209/1500.[14] Another reason for choosing the Scorpène design was because of the IN’s interest in acquiring submarine-launched missiles.[14] At the time, the French-designed Exocet, the US-designed Harpoon and the Russian-designed Kalibr were the only such missiles that were commercially obtainable; however, the Harpoon was unavailable to the IN and the Kalibr was incompatible with the Type 209/1500's torpedo tubes.[14] This led to the Exocet being preferred and subsequently, the Scorpène design.[14] It was also thought that the Scorpène design won the deal because of its capability to fire Exocet anti-ship missiles and an agreement on the air-independent propulsion (AIP).[15]

Orders

[edit]

Batch-I:
On 6 October 2005, India signed a series of contracts for transfer of technology to construct six submarines at MDL with Armaris, along with the supply of SM39 Exocet missiles manufactured by MBDA. DCN International was designated as the prime contractor in partnership with Navantia. Armaris was responsible for supply of combat systems and technical advisors for construction of submarines at MDL. Valued at a then-total cost of €2.4 billion,[16] the deal included a 30% offset clause and a delivery timeline wherein the six ordered units were to be delivered between 2012 and 2017.[16][17]

Batch-II:
On 10 July 2023, plans for the acquisition of three additional submarines was formally proposed to the Ministry of Defence along with the proposal for the procurement of 26 Rafale M aircraft.[18] On 13 July 2023, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), headed by the Defence Minisiter Rajnath Singh, of India granted the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the procurement of both 3 Kalvari-class submarines and 26 Rafale M F4 variant aircraft for the Indian Navy.[19]

In December 2023, MDL submitted a bid to construct the three submarines, equipped with higher measures of indigenously-developed technology along with an AIP module for enhanced underwater endurance.[20] By June 2024, the price negotiation for acquiring 3 additional submarines were in advanced stages. Three submarines would have more than 60% of indigenous content and were expected to cost around ₹35,000 crore (US$4.1 billion).[21] The entire upgraded combat management system for the Batch II submarines will be indigenously developed by Bharat Electronics Limited. The first submarine shall be delivered after six years of contract signing.[22][23][24]

As of 22 October 2024, the deal for additional three submarines was to get final clearance from the Cabinet Committee on Security.[25] As of 2 December 2024, the deal for three additional submarines will be positively signed by January 2025.[26]

Construction

[edit]

Batch-I construction timeline

[edit]

2006-07: The steel cutting for the first submarine, the Kalvari, commenced on 14 December 2006, with its hull construction beginning on 23 May 2007.[3][27] However, work stalled when public disclosures revealed that the 2005 agreement had omitted the procurement of specific components, including engines, generator and raw materials.[28] The issue prompted the MoD to establish a public entity, the Mazagaon Procured Materials (MPM), to directly procure the aforementioned materials.[29] Protracted negotiations between the MoD and DCNS for the components lead to the additional sanctioning of ₹4,764 crore by the CCS, which further delayed the project by two years.[30]

2011: The project suffered another setback following a breach and flooding at MDL's dockyard in which components, including sections of the already fabricated hull of at least one of the six units, were submerged under seawater; however, the incident was dismissed by the IN as a "minor obstacle".[28]

The launch of the lead unit, the Kalvari, in 2015

2015: The project suffered further delays when Navantia exits the project.[31] After eight years in construction, Kalvari was finally launched in October 2015 and commenced sea trials a year later, on 1 May 2016.[3]

2016: In June, initial plans to purchase ninety-eight Black Shark torpedoes from the Italian-based munitions manufacturer Whitehead Alenia Sistemi Subacquei (WASS) were cancelled in response to corruption allegations against WASS's sister company, AgustaWestland.[32][33] Although alternatives, such as the SeaHake torpedoes from Germany's Atlas Elektronik and the F21 torpedoes France's Naval Group were considered, the MoD resorted to installing its existing inventory of older AEG SUT 264 torpedoes on the submarines as a stopgap measure.[34][35]

2017-19: The second unit, the Khanderi, was launched in January 2017, which was soon followed by the commissioning of Kalvari in December 2017.[36] The third and fourth units, the Karanj and the Vela respectively, were launched between January 2018 and May 2019, while Khanderi was commissioned in September 2019.[37][38][39]

2020-21: The fifth unit, the Vagir, was launched in November 2020,[40] while Karanj and Vela were commissioned between March and November 2021, respectively.[41][42]

2022-23: The sixth and final unit of the class, the Vagsheer, was launched in April 2022,[43] which was soon followed by the commissioning of Vagir in January 2023.[44] The same month, India's Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) and Naval Group reached an agreement to integrate NMRL's locally-developed AIP technology into the six submarines.[45] Vagsheer commenced its first sea sortie in May 2023, with delivery scheduled for early 2024.[46][47] On 22 June, Larsen & Toubro signed a contract with DRDO for the construction of two units of AIP system modules for the Kalvari class.[48]

2024: The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) granted an Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) in February 2024 for the purchase of forty-eight heavyweight torpedoes for the submarines under a global tender as a stopgap measure until an indigenous option, supposedly a submarine-launched version of Varunastra torpedo, becomes available.[49][50] On 14 September, the Indian Navy commissioned the Kalvari Submarine Escape Training Facility, Vinetra, at INS Satavahana, Visakhapatnam to train personnel in escape procedures during a distress situation. The facility was constructed by Larsen & Toubro and is equipped with a five-metre (16 ft) escape tower integrated with an adjacent diving basin.[51][52][53] On 30 December, the Indian Ministry of Defence signed two contracts with Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) and Naval Group, France for upgrades related to the Kalvari-class submarines. The first contract, the one signed with MDL [worth ₹1,990 crore (US$230 million)], is for the construction and integration of AIP Plug into Batch 1 submarines[54], while the second contract signed with Naval Group [worth ₹877 crore (US$100 million)] is for the integration of indigenous Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo (EHWT) systems.[55][56]

2025: Expected integration of DRDO AIP modules on Kalvari the first submarine.[57]

Design

[edit]

Hull

[edit]
A silhouette profile of the design's hull, barring air-independent propulsion

The Kalvari class is capable of offensive operations across the entire spectrum of naval warfare including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance.[58] They have a length of 67.5 m (221 ft 5 in), height of 12.3 m (40 ft 4 in), overall beam of 6.2 m (20 ft 4 in) and a draught of 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in). They can reach a top speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) when submerged and a maximum speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) when surfaced. Each submarine has a complement of 8 officers and 35 sailors.[59]

The hull, fin and hydroplanes are designed for minimum underwater resistance and all equipment inside the pressure hull is mounted on shock absorbing cradles for enhanced stealth.[3] Special steel was used in its construction which has high tensile strength, capable of withstanding high yield stress and hydro-static force. Each submarine has 60 km (37 mi) of cabling and 11 km (6.8 mi) of piping.[58]

The class displaces 1,615 tonnes (1,589 long tons) when surfaced and 1,775 t (1,747 long tons) when submerged.[60]

Propulsion

[edit]
A visual of the NMRL-design air-independent propulsion module that is to be equipped on the submarines

The submarine is powered by two 1,250 kW MAN diesel engines, which are complemented 360 battery cells (750 kg, 1,650 lb each) that powers a Permanently Magnetised Propulsion Motor for extremely-silent underwater operation, thus allowing it have an operational range of around 6,500 nautical miles (12,000 km; 7,500 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) when surfaced.[4][61][62]

AIP module

[edit]

The six Batch-I submarines are expected to retro-fitted with an indigenously developed AIP modules during their respective mid-life refits, starting with Kalvari in September 2025. The retrofitting will add-on the AIP section in the middle of the submarine increasing the length and displacement of the submarines. The three Batch-II submarines, in turn, will be equipped with the AIP modules during the construction with technological oversight from Naval Group.[63][64][57] The system will provide an enhanced submerged endurance of estimated 14 days to the submarines against the current endurance of 48 hours.[65][66]

Development: In March 2021, the land-based prototype (LBP) of the system was tested. As per a release, "The plant was operated in endurance mode and max power mode as per the user requirements". It is primarily designed by Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL).[67][68] Larsen & Toubro os the development and production partner of this project. L&T has received the technology transfer approval for production from the Defence Ministry in 2021. On 22 June 2023, L&T and DRDO signed a contract to manufacture two units of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) System Modules. The manufacturing, integration and factory acceptance trials of the Energy Modules (EMs) will be conducted at L&T’s AM Naik Heavy Engineering Complex at Surat. The EMs will be delivered for integration into the AIP Plug followed by integration into the first submarine.[48] The AIP module, which is being manufactured as of 2024, will undergo testing in AIP Integration and Testing facility, inaugurated in July the same year. A shore-based prototype has undergone extensive trials and has been demonstrated to the Navy. Suman Roy Choudhury is the programme director, AIP, NMRL.[57][69] On 30 December 2024, Mazagon Dock received a contract, worth ₹1,990 crore (US$230 million), for the fabrication of AIP Plug and its integration into the submarines.[54][70]

Design: The Engine Modules are the core component of the AIP system. The modules are composed of phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) and the on-board Hydrogen generation system. The hydrogen generation system excludes the need of hydrogen storage and the by-product is non-polluted water which is to be released into the oceans.[48]

Armament

[edit]

This class is equipped with six 533 mm (21 in) weapon launching tubes. A total of 18 weapons can be carried with a combination of heavyweight German-origin SUT torpedo and SM39 Exocet anti-ship missiles. In place of torpedoes and missiles, 30 mines can be carried.[71][72][73]

On 30 December 2024, the Naval Group was contracted to integrate DRDO developed EHWT Takshak on the submarines.[56][55]

Sensors

[edit]

The class is also fitted with mobile C303/S anti-torpedo decoys for self-defence.[33][3] The weapon systems and sensors are integrated with Submarine Tactical Integrated Combat System (SUBTICS). It has a sonar system is capable of Low Frequency Analysis and Ranging (LOFAR) enabling long range detection and classification.[3]

Operational history

[edit]

In June 2023, Vagir was deployed on an extended patrol in the Indian Ocean. As a part of the deployment, the submarine reached Colombo, Sri Lanka, on 19 June 2023. Then, it covered nearly 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) to reach Fremantle, Australia, on 20 August 2023.[74][75] This was the first time that a submarine of this class was on a long-range deployment.[76]

On 24 March 2024, a Kalvari-class submarine reached Campbell Bay, the southernmost port of India in the Nicobar Islands, for the first time.[77][78]

Three of these submarines were deployed alongside the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant along with seven frontline warships and three other submarines (Shishumar class and Sindhughosh classes) on 7 November 2024. The operations included carrier operations of MiG-29K aicraft, missile firing drills, submarine manoeuvres and flypasts by 30 aircraft demonstrated to the President of India Droupadi Murmu who was present on board Vikrant.[79][80][81]

In an incident on 22 November 2024, a submarine of the Kalvari class collided with a fishing boat about 70 nautical miles (130 km; 81 mi) off the coast of Goa. The Navy rescued 11 fishermen before their boat sank. Two fishermen were reported missing, with the Navy and Coast Guard deploying various ships to locate them.[82]

Ships of the class

[edit]
Name Pennant Yard Builder Launched Commissioned Homeport Status
Batch-I
Kalvari S21 11875 Mazagon Dock Limited 27 October 2015[3] 14 December 2017[83] Active
Khanderi[84] S22[85] 11876 12 January 2017[86] 28 September 2019[39] Mumbai[62]
Karanj S23 11877[87] 31 January 2018[37] 10 March 2021[88][41][89] Karwar[90]
Vela[91] S24 11878[92] 6 May 2019[38] 25 November 2021[42]
Vagir[40] S25 11879[93] 12 November 2020[40] 23 January 2023[44] Mumbai[76]
Vagsheer S26 11880 20 April 2022[43] 15 January 2025 Awaiting Commissioning
Batch-II
TBD Mazagon Dock Limited To be ordered[18]
TBD
TBD


[edit]
  • A Kalvari-class submarine up close during an exercise
    A Kalvari-class submarine up close during an exercise
  • A trio of Kalvari-class submarines during an exercise
    A trio of Kalvari-class submarines during an exercise
  • A Kalvari-class and Shishumar-class submarine during an exercise
    A Kalvari-class and Shishumar-class submarine during an exercise
  • Khanderi at sea
    Khanderi at sea
  • Vela during sea trials
    Vela during sea trials
  • Vagir

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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