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In another incident, the [[Korean Broadcasting System]] reports that the ''K-Pop'' singer [[Yunho]] "drank a beverage containing a harmful substance (which was later identified to be super glue<ref>http://www.allkpop.com/2011/02/tvxqs-yunho-finally-talks-about-being-poisoned-by-an-anti</ref>) from an unidentified woman" and "received medical attention and is currently recovering."<ref>http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1420136_11858.html</ref> The [[Anti-fan]] turned herself in the next day. The female suspect was a member of an anti-[[TVXQ]] website for over two years.
In another incident, the [[Korean Broadcasting System]] reports that the ''K-Pop'' singer [[Yunho]] "drank a beverage containing a harmful substance (which was later identified to be super glue<ref>http://www.allkpop.com/2011/02/tvxqs-yunho-finally-talks-about-being-poisoned-by-an-anti</ref>) from an unidentified woman" and "received medical attention and is currently recovering."<ref>http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1420136_11858.html</ref> The [[Anti-fan]] turned herself in the next day. The female suspect was a member of an anti-[[TVXQ]] website for over two years.


⚫
==Political Impacts==
During the South Korean television channel [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC's]] programme 'Radio Star', the singer [[Kim Dong-wan]] was asked about his his peculiar way of dealing with ''Sasaeng Fans'', to which he replied "In the summer, I used a hose and sprayed water on fans. I thought the fans were flowers."<ref>http://www.soompi.com/2012/03/22/kim-dong-wan-sprayed-water-on-sasaeng-fans/</ref>


The ''K-Pop'' news provider [[Soompi]] has also reported that the ''K-Pop'' singer [[Choi Si-won]] wrote to ''Sasaeng Fans'' on twitter that “Real love is when you understand the person and are caring. Love is not when you invade someone’s privacy and spy on them. Please do not hack my account again. Please."<ref>http://www.soompi.com/2012/05/09/super-junior-choi-siwon-please-do-not-hack-my-account-again-please/</ref>

During the [[Super Show 4 Tour]] in [[Paris]], a fan threw her bra onto the stage and the ''K-Pop'' singer [[Yesung]] was seen awkwardly holding onto the bra before throwing it onto the floor and running away.<ref>http://www.allkpop.com/2012/04/super-juniors-bra-treatment-in-paris-receive-attention</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOwz2FquAj0</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfhkHTbjIF8&feature=related</ref>

⚫
===Political===
====Effects on North Korea====
====Effects on North Korea====
According to the the [[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] of [[New York City]], "South Korea is waging war with pop music" and the song [[HuH (4minute song)|HuH]] by ''K-pop'' girl group [[4Minute]] was used to "blast the propaganda across the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|DMZ]]." because of its provocative lyrics: "Baby, you're kidding me? I do what I want and I do it my way." It was also reported that North Korea "has vowed to destroy any speakers set up along the border."<ref>http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-06-07/news/27066518_1_pop-music-propaganda-hermit-kingdom</ref>
According to the the [[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] of [[New York City]], "South Korea is waging war with pop music" and the song [[HuH (4minute song)|HuH]] by ''K-pop'' girl group [[4Minute]] was used to "blast the propaganda across the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|DMZ]]." because of its provocative lyrics: "Baby, you're kidding me? I do what I want and I do it my way." It was also reported that North Korea "has vowed to destroy any speakers set up along the border."<ref>http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-06-07/news/27066518_1_pop-music-propaganda-hermit-kingdom</ref>
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According to the American news website [[GlobalPost]], "North Korea recently debuted an all-female musical group" and they have been called the ''Goddesses'' to put them "on par with South Korea's enormously successful ''K-Pop'' band, [[Girls' Generation]]." Whereas "South Korea has a ''group'', North Korea sports a whole ''troupe'' — more specifically and not that surprisingly dubbed, ''The People's Army Troupe.''" that is "broken down into subsets, the ''regular troupe'' and the ''special troupe,'' for work domestically and overseas respectively."<ref>http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/chatter/north-korea-korean-music-k-pop-girls-generation</ref>
According to the American news website [[GlobalPost]], "North Korea recently debuted an all-female musical group" and they have been called the ''Goddesses'' to put them "on par with South Korea's enormously successful ''K-Pop'' band, [[Girls' Generation]]." Whereas "South Korea has a ''group'', North Korea sports a whole ''troupe'' — more specifically and not that surprisingly dubbed, ''The People's Army Troupe.''" that is "broken down into subsets, the ''regular troupe'' and the ''special troupe,'' for work domestically and overseas respectively."<ref>http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/chatter/north-korea-korean-music-k-pop-girls-generation</ref>

===Economical===
The [[BBC]] writes that ''K-Pop'' is a "massive industry" and global sales were "worth over $30m (£18m) in 2009, and that figure is likely to have doubled last year".<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13760064</ref>

According to [[The Korea Times]], when K-Pop first started to "resonate with global fans", it had a "meaningful impact on the global market". Once a ''K-pop'' music video attracts more than a million views, it will "generate a meaningful revenue big enough to dole out profits to members of a K-pop group.<ref>http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20120824000925&cpv=0</ref>

===Other===
In 2011, [[Time Magazine]] named the Korean singer [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] as the most influential person of the year.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2058044_2061021_2061023,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13760064</ref>



==History==
==History==

Revision as of 09:28, 3 September 2012

K-pop
Stylistic originsDance • Electronic • Dance-pop • Electropop • Hip hop • Rock • R&B • Bubblegum pop
Cultural originsNominally early 1990s South Korea; trace the roots to 1960s
Typical instrumentsVocals • Rapping • Drum machine, Drum pad • Drums • Electric bass • Keyboards • Piano • Sampler • Sequencer, Synthesizer • Vocoder, Auto-tune, Occasional use of various other instruments such as Brasses, Strings
Local scenes
Seoul City
Other topics
C-pop • J-pop

K-Pop (Korean: 가요, kayo[6]) (an abbreviation of Korean pop or Korean popular music[6][7][8]) is a musical genre consisting of dance,[9] electronic, electropop, hip hop,[10] and R&B music originating in South Korea.[6] In addition to music, K-pop has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults around the world, resulting in widespread interest in the fashion and style of Korean idol groups and singers.[11]

Through the presence of Facebook fan pages, availability on iTunes, Twitter profiles, and music videos on YouTube, the ability of K-pop to reach a previously inaccessible audience via the Internet is driving a paradigm shift in the exposure and popularity of the genre.[12] South Korean popular culture is today serving as a major driver of youth culture all across the Pacific Rim and Eurasia, including China, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, much of Southeast Asia and many other parts of the world. See also Korean wave.

Etymology

Although, in a bigger scope, K-pop is supposed to be included in the genres of "popular music" within South Korea, outside of the country, the term is more commonly used for songs sung usually by Korean teen idols, which covers mostly dance, electronic, rap, hip-hop, and R&B genres.[13] Starting in 1992, dance and rap music started to become popular due to the popularity of Seo Tai-ji & Boys. It is seen by many as the start of K-pop and ever since then it replaced the whole Korean music scene with the genre.[13] Genres from the 1980s are still popular even today, such as ballad and rock. However, the term can be debatable.

Excessive behaviours, Anti-fans and "Sasaeng fans"

According to the German television channel ProSieben, "K-Pop is the new trend in Germany with fans screeching and crying" during K-Pop concerts. The reporter then interviews Carina, who claims to be "the greatest K-Pop fan in Germany". and has collected so many K-Pop fan articles that her room now looks like "a K-Pop museum".[14]

Regrettably, there are also many reports about excessive fan support turning into obsession and compulsive behaviors such as stalking.

According to the web portal Yahoo!, there has been a new breed of K-pop fans gone wild — Sasaeng, or "private" fans, whose "quest to worship their idols have taken on horrifically disturbing proportions in the past year." These fans are "usually female, starting as young as 13 to about 22, and they have made it their life's goal to make sure they are noticed by their idols, by hook or by crook."[15] On any given day, some of the more popular K-Pop idols are reported to "have at least 100 full-time stalkers on their heels."[16]

Some of these Sasaeng fans, unable to drive, "hire special taxi drivers to follow their idols.". Yahoo! then refers to an article by the Korean newspaper JoongAng Daily, writing that "there are taxi services catering specifically for these fans. They are willing to speed at up to 200 km/h, chasing after the vans transporting the K-Pop idols."[17]

The JoongAng Daily reports that the Sasaeng fan Lee Ji-sun "spends about 1 million won (about 900 US Dollars) per month to chase around her idol stars, mostly by paying drivers of special sasaeng taxis." In order to stalk her K-Pop idols, Lee "does part-time jobs at convenience stores and lies to her parents about attending a hagwon (private school) to get the 800,000 won per month". She also says that "some girls are even brave enough to earn the money by prostitution."[18]

The Russian K-Pop fan Irina Belyakova, who flew to South Korea to meet her K-pop idols, told JoongAng Daily that although "we follow them at work places such as television shows, radio studios or airports", she was just "following their (the K-Pop idols') schedule" and that "I can’t imagine Russian fans stalking their idols by a taxi" before revealing that she was "approached by taxi drivers several times asking me if I wanted to go and follow Eunhyuk (from the boyband Super Junior), and I refused, of course."[19]

Unlike countries like the United States, which has stalking laws on the books, Korean police have no specific legal provisions applicable to cases of extreme fandom.[20]

The Manila Bulletin reports that during a press conference for their concert in Santiago, Chile, the Korean boy band JYJ had confirmed that they were victims of "invasion of privacy and stalking." According to JYJ member Junsu, some fans even "expose our private phone calls and also place GPS trackers on our cars to monitor our every move. There were instances of breaking and entering where fans would take pictures of us while sleeping, try to kiss us, and steal our private items."[21]

Channel NewsAsia also reports that the members of JYJ have been "hounded relentlessly by sasaeng fans since the band's debut in 2004." as part of another Korean band TVXQ[22]

According to the South Korean web portal Nate, Sasaeng fans have "installed CCTV surveillance cameras near the K-pop singer Park Yoochun’s home.[23] The K-Pop news website Allkpop writes that "Yoochun himself seems to suspect the presence of sasaeng fans, as he hides behind the walls to carefully scan the area before heading inside. Seeing him be so afraid even in his own home broke the hearts of many fans everywhere."[24]

In another incident, the Korean Broadcasting System reports that the K-Pop singer Yunho "drank a beverage containing a harmful substance (which was later identified to be super glue[25]) from an unidentified woman" and "received medical attention and is currently recovering."[26] The Anti-fan turned herself in the next day. The female suspect was a member of an anti-TVXQ website for over two years.

Political Impacts

Effects on North Korea

According to the the Daily News of New York City, "South Korea is waging war with pop music" and the song HuH by K-pop girl group 4Minute was used to "blast the propaganda across the DMZ." because of its provocative lyrics: "Baby, you're kidding me? I do what I want and I do it my way." It was also reported that North Korea "has vowed to destroy any speakers set up along the border."[27]

However, even without trying, K-Pop is already making its way across the Korean Demilitarized Zone. According to Daily NK, an online newspaper run by opponents of the North Korean government, "The reputation of South Korea continues to rise in North Korea" due to "more noticeable cultural trends" like K-Pop and Korean dramas.[28] It also wrote that South Korean entertainment CDs are being smuggled into North Korea.[29]

According to the American news website GlobalPost, "North Korea recently debuted an all-female musical group" and they have been called the Goddesses to put them "on par with South Korea's enormously successful K-Pop band, Girls' Generation." Whereas "South Korea has a group, North Korea sports a whole troupe — more specifically and not that surprisingly dubbed, The People's Army Troupe." that is "broken down into subsets, the regular troupe and the special troupe, for work domestically and overseas respectively."[30]

History

1920s-1980s, introduction of Western music and birth of Trot

Korean popular music has had outside influences from other countries, especially from United States and Japan.[31][32][33] An old-fashioned style of Korean pop music called Trot (Korean: "트로트"), heavily influenced by a Japanese popular music of Enka during Japanese rule over Korea (1910-1945), was popular in South Korea until the 1980s.[31]

In the mid-1920s, Masao Koga, a Korean-expat composer in Japan, mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists brought with and have taught since the 1870s. This type of music became known as Enka in Japan, and later in Korea as Trot.[34]

In 1932, a controversial plagiarism was caught and condemned by an article in the Japanese magazine "New Young Adult", Koga's "Sakewa Namitaka Tameikika" was blamed for copying off the work of Korean composer Su-Lin Jeon, which his version was named "The Calm Jang-Ahn".[citation needed] This event triggered a wave of Korean musicians to flourish with talented composers such as Nan-Pa Hong, Gyo-Sung Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Kim, Ho-Wol Moon, Mok-In Son, Shi-Choon Park, and Jae Ho Lee becoming the very foundation of Trot music in its early stage.[citation needed] Trot has been transformed over the years using a variety of instruments and mixing different styles of music to become the dominant genre in the Korean music scene until the late 80's. To this day, Trot music still remains as a popular genre for many; mostly with its very sad melody and heart-touching lyrics. [citation needed]

As Korea was liberated from Japanese annexation in 1945, the country was divided into two nations: North Korea and South Korea. Western culture was introduced into South Korea on a small scale with a few Western style bars and clubs playing Western music. After the Korean War, which started on June 25, 1950 and lasted for 3 years, U.S. troops remained in South Korea for protection. With the continued presence of the U.S. military, American and world culture began to infiltrate South Korea. During this time, Western music became more accepted to a wider crowd of young adults.

Improvements in the recording systems encouraged the production of LP records in the 1960s, which led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones.[35] Many singers sang for the American troops in Korea at the time, and the appearance of chorus in performances was conspicuous. At this period of time, civilians were exposed to pop songs by commercial radio stations, which led to the great popularity of pop songs. The Kim Sisters, Yoon Bok-hee and Patti Kim were the first singers to debut in such countries as Vietnam and United States.

In the 1970s, the new career of DJs became popular, deeply impacting the teenage cultures. Guitars and jeans were the symbols of youth.[35] This resulted in the introduction of more folk singers, such as Chang Sik Song, Young Nam Cho, and Hee Eun Yang. In 1977, the Seoul International Song Festival was launched, which encouraged cultural exchanges with other countries.

In 1980, the Asia Music Forum was launched. National singers from five different Asian countries competed in the event. Cho Yong-pil won first place and earned a high reputation as a Korean singer in Japan.[35]

1990s: Diversification

In the 1990s, early versions of Korean pop leant heavily on certain American forms, like R&B, Hip hop.

The debut of Seo Tai-ji & Boys in 1992 was a turning point for popular music in South Korea, incorporating American popular music styles like rap, rock and techno in their music.[10] Hip hop duos such as Deux were also popular in the early 1990s. Also, Korean trot-techno singer Epaksa started ponchak wave in Japan.[citation needed]

File:LG전자, 전세계 K-POP 바람몰이 나섰다(SM town live world tour is new york promotion).jpg
An advertisement for SMTown Live '10 World Tour in Times Square, New York City.

Beginning of Hallyu (Korean Wave)

Main article: Korean wave

The founding of South Korea's largest talent agency and record label, SM Entertainment, in 1995 by Korean entrepreneur Lee Soo Man led to the first K-pop girl groups and boy bands.[36] By the late 1990s, YG Entertainment, DSP Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, and FNC Music had burst onto the scene and were producing talent as quickly as the public could consume it.[11]

Groups such as, S.E.S., Fin.K.L, H.O.T, Sechs Kies, g.o.d., Fly to the Sky and Shinhwa had huge success in the 1990s in their homeland South Korea. Artists such as H.O.T, Kim Wan-Sun, Clon, Baby V.O.X, NRG enjoyed mainstream success in China and Taiwan in the mid-1990s.[citation needed] Also during this period was the emergence of hip-hop and R&B music in South Korea, leading to the success of artists including Drunken Tiger.[citation needed] And many modern rock groups debuted in the second-half of 1990s such as Jaurim, Juju Club, and Pipi Band. Juju Club's first album named "16/20" won many first prize and Jaurim's debut song "Hey, Hey, Hey" won second prize on television music programs. But modern rock bands did not become popular like idol groups such as Fin.K.L, S.E.S and others at that time. Juju Club and Pipi Band disbanded and only Jaurim were succeeded now and they are became popular like Idol groups.

In 2003, TVXQ which are a very successful group in KPOP world being given the name "KPOP Legends" or the "Gods of KPOP", where their most successful album was Mirotic in 2008 that was a hit.

In 2004, singer Rain starred in the popular drama called "Full House". The drama had immense popularity not only in the homeland, in overseas as well. Following his success as an actor, Rain dropped his third album in the following year, which topped the charts of numerous countries, selling over 1 million copies in Asia.

In 2005, Super Junior being well known because of their large number of members (12) where their popularity peak was in 2009 with Sorry Sorry, that was a hit in Korea and all Asia, spreading across Europe and America in that year, this group now leads the Korean Wave being given the name of the "Kings of KPOP" and "Hallyu Leader". Now they are known in whole world, having fans around the world, they managed to break the barrier and managed to make his own concert in France in 2012 and having almost every year the Super Show where they perform in many countries of the world.


In 2006, Big Bang, a predominately hip-hop boy band under YG Entertainment, released their single "Lies" and started the whole electronic movement in the K-pop mainstream. The song became a huge hit in South Korea and was named then as "South Korea's National Boy Band". The group also introduced the production of extended plays.

In 2007, the Wonder Girls released their second single entitled 'Tell Me'. The song became a hit in its homeland with its catchy rhythm and infectous easy-to-follow dance moves. The dance's popularity was immense and the explosive attention it received became widely known as the "Tell Me Virus". This created an influence of what Kpop was to become and emerge as today, starting a new musical era in kpop. The most notable influences are the seemingly easy to follow dance moves and the hook songs that classifies what kpop is today.

2000s: Popularity in Asia

According to the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, K-pop has been a successful export of Korean culture in Asia. On its "Korean Wave" index, the top country in 2010 was Taiwan, in a list that includes Japan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines.[37] Because of increased accessibility via the internet, K-Pop has begun expanding to the rest of the world as well, but has not yet reached the mainstream of many countries. Globalization of K-Pop media and fandom has been facilitated by sites such as Facebook and YouTube, which allow users from around the world access to videos and information about artists and promotions. Kpop has undoubtedly caught the interest of the growing new generation.[38]

China

Since the late 1990s and the beginning of early 2000s, K-pop started to become well known in China. K-pop artists such as NRG, H.O.T., DIVA, Lee Jung Hyun and others stayed in China for their performances.[citation needed] Today, Super Junior is the most popular group in China, where they have the largest fandom. Their sub-group Super Junior M had successful results with the song "Perfection" on the Kuang Nan Record, CCR and Hit Fm Taiwan music charts.[39]

K-pop has yet to make a major impact on China but there has been considerable success. The Wonder Girls won an award for their song "Nobody" in the 5th annual China Mobile Wireless Music Award in Beijing, China for having the highest digital sales for a foreign artist with a total of 5,371,903 digital downloads in 2010. Their song "2 Different Tears" was also one of the most downloaded songs and their albums have had high sales for a foreign artist.[40]

Japan

In 2011, it has been reported that the total sales for K-pop artists' has increased 22.3% during 2010-2011, contributing about 1/10th of the Japanese market. KARA, BoA, Girls' Generation, and TVXQ were among the best selling artists with Girls' Generation, KARA, and TVXQ making the 4th, 5th and 9th best selling artists of 2011 in Japan.[41]


Industry

Year K-pop (in Korea) in Global Physical Music market rankings
(include albums, singles and DVDs sold)
2005 27[42]
2006 27[43]
2007 32[44]
2008 24[45]
2009 24[46]
2010 21[47]
Year K-pop (in Korea) in Global Digital Music market rankings
2007 23[48]
2009 14[48]
2011 11[48]

Once a market that used to have multiple "million sellers" of artists in a year such as Jo Sungmo and H.O.T, the K-pop industry encountered some difficulty around the 2000s, as online piracy was more popular among music listeners.[citation needed] The size of the industry shrunk to half in 2005, but the government's copyright law helped revitalize the industry, now making it the eleventh largest digital music market in the world.

South Korea became the first country in which the digital music market surpassed physical market,[49] probably because of the timing of when the physical market was the smallest. However, the digital market as well as the physical market has grown ever since then, and still today. More than half of the revenue comes from digital sales, showing the importance of the digital market in South Korea.[48]

In 2009, about 8.8 million South Korean albums were sold worldwide.[46] The retail value of K-pop was $93 million dollars in 2009.[46]

In 2011, 1,100 albums were released in South Korea and the hip-hop genre had the most among them.[50] One-third of the albums were from genres that are less popular in the country nowadays, including rock, modern folk and crossover.[50] Although idol stars are dominating the K-pop scenes today, it shows that there are still variety of genres existing in South Korea.[50]

Apprenticeship

Today, apprenticeship is the universal strategy for nurturing girl groups, boy bands, and solo artists in the K-pop industry. To guarantee the high probability of success of new talent, talent agencies fully subsidize and oversee the professional lives and careers of trainees, often spending in excess of $400,000 to train and launch a new artist.[51] Through the practice of apprenticeship, which often lasts two years or more, trainees hone their voices, learn professional choreography, sculpt and shape their bodies through exercise, and study multiple languages all the while attending school.

K-pop artists

Main articles: List of K-pop artists and List of South Korean idol groups

See also

Look up k-pop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to K-pop.

References

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  3. ^ Korean wave laps at Norwegian shore @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database, discover the South Korean cinema and drama diversity. Hancinema.net. Retrieved on 2011-02-20.
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    사람들이 허영생하면 발라드를 떠올리세요. SS501은 댄스곡을 주로 불렀지만 제가 팀에서 메인보컬을 맡았던 까닭에 발라드의 이미지가 강한가봐요. 솔로 준비를 하면서 지인들에게 "나 어떤 거 하면 될까?"라고 물어보면 항상 "발라드 해"라는 대답이 돌아왔어요. "댄스하면 어떨까?"라고 하면 "그냥 노래해"라고 하더군요. '사람들이 저에 대해 잘 모르고 있구나'라는 생각이 들었어요. 댄스도 좋아하고 자신있어요. 발라드는 노래만 불러야하고 재미없잖아요. 댄스하면서 관객들과 함께 무대를 즐기고 싶어요.
    (Question: Comparing to group and solo debut are there are kind of look you wanna portray?
    Young Saeng: If mentioned about Heo Young Saeng, people will tend to think about ballads. SS501 songs are usually dance songs, but because I am the main vocalist, thus the image of me as a ballad solo singer is more deep in people. So I asked my friends: "What should I sing?" I got "sing ballads" as the answer. "How about dancing?" "You will be remain better singing." Thus I find that those people really don't understand my thinking. I myself also like dance songs. Ballads which only sing will feel bored. Dance song can enjoy with the audience together.)     {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 30 (help)
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Bibliography

  • Heo, Juno (2012). K-pop community site. http://koremusic.tistory.com. JunoHeo Publishers. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)
  • Hartong, Jan Laurens (2006). Musical terms worldwide: a companion for the musical explorer. Semar Publishers. ISBN 978-88-7778-090-4.
  • Holden, Todd Joseph Miles; Scrase, Timothy J. (2006). Medi@sia: global media/tion in and out of context. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-37155-1.
  • Jung, Sun (2011). Korean masculinities and transcultural consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop idols. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8028-66-5.
  • Kim, Myung Oak; Jaffe, Sam (2010). The new Korea: an inside look at South Korea's economic rise. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. ISBN 978-0-8144-1489-7.
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