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José María de Orbe y Gaytán

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José M. de Orbe y Gaytán
Born
José María de Orbe y Gaytán de Ayala

1848
Vergara
Died1933 (aged 84–85)
Astigarraga
NationalitySpanish
Occupationlandowner
Known forpolitician
Political partyCarlism

José María de Orbe y Gaytán de Ayala, 5th Marquess of Valde-Espina, 1st Viscount of Orbe (1848-1933) was a Spanish Carlist soldier and politician. His career climaxed during presidency of the provincial Gipuzkoan self-government in the 1910s, though he is known mostly as member of the iconic Basque Valde-Espina dynasty. In the party ranks he rose to provincial leader in Gipuzkoa and was briefly member of the national Carlist executive.

Family and youth

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grandfather (note arm prosthesis)

José María[1] was descendant to a Basque aristocratic lineage. The Orbes originated from a Gipuzkoan hamlet of Anguiozar;[2] in the 17th century their centre shifted to the nearby Biscay Ermua. The family rose to prestige in the mid-18th century, following completion of a palace,[3] awarding Andrés de Orbe y Zarauz[4] with marquesado of Valde-Espina,[5] and intermarriage with a Murguía y Arbelaiz dynasty; the latter multiplied family wealth by estates in eastern Gipuzkoa, centred around a mansion of Astigarraga.[6] An heir to the fortune, which in the early 19th century comprised 30 estates in Biscay[7] and an unspecified number in Gipuzkoa,[8] was the 3rd marqués and the grandfather of José María, José María de Orbe y Elío (1776-1850).[9] He lost his arm during the War of the Pyrenees[10] and gained his name during the Peninsular War; opposition to the 1812 Cadiz constitution cost him imprisonment and nearly execution.[11] A general brigadier, during the First Carlist War he joined the legitimists and served as minister of war;[12] he died on exile in Bordeaux.[13]

The son[14] of Orbe y Elío and the 4th marqués, Juan Nepomuceno de Orbe y Mariaca (1819-1891),[15] during the First Carlist War fought under command of his father[16] and was twice wounded.[17] In 1848[18] and 1860 he took part in subsequent conspiracy attempts,[19] briefly serving as a senator.[20] During the Third Carlist War he was Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército del Norte, held admin positions[21] and commanded in line,[22] including personally leading cavalry charges.[23] Following brief exile in France he returned to Spain, among Vasconagadas Carlists already an iconic figure.[24] He married Casilda Gaytan de Ayala y Areizaga[25] (1824-1881),[26] descendant to another Gipuzkoan aristocratic dynasty.[27] The couple shared their time between family residences in Ermua and Astigarraga; they had a pair of children,[28] José María born as the older of two sons.

daughter getting married[29]

Following his early homeschooling, some time in the late 1850s José María entered the Jesuit Tivoli college[30] in Bordeaux.[31] He spend there at least few years; due to unspecified family reasons he moved to an unidentified school in Pamplona,[32] where in the mid-1860s he obtained the baccalaureat.[33] Some sources claim he attended also Real Seminario de Nobles de Vergara[34] and an institution in Madrid.[35] José María married[36] a Valenciana,[37] María Vives de Cañamas (1853-1910),[38] daughter of 18. Conde de Almenara (1814-1883).[39] The couple had 7 children, born between 1879 and 1894;[40] none of them became a public figure. The heir and the 6th marqués, Ignacio de Orbe y Vives Cañamas,[41] was moderately[42] active in the Carlist realm[43] and grew to member of the Vascongadas party executive in the 1960s.[44] Perhaps the best known of José María's descendants is his great-grandson and the 7th marqués,[45] José María de Orbe y Klingenberg, a filmmaker;[46] most of his movies, usually set in the Catalan ambience, do not relate to ancestral records; the last one, however, is partially shot in the Astigarraga palace and contains veiled references to the family history.[47]

Conspiracy and war (1868-1876)

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teniente de Orbe

Given the Carlist record of his paternal grandfather[48] and (until the 1860s) of his father, José María seemed poised to follow suit and to adhere to the legitimist cause. Together with his parent and his younger brother in 1868 he moved to France to mount another insurgency.[49] As part of the job he returned to Spain shortly afterwards;[50] engaged in La Escodada, a failed attempt to stage a rising in Navarre,[51] he fled back to France in 1870.[52] In 1872 as cavalry lieutenant[53] he joined insurgency in Gipuzkoa; his first engagement was on May 14, when Carlist units were already in retreat, during the skirmishes at Mañaria.[54] During the clashes at Oñate two days later Orbe's horse was hit twice,[55] but he finally made it to France later that month.[56]

In early 1873 Orbe entered Spain for the third time, assigned to units commanded by his father which having conquered southern Gipuzkoa advanced towards Biscay. On March 3 he took part in engagements at Marquina-Echevarria[57] and later advanced to Guernica. In April his cavalry unit was shuttled across Gipuzkoa and Álava to Navarre, recording sweeping operations at Oñate, Azcárate and San Vicente-Peñacerrada before fighting at Eraul on May 5.[58] The following phase consisted of commanding a column controlling Valle Baztan; in July 1873 he welcomed Carlos VII back in Spain at Zugarramurdi. Made adjutant general of the claimant,[59] during the summer Orbe took part in operations which ensured Carlist takeover of central Navarre, engaged at Ibero,[60] Las Campanas,[61] Estella,[62] Allo,[63] Dicastillo[64] and the siege of Viana.[65] Successfully repelling governmental counter-offensive in early November near Montejurra,[66] in early 1874 he was transferred back to Biscay and took part in the siege of Bilbao. In March he was assigned a prestigious task of handling the iconic Carlist war standard, La Generalísima, before it was adopted by personal squadron of the claimant.[67] Soon afterwards Orbe took part in rout of enemy troops at Somorrostro.[68]

Carlist cavalry charging

Promoted to capitán and decorated,[69] in the spring of 1874 Orbe was to organize the journey of his queen from Pau to the Carlist capital of Estella.[70] He designed the plan which involved travelling by train, by coach and accompanying camouflage activities, intended to deceive the French;[71] it all worked out and in the summer via Dancharinea Doña Margarita made it to Estella.[72] During the fall of 1874 he was assigned to combat operations in Gipuzkoa, mostly boiling down to failed sieges of Irún and Guetaria. Back in Navarre in early 1875, he took part in the February battle of Lacár. Promoted to comandante and decorated again[73] in the summer of 1875 he accompanied Carlos VII during Jura de Los Fueros in Guernica.[74] From that moment Orbe stayed within his personal escort and is not noted as engaged in frontline combat. Accompanying the claimant to the French frontier, in February 1876 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel[75] and awarded with vizcondado,[76] In Valcarlos Orbe crossed the border bridge with the claimant and decided to join him into exile.

In the shadow of own father (1876-1891)

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Juan N. Orbe Mariaca

Orbe accompanied his king to Bordeaux and then to London.[77] Carlos VII apparently enjoyed his company and wanted Orbe to join him on the voyage to America, but the adjutant asked for the permission to excuse himself; he planned to get married.[78] Granted authorization he indeed wed and settled in Saint-Jean-de-Luz,[79] throughout 1877 his public activity reduced to sending letters of adhesion to various Traditionalist initiatives.[80] It is not clear when he returned to Spain; his first child was born in 1879 already in Ermua.[81] His father is reported as settling back in 1880,[82] immediately assuming key position of Carlist "advanced sentry"[83] in the Vascongadas.[84] As Orbe was hardly known for anything else than his wartime deeds, prestigious parentage and newspaper-published letters,[85] he was banking on popularity of his father when running in local elections to the Biscay diputación from Durango in 1883. Apparently successful at the polls,[86] he got his ticket cancelled on legal grounds.[87]

At the time Carlist structures in Vascongadas were in disarray; reconstruction proceeded with visible difficulty. Due to lack of recognized personalities and scarce interest of the others, in 1884 Orbe was considered[88] a candidate to head the entire Biscay organization, but the plan was eventually abandoned.[89] Similarly, in 1886 he was supposed to assume leadership of the Marquina district, again to no avail.[90] At that time his father, who formally emerged as the Carlist leader for the entire Vascongadas,[91] was still struggling to re-build appropriate organization;[92] in wake of petty conflicts in its Biscay branch, controlled by José de Acillona,[93] in 1886 Orbe was again asked to become emergency candidate to diputación, this time from Guernica. Following apparently successful campaign,[94] he was again ruled out.[95] The year of 1887 was dedicated mostly to accompanying Carlos VII during his another voyage to America; exact details are not clear[96] and it is not known whether Orbe was with his king in Haiti, Barbados, Jamaica, Panama, Chile, Uruguay and Brasil; he was recorded at least in Buenos Aires.[97]

Biscay Diputacion HQ, Bilbao

In the 1880s Carlism was increasingly divided between supporters of the Nocedals and supporters of the claimant. The Orbe family clearly sided with the latter; when Circulo Católico Vascongado, a network serving as Biscay Carlist front organization, was increasingly taken over by the Nocedalistas, their opponents launched a competitive Sociedad Tradicionalista. In 1887 Orbe entered its Biscay Junta Directiva[98] and following the 1888 Integrist breakup continued to work towards recovery of loyalist structures;[99] within its ranks he rose to jefe of the Marquina district, though its organization remained largely on paper.[100] His third attempt to run for the provincial self-government proved successful; elected from Guernica,[101] in 1889[102]-1890 he served as member of Diputación Provincial de Vizcaya, finally acquiring a recognized political standing. His emergence from the shadow of own father was confirmed when in 1891 he succeeded him as alcalde of Ermua;[103] finally, following death of already iconic parent, José María was confirmed as the 5th marqués de Valde-Espina in 1892.[104]

Back row (1891-1904)

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Palacio Valdespina, Ermua

When assisting his father in the 1880s Orbe remained in touch with issues of Carlist politics be it on the regional Vascongadas level or even nationwide; this changed since 1891. With Tirso Olazábal appointed provincial Gipuzkoan leader,[105] Pedro M. Piñera y Orue the Biscay one[106] and Salvadór Elio y Ezpeleta made regional Vascongadas leader,[107] the new marqués de Valde-Espina became somewhat detached from great party politics. As his Biscay Diputación Provincial term expired[108] he did not hold public assignments either, though it is not clear when he ceased as alcalde of Ermua. In the 1892-1895 period his political activities were reduced to attending party meetings,[109] signing public letters,[110] fathering official statements,[111] occasionally speaking at local gatherings[112] and presiding over formal banquets;[113] though not standing in elections, he contributed to Carlist electoral efforts organisationwise.[114] At that time he seemed involved in both Biscay and Gipuzkoan issues, though possibly tilted towards the former;[115] in the mid-1890s he was reported as mounting various alliances to provincial disputation, especially in the Marquina district.[116]

By the end of the decade it might have seemed that his younger brother, Candido de Orbe y Gaytán, assumed a more energetic role in politics; also active during Carlist feasts,[117] he was recorded as giving official press statements explaining the party stand,[118] grew to jefé of the San Sebastián branch[119] and was heavily involved in mounting a provincial electoral alliance with the Integrists, the one which ended a decade of virulent hostility and commenced rapprochement between two branches of Traditionalism nationwide.[120] Valde-Espina himself remained somewhat in the back row; in 1898 he was rumored to run for Cortes, but the news proved false.[121] Nothing is known about his stance on Carlist preparations to another insurgency during 1898-1900, except that his house in Astigarraga was raided by the police and briefly occupied;[122] following La Octubrada he supervised forced closing of Carlist circulos in Gipuzkoa.[123]

Valde-Espina in his 50s

In the early 1900s Valde-Espina kept limiting his activity to the Vascongadas[124] and is not reported as engaged in great party politics nationwide. Unlike his father never particularly close to the deposed former Carlist leader marquis of Cerralbo, he was neither in political entourage of his successor, Matías Barrio y Míer; on the other hand, invariably he remained on excellent terms with the claimant[125] and on good ones with the Gipuzkoan provincial leader Olazábal.[126] Actually it seems that at that time his focus shifted away from Biscay to Gipuzkoa, as he lived mostly in Astigarraga (becoming its alcalde)[127] and the Ermua palace stayed empty.[128] Also historians suggest that his role, typical for many Carlist aristocratic leaders in the Vascongadas and consisting of mobilizing rural masses for the cause, territorially was applicable mostly to Gipuzkoa and only to a far lesser extent to Biscay, where Carlist influence was already shrinking dramatically.[129]

Towards the party executive (1904-1911)

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Candido de Orbe

In 1904 a number of provincial politicians from centre-right parties set up Liga Foral Autonomista, an alliance focused on re-introduction of separate legal Gipuzkoan establishments.[130] Candido de Orbe became vice-president[131] and later also president of the body.[132] Valde-Espina adhered to the initiative as an official Carlist representative; he co-signed its manifesto,[133] entered its Managing Council[134] and engaged in engineering a common electoral campaign.[135] However, the Carlist executive grew suspicious of apparent Integrist domination in the alliance[136] and Valde-Espina was made to resign from the executive;[137] he remained in Liga as its rank and file activist representing himself only and declared that "every good vascongado" should keep supporting it.[138] The issue gave rise to speculations about "decomposición del carlismo oficial" in Gipuzkoa,[139] but they proved exaggerated.[140] Valde-Espina remained active in the Liga until 1906, when it disintegrated.[141]

Despite a controversial issue of his Liga membership, Valde-Espina's career in the party picked up the pace;[142] in 1907 he succeeded own brother[143] as leader of the Carlist structures in San Sebastián,[144] in 1908 he replaced Tirso Olazábal[145] as jefé in Gipuzkoa[146] and in 1909 as provincial leader by default he entered the national executive, Junta Central.[147] His public presence became more visible, as he featured prominently during grand Carlist assemblies in Somorrostro[148] and Zumarraga.[149] Though he had always been inclined towards conciliatory stand versus the Integrists,[150] the new party leader Bartolomé Feliú made him apply harsh measures against those who went off limits in terms of electoral alliances, resulting in expulsion of Víctor Pradera from the party.[151] Still in 1910 he participated financially in Sociedad Española de Edificaciones y Publicidad and entered its Consejo de Administración. The freshly set up publishing house was to support Carlist and allied periodicals and publications;[152] he remained in the council for years to come.[153]

Carlist standard

Around 1910 the Catholic public opinion was greatly agitated about the so-called Ley del Candado, Liberal regulations promoted by the Canalejas government and advancing tough policy versus the Church. Valde-Espina represented the Carlists in a number of organizations set up to block the legislation, like Junta del País Vasconavarro,[154] Junta de Defensa Católica de Vizcaya[155] and others. Due to more aggressive stand in the public realm he had to suffer admin measures against himself too; following his press statement, deemed incompatible with the rules of public order, in 1910 he was suspended as alcalde of Astigarraga, the job he held since the early 1900.[156] The same year his activity got attention of the Cortes, which demanded explanation about propaganda initiatives featuring the new Carlist king, Don Jaime.[157] In line with the family tradition, at that time he was also introducing a new Orbe generation into Carlist politics, as his oldest son Ignacio started to appear on various meetings.[158]

Gipuzkoan patricio (1911-1922)

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Gipuzkoan diputacion HQ, Donostia

In 1911 Valde-Espina renewed his bid for the provincial self-government, though this time for Diputación Provincial de Guipúscoa. Running from the district of Irun he was successful[159] and later the same year he assumed presidency of the entire body.[160] Progressist and democratic press agonized that "caudillo de la guerra civil, el marqués de Valdespina, es presidente de la diputación de Guipuzcoa",[161] the Carlist one enjoyed days of triumph,[162] though the latter were probably less happy about Valde-Espina entertaining the usurper king Alfonso XIII either when in the province[163] or in Madrid.[164] He remained head of the provincial government in 1911, 1912[165] and 1915,[166] when he failed to get re-elected from Tolosa.[167] His term was not marked by particular controversy, perhaps except a conflict related to a newly constructed railway line, deemed pursuant to Navarrese and Álavese interests at the expense of the Gipuzkoan ones;[168] he is recorded as engaged mostly in standard admin duties, though also aiming at possible independence of provincial education faculties.[169]

Though hardly engaged in nationwide party politics[170] in the 1910s Valde-Espina was already a widely recognized personality within the Carlist realm, nominated honorary president of various bodies, also as far away as in Murcia,[171] referred to as "veterano marqués"[172] or "illustrious patrician",[173] honored with occasional homages[174] and pictured as profoundly moved when recollecting wartime service to Don Carlos 40 years before.[175] His Astigarraga mansion turned into an iconic Carlist site, hosting gatherings and distinguished guests.[176] As internal controversy between the key party theorist Juan Vázquez de Mella and the new king Don Jaime was getting increasingly visible he was trusted by the claimant, who demanded in vain that de Mella cedes ownership of the party mouthpiece, El Correo Español, to Valde-Espina.[177]

Sociedad de Estudios Vascos being founded, Oñati 1918

In 1917 Valde-Espina again presented himself for the Gipuzkoan diputación and narrowly [178] he emerged successful from Irun.[179] Re-elected two years later,[180] he remained in the self-government until 1922,[181] periodically – e.g. in 1918,[182] or 1919[183] holding the presidency.[184] His second term is marked mostly by the Basque question and the problem of legal standing of the Vascongadas. Already in 1917 he took part in a so-called Asamblea de Victoria, a gathering of provincial deputies from the region which voiced demands for "a broad autonomy".[185] With colleagues from other Vasco-Navarrese deputations he probably voiced to the same end when in 1918 meeting Alfonso XIII[186] or sending telegrams to Madrid.[187] Some of his statements seem confusing; also in 1918 he abandoned the regional platform and declared that Gipuzkoa expected the same level of self-government as that considered for Catalonia.[188] Officially sponsoring the launch of Sociedad de Estudios Vascos[189] and contributing to its works,[190] he firmly opposed nationalist Basque political ambitions.[191] Also within the Carlist realm as Gipuzkoan jefé he contributed to initiatives advancing regionalist claims, though the term "autonomy" was cautiously accepted only in quotation marks.[192]

Breakup, retirement and reconciliation (1920s and 1930s)

[edit]
Juan Vazquez de Mella

Valde-Espina knew Vázquez de Mella at least since the early 1900s[193] and used to meet him during various official party meetings,[194] but was not known for particular sympathy towards the key party theorist.[195] However, proclivity for conservative alliances might have made him closer to the Mellista strategy of forming a grand ultra-Right coalition; moreover, during the Great War Valde-Espina espoused a neutralist – and in effect anti-Entente – stand,[196] very much advocated also by de Mella. When the conflict between the party pundit and the claimant exploded in early 1919 the Gipuzkoan jefé initially adopted an ambiguous position,[197] but in the spring he was already widely suspected of defecting to the breakaway Mellsta camp.[198] Indeed, after 85 years of loyalty of 3 generations of Valde-Espinas to legitimist claimants, José María left the orthodox Jaimista ranks and joined the rebels.[199]

Due to own position and prestige of his family Valde-Espina was among the most notable personalities among the Mellistas, though probably due to his age he was not particularly active in buildup of the new party.[200] Times when the family name mobilized popular support were long gone; historians consider some moderate backing, enjoyed by the breakaways among the rural Gipzukoan population,[201] hardly resulting from his personal influence.[202] Assigned a largely theoretical post of provincial jefe in the emerging party ranks[203] he engaged in preparations to the grand assembly, supposed to launch a new organization nationwide.[204] It materialized in 1922 in Zaragoza, though hardly in format originally envisioned by de Mella; the gathering launched Partido Católico Tradicionalista with Valde-Espina nominated president of its national executive committee.[205] Indeed, in late 1922 he used to sign documents issued by the party[206] and was noted as active in its ranks in early 1923.[207] The Primo de Rivera coup brought political life to a standstill by banning all parties; the year marks final political retirement of Valde-Espina, who after that date was hardly recorded as politically active.

Valde-Espina mansion, Astigarraga

During the dictatorship in public Valde-Espina hardly embarked on anything else than charity.[208] His last recorded political engagements are noted in the early 1930s. During dictablanda he signed the Euskaltzaindia appeal for launching consultations on Basque autonomy;[209] the same year he sort of reconciled with the Carlists, recorded in August as present at opening of Círculo Jaimista in San Sebastián.[210] In 1931-1932 he fully reintegrated within the united Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista;[211] despite his 84 years of age still suspected of anti-Republican conspiracy, in 1932 he got his Astigarraga estate raided by the police again.[212] He was last noted as taking part in Carlist gathering in July 1932 in Villafranca.[213] Having caught a cold during funeral of his younger son in February 1933, he spent the last 4 months of his life in bed.[214] At the moment of his death Astigarraga mansion again enjoyed a status of an iconic Traditionalist site;[215] also Ermua was one of few municipios in Biscay which kept resisting the Basque nationalist sway.[216]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ full name José María Juan Nepomuceno Ramón Leandro Andrés Martín de Aguirre de Orbe y Gaytán de Ayala, see Antonio Gaytán de Ayala Artázcoz, Parientes mayores de Guipúzcoa: señores del palacio casa-fuerte de Murguía en Astigarraga, [in:] Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos 3/25 (1934), p. 380
  2. ^ now administrative part of Vergara (Gipuzkoa province), Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 374
  3. ^ Historia de Ermua [anonymous summary of José Manuel Azcona Pastor, Historia general de la villa de Ermua: del paleolítico al asesinato de Miguel Ángel Blanco, Ermua 2003, ISBN 849204621X], p. 7, available here, furtherly referred as Azcona Pastor 2003
  4. ^ great-great-grandfather of Jose Maria, compare Andrés Agustín de Orbe y Zarauz, 1. marqués de Valdespina e 1. vizconde de Santa Cruz entry [in:] Geneallnet service, available here
  5. ^ the title was originally granted to Andrés de Orbe y Larreategui, archbishop of Valencia, in 1736; he arranged for its ceding to his nephew, Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 373. There are two different spelling versions of the title widely in circulation, "Valde-Espina" and "Valdespina", and there is little integrity even in family-ordered obituaries, compare ABC 17.09.94, available here and ABC 14.01.06, available here. The officially acknowledged version is "Valde-Espina", followed also here, compare BOE 05.01.71, available here, though "Valdespina" exists in official realm as well, e.g. as part of a street name in Ermua, compare "calle de marqués Valdespina", BOE 17.01.11, available here
  6. ^ Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 373-5
  7. ^ 15 estates in Ermua, 15 in neighboring locations, mostly Mallabia and Zaldibar, Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.), Diccionario biográfico de los diputados generales, burócratas y patricios de Bizkaya (1800-1876), Bilbao 1995, ISBN 9788488088239, p. 367
  8. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, p. 367
  9. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, p. 362
  10. ^ and was dubbed "El Manchuelo de Ermua" afterwards, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, p. 362
  11. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, p. 363
  12. ^ named also Secretario de Estado de Guerra, B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Príncipe heróico y soldados leales, Barcelona 1912, p. 104; he served also as ministro del Consejo General de Negocios del Reino, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, p. 363
  13. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, pp. 362-368
  14. ^ he was the second son and the third child; his older brother died in infancy, Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 378
  15. ^ Juan Nepomuceno de Orbe y Mariaca, 4. marqués de Valdespina entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here
  16. ^ as alférez de caballería
  17. ^ first at Azpeitia then during the siege of Bilbao; he fought also at Puente-la-Reina; Los Arcos, Puente de Arquijas, Larrainzar, Echarri-Aranaz, Abárzuza, Montejurra, Arlaban, and Ondárroa, Brea 1912, p. 104
  18. ^ in 1848 promoted to teniente coronel for taking part in conspiracy of General Alzáa, Brea 1912, p. 104
  19. ^ in 1860 promoted to coronel for taking part in conspiracy of San Carlos de la Rápita, Brea 1912, p. 104
  20. ^ elected in 1871 from Biscay, Brea 1912, p. 106, see also Orbe y Mariaca, Juan Nepomuceno de. marqués de Valde-Espina entry, [in:] official Senate service, available here
  21. ^ e.g as Comandante General de Vizcaya, nominated 1872
  22. ^ he joined the insurgency in 1872 and commanded at Manaría, retreating back to France; in 1873 he led Carlist troops in Gipuzkoa, commandind during the battles of Marquina, Echevarría, Guernica, Solluve, Oñate, Azcárate, Peñacerrada, Las Campanas, Estella, Allo, Dicastillo, Vianá, Montejurra, Bilbao, Irún and Lacar, Brea 1912, p. 106
  23. ^ at Eraul in May 1874, Brea 1912, p. 106
  24. ^ Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, pp. 362-368, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 2012, pp. 80-81, see also numerous references in Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 9788432305108
  25. ^ Francisco de Paula Oller, Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias, vol. 2, Barcelona 1888, p. 80
  26. ^ Luis M. Zavala y Fernández de Heredia (ed.), La sociedad vasca del siglo XIX en la correspondencia del archivo de la Casa de Zavala, vol. 1, Lasarte-Oria 2008, ISBN 9788496288706, p. 132
  27. ^ the Gaytans originated from Toledo, but one of its branches settled in Gipuzkoa in the 17th century. She was the daughter of 9. Conde de Villafranca, 7, Marqués de Tola, 10. Conde de Sacro Romano Impero José María Gaytan de Ayala (1775-1837), her father was a native of Mondragon, her mother, María Casilda de Areizaga y Zuloaga, was a native of Tolosa, compare Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 379, see also Los Gaytán de Ayala entry, [in:] Euskalnet service, available here
  28. ^ Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 379
  29. ^ Astigarraga, 1912. Maria del Dolores de Orbe wed Ignacio de Sabater y Gaytan de Ayala. During the Spanish Civil War he commanded a Carlist requeté tercio of San Ignacio and having been wounded died in San Sebastian hospital in April 1937, see his death notice here
  30. ^ Oller 1888, p. 81
  31. ^ Brea 1912, p. 107
  32. ^ Oller 1888, p. 81
  33. ^ Brea 1912, pp. 107-108
  34. ^ Los condes de Faura, [in:] Nuestros Escudos service, available here
  35. ^ Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 380
  36. ^ in September 1876 in Biarritz
  37. ^ she inherited some of the Valencian property and brought it to the marriage; as late as in 1916 Valde-Espina travelled to Valencia to look after the business, El Correo Español 02.11.16, available here; see also BOE 07.08.95, available here
  38. ^ some sources adhere to the "Caañamas" spelling; full name María los Dolores, Manuela, Petra, Josefa, Vicente, Luisa, Juan Ana Vives de Cañamas y Fernández Villamil, Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 381, see also María de los Dolores Vives de Cañamás y Fernández de Villamil entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here
  39. ^ see Pedro Pascual Vives de Caamañas y Sanchez-Muñoz, 18. Conde de Almenara entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here. In some sources he is referred to as Conde de Faura, see Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 381, also Compactgen service, available here Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Maria Teresa (born 1879), María de la Concepción (1882), María de la Luz (1885), María del Pilar (1887), José María (1889), Ignacio (1890) and Jaime (1894). The heir was the oldest surviving son, Ignacio de Loyola, Ramón, Julio, Román, José, Juan Nepomuceno de Orbe y Vives de Cañamas, 6th marques (1890-1969), see Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 382
  41. ^ he inherited the title as his older brother, José María, died in infancy
  42. ^ Ignacio de Orbe y Vives de Cañamás (1890-1969) is seldom mentioned in any of the works dealing with Carlism either during the Republic or during Francoism. For his 1938 account of accompanying Don Javier in Vascongasas compare Ignacio Orbe y Vives, Diario de mis viajes por España con S. M. el emperador Otto de Austria y S. A. R. el Príncipe Regente, Don Francisco Javier Borbón Parma, Astigarraga 1938
  43. ^ there were some unspecified political differences between him and the Carlist king Alfonso Carlos in the 1930s, compare his personal letter of 1941: "si ideales políticos nos separaron en vida, ante la muerte no es de Carlistas guardar rencores. Que si él, desde el destierro tuvo un sentido recuerdo ante los restos mortales de mi querido padre, justo y de caballeros es, er que yo como hijo y como el último de los soldados de la Comunión Tradicionalista, me incline respetuoso ante su cadáver y por tu mediación envíe mi más sentido pésame a su Augusta y atribulada familia", Manuel Santa Cruz Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, vol. 3, Madrid 1979, p. 14. In 1952 he hosted Francisca Maria de Borbón Parma at Astigarraga, Zavala, Fernández 2008, p. 53; in 1955 it was the then Carlist king, Don Javier, welcomed at the premises, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), p. 185, Javier Lavardín [José Antonio Parilla], Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976, p. 23. In 1964 a certain "comandante José María Orbe" – most likely the son of Ignacio - protested against an order from the Gipuzkoan military commander, who prohibited officers from participating in Montejurra gatherings, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962-1977, Pamplona 1997, ISBN 9788431315641, p. 323
  44. ^ in 1962 Ignacio Orbe, referred to as one of "elementos más caracterizados del carlismo guipuzcoano", was appointed by Don Javier to the Vascongadas Junta Regional, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, La reorganización del carlismo vasco en los sesenta: entre la pasividad y el "separatismo", [in:] Vasconia. Cuadernos de Historia-Geografía 38 (2012), p. 1125. The younger brother of Ignacio, Jaime (1894-1933), was a Carlist as well; his son, Ignacio de Orbe Tuero (1926-2006), sided with another Carlist branch, the Sivattistas, as in 1959 he was reported as joining RENACE, César Alcalá, D. Mauricio de Sivatte. Una biografía política (1901-1980), Barcelona 2001, ISBN 8493109797, pp. 118, 150; in the 1980s he joined the executive of Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista, compare José Fermín Garralda Arizcun, In memoriam. Don Ignacio de Orbe Tuero, [in:] CTC website, available here, and in the 1990s and early 21st century ran on CTC ticket in elections either to European Parliament, compare here, or to Cortes, compare here
  45. ^ he inherited the title not from his father, but from his paternal grandfather, BOE 05.01.71, available here
  46. ^ compare his personal website, available here
  47. ^ titled Aita; for a trailer, see YouTube service, available here. The film was received coldly, often considered a formalistic experiment , compare an assortment of reviews at FilmAffinity service, available here
  48. ^ who served also as his godfather, Brea 1912, p. 107, Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 380
  49. ^ Brea 1912, p. 107
  50. ^ Brea 1912, p. 129
  51. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 28/1, Sevilla 1959, pp. 183-187
  52. ^ Paula 1888, p. 82, Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 380
  53. ^ Brea 1912, p. 107
  54. ^ Paula 1888, p. 82
  55. ^ Paula 1888, pp. 82-83
  56. ^ Brea 1912, p. 108
  57. ^ Paula 1888, pp. 82-83
  58. ^ Paula 1888, p. 83
  59. ^ his brother Candido was nominated ayudante de campo, José María Roma (ed.), Album histórico del carlismo, Madrid 1933, p. 331
  60. ^ on July 25, 1873
  61. ^ on August 14, 1873
  62. ^ on August 18–19, 1873
  63. ^ on August 22, 1873
  64. ^ on August 25, 1873
  65. ^ on August 30–31, 1873
  66. ^ Paula 1888, p. 83
  67. ^ Manuell de Santa Cruz [Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta], Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, vol. 1, Madrid 1979, pp. 124-5
  68. ^ Paula 1888, p. 84
  69. ^ with Cruz de 1. clase del Mérito Militar, Medalla de Montejurra and Medalla de Vizcaya
  70. ^ Roman Oyarzun, Historia del carlismo, Madrid 1944, p. 480, Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo espanól, vol. 26, Sevilla 1955, pp. 52-53
  71. ^ El estandarte real 34/IV (1892), available here
  72. ^ Paula 1888, p. 84
  73. ^ with Encomienda de la Real and Distinguida Orden de Carlos III
  74. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo espanól, vol. 27, Sevilla 1955, p. 58
  75. ^ Brea 1912, p. 108, Roma 1933, p. 331
  76. ^ on February 27, 1876, Ampelio Alonso de Cadenas y Lopez (ed.), Suplemento al elenco de grandezas y titulos nobiliarios españoles. Apendice II, Madrid 1991, ISBN 8487204295, p. 58. The title was acknowledged by the Madrid court in 1993, see BOE 01.02.93, available here
  77. ^ Paula 1888, p. 84
  78. ^ Paula 1888, pp. 84-85
  79. ^ his father was nominated Jefe of Junta Central, provisional executive body, by historians usually deemed highly ineffective, Jordi Canal i Morell, Carlins i integristes a la Restauració: l’escissió de 1888, [in:] Revista de Girona 147 (1991), pp. 59-60, Jordi Canal i Morell, El carlisme català dins l’Espanya de la Restauració: un assaig de modernització politica (1888–1900), Barcelona 1998, ISBN 9788476022436, p. 40
  80. ^ El Siglo Futuro 06.04.77, available here
  81. ^ El Siglo Futuro 05.06.79, available here
  82. ^ see e.g. Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 1995, pp. 362 and passim, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 80-81
  83. ^ Canal 1991, p. 59
  84. ^ though not assuming any particular position in formal structures, as there were barely any existing, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 47
  85. ^ La Iberia 21.09.82, available here
  86. ^ El Siglo Futuro 08.01.83, available here, also El Siglo Futuro 29.01.83, available here
  87. ^ El Siglo Futuro 26.03.83, available here
  88. ^ he remained on excellent terms with the claimant; in 1883 together with his father Orbe travelled to Venice to see Carlos VII, El Debate 14.03.83, available here
  89. ^ the original Biscay delegado Juan E. Orúe resigned in 1882; his replacement, Pedro M. Piñera, demonstrated scarce interest; Real Cuesta 1985, p. 48
  90. ^ the post was eventually offered to Fausto Ibañez de Aldecoa, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 71
  91. ^ in 1887, Fernandez Escudero 2012, p. 80
  92. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 72
  93. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 77-79
  94. ^ El Siglo Futuro 17.09.86, available here
  95. ^ El Siglo Futuro 03.11.86, available here
  96. ^ according to one account when leaving Europe Carlos VII was accompanied only by Francisco Melgar, conde de Ayanz and doctor Coma, Francisco Melgar, Veinte años con Don Carlos. Memorias de su secretario, Madrid 1940, p. 136
  97. ^ Horacio M. Sánchez de Loria Parodi, Carlos VII en la Argentina, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Elías de Tejada 10 (2009), p. 160
  98. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 99-100, 148
  99. ^ jointly with his father and brother; "[the correspondence] está distribuida en varios legajos, muchos con cartas fechadas tanto en Ermua como en Aspigarraga y escritas por los distintos marqueses de Valde-Espina, el abuelo, el padre o el hijo y firmadas como Pepe, Pepe Orbe, José María, Nepomuceno, Gustavo o José María del Orbe, o simplemente por el marqués de Valde-Espina", Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 66
  100. ^ the then provincial jefe, Roman de Zubiaga, informed Orbe that the party leader expected report and data on buildup of local party structures. Apparently cornered, Zubiaga suggested that Orbe first writes to selected local Carlist activists nominating them county jefes, and than that he reports these names to de Cerralbo, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 140
  101. ^ La Unión Católica 16.05.00, available here
  102. ^ it is not clear whether Orbe commenced his term in 1888 or 1889; in 1889 he was already serving, El Norte 07.04.97, available here
  103. ^ in the late 1880s Ermua counted 747 inhabitants and served mostly as a local arms manufacturing centre; there were 128 gunsmiths among the population, Azcona 2003, p. 31. José María's father served as alcalde for 9 years. As the new mayor José María seemed pretty active, e.g. asking for governmental arms contracts in wake of the labor crisis, Azcona 2003, p. 32
  104. ^ Brea 1912, p. 108, La Unión Católica 11.04.92, available here. It is not clear how much wealth he inherited; none of the sources consulted provides quantitative data. It is known that in 1933, the year of his death, the largest landholder in the Orbe family was the daughter of his brother Candido, who possessed 7 ha, Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francisco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rústica en Guipúzcoa según el registro de la propiedad expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde 18 (1995), pp. 113-135
  105. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 189
  106. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 47
  107. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 283
  108. ^ it is not clear when; in 1891 he was still listed as diputado. It is neither clear whether he tried to renew the ticket, though none of the sources consulted mentioned him as running for re-election in the early 1890s
  109. ^ e.g. in 1892 in Guernica, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 216, see also El Correo Español 04.07.92, available here, or El Correo Español 11.02.93, available here
  110. ^ for 1894 see e.g. El alicantino 10.10.94, available here
  111. ^ for 1896 see e.g. José Navarro Cabanes, Apuntes bibliográficos de la prensa carlista, Valencia 1917, p. 197
  112. ^ for 1894 see e.g. El Correo Español 29.05.94, available here
  113. ^ for 1892 see e.g. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 280, for 1895 see El Correo Espñol 08.01.95, available here
  114. ^ for 1892 see e.g. El Imparcial 09.09.92, available here
  115. ^ for 1896 see e.g. El Correo Español 11.03.96, available here
  116. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 222
  117. ^ e.g. in 1893, see El Correo Español 10.02.93, available here
  118. ^ e.g. in 1899, see Heraldo astrogano 01.08.99, available here
  119. ^ La Correspondencia de España 11.08.00, available here
  120. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 190-191
  121. ^ La Epoca 19.03.98, available here
  122. ^ the official statement used the term "registrado", Heraldo de Madrid 30.11.98, available here
  123. ^ Heraldo de Madrid 20.12.98, available here
  124. ^ Brea 1912, p. 108
  125. ^ e.g. in 1902, upon death of his daughter, Valde-Espina received a personal consolation letter from the claimant, El Correo Español 26.08.02, available here; in September 1900 he was issuing public statements explaining the position of Carlos VII, Don Jaime and Melgar, La Correspondencia de España 17.09.00, available here
  126. ^ e.g. in 1901 in a rather frank letter to Valde-Espina, Tirso Olazábal openly lambasted propaganda journeys of de Cerralbo as useless if not counter-productive, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 139
  127. ^ no later than in 1905, Euskal-Erria 94-95 (1905), available here
  128. ^ in 1903 he put his Ermua palace at disposal of any religious congregation which might be expulsed from France, El eco balear 17.04.03, available here
  129. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 249-250
  130. ^ detailed discussion in Luis Castells, Fueros y conciertos económicos. La Liga Foral Autonomista de Gipúzcoa (1904–1906), San Sebastián 1980, ISBN 9788474070774
  131. ^ Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, La construcción de una nacionalidad vasca, Donostia 1990, ISBN 9788487471049, p. 72
  132. ^ Ainhoa Arozamena Ayala, Cándido Orbe Gaytán de Ayala entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  133. ^ Liga Foral Autonomista, [in:] Revista bascongada 1905, pp. 501-503, available here
  134. ^ Estornés Zubizarreta 1990, p. 72
  135. ^ El Siglo Futuro 26.08.05, available here
  136. ^ El Correo Español 05.09.05, available here
  137. ^ El Siglo Futuro 09.09.05, available here, Estornés Zubizarreta 1990, p. 74
  138. ^ El Siglo Futuro 07.09.05, available here, Estornés Zubizarreta 1990, p. 74
  139. ^ El Siglo Futuro 28.09.05, available here
  140. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 20.09.05, available here
  141. ^ Arozamena Ayala, Cándido Orbe Gaytán de Ayala
  142. ^ he was invariably on excellent terms with Carlos VII, compare a letter received in 1908, El Correo Español 14.10.08, available here
  143. ^ Candido de Orbe remained active in politics until the early 1910; afterwards there is scarce information on his activities, apart that he was engaged in a number of industrial enterprises in Gipuzkoa. He remained active as a vascofilo, see his letter to Julio Urquijo from 1928, available here. In 1933 he was recorded as active in provincial industry, see Utanda Moreno, Feo Parrondo 1995, pp. 113-135
  144. ^ he was not appointed but elected by the local junta, Heraldo Alaves 23.12.07, available here
  145. ^ Tirso Olazábal climbed the party ladder assuming jefatura for the entire Vascongadas region
  146. ^ El Correo Español 01.07.08, available here
  147. ^ El Correo Español 11.12.09, available here
  148. ^ El Correo Español 16.06.08, available here
  149. ^ Heraldo Álaves 27.07.08, available here, Heraldo Álaves 17.08.10, available here
  150. ^ in 1907 he took part in the sermon following death of Ramón Nocedal, El Siglo Futuro 15.04.07, available here; in 1910 he endorsed Manuel Senante as a common candidate, El Siglo Futuro 03.05.10, available here. On the other hand, he also displayed some skepticism, for 1908 see El Correo Español 24.03.08, available here
  151. ^ El Correo Español 04.05.10, available here
  152. ^ Félix Luengo Teixidor, La prensa guipuzcoana en los años finales de la Restauración (1917-1923), [in:] Historia contemporánea 2 (1989), p. 231
  153. ^ Valde-Espina remained in the council at least until the Mellista breakup in 1919-1920, see El Correo Español 30.12.20, available here. Regardless of Carlist duties he joined a number of business ventures on his own; in 1906 he was reported as member of Consejo de Administración of Ferrocaril de Elgobair, Anuario Ferrocariles Españoles 1906, available here; in 1914 he was among co-founders of La Mutual Vascongada and grew to its president, El defensor escolar 04.07.14, available here; in 1921 he was in consejo de administracion of Cantabria y Royalta S.A., a biscuits manufacturer, El Debate 24.08.21, available here
  154. ^ El Siglo Futuro 03.09.10, available here
  155. ^ José Andres Gallego, La politica religiosa en España, Madrid 1975, p. 464
  156. ^ La Correspondencia de España 30.10.10, available here
  157. ^ La Correspondencia de Valencia 15.10.10, available here
  158. ^ e.g. when on opening a círculo in Renteria, see El Correo Español 18.07.05, available here
  159. ^ La Correspondencia de España 13.03.11, available here
  160. ^ Brea 1912, p. 108, also Gaytán de Ayala 1934, p. 381
  161. ^ El Correo Español 03.05.11, available here
  162. ^ El Correo Español 04.05.11, available here
  163. ^ La Correspondencia de España 26.06.11, available here
  164. ^ La Epoca 07.11.12, available here
  165. ^ La Epcoa 22.02.12, available here
  166. ^ Ainhoa Arozamena Ayala, José María Orbe Gaytán de Ayala entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here; some sources claim that he formed part of diputación until 1913, see Gonzalez de Txabarri Miranda 2006, available here, p. 2
  167. ^ El Siglo Futuro 17.03.15, available here
  168. ^ La Correspondencia de España 22.08.11, available here; construction of railway lines was constantly on the agenda of the Gipuzkoan self-government, with a number of controversial issues arising, see Carlos Larrinaga, Diputaciones Provinciales e Infraestructuras en el País Vasco durante el primer tercio del siglo XX (1900-1936), Bilbao 2013, ISBN 9788498608625, pp. 163-183
  169. ^ El Correo Español 09.08.12, available here
  170. ^ he was very seldom noted beyond Vascongadas, for one of the exceptions see Diario de Valencia 26.10.13, available here
  171. ^ El Correo Español 14.12.11, available here
  172. ^ El Correo Español 22.06.12, available here
  173. ^ El Correo Español 20.11.18, available here
  174. ^ e.g. in 1916 in Astigarraga, El Norte 12.10.16, available here
  175. ^ "El Marqués de Valde-Espina, su [i.e. of Carlos VII] antiguo ayudante de órdenes, que no había estado en aquella casa [in Estella] desde el tiempo de la campaña, se hallaba profandamente emocionado", El Correo Español 22.06.12, available here
  176. ^ e.g. 1912 welcoming the Portuguese Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães, when the mansion served also as secret magazine of armaments, intended for Portuguese legitmist insurgents. The infanta was accompanied, among others, by a 23-year-old prince Xavier, who as the Carlist king would visit Astigarraga also in the 1950s, Manuel de Santa Cruz [Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta], Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, vol. 4, Madrid 1979, p. 197. In 1913 Valde-Espina hosted a papal nuncio, El Correo Español 20.09.13, available here
  177. ^ in 1912, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El caso Feliú y el dominio de Mella en el partido carlista en el período 1909–1912, [in:] Historia contemporánea 10 (1997), pp. 111-2
  178. ^ a Liberal counter-candidate Serapio Zaragueta trashed Valde-Espina in the urban sub-district of Irun (1160 votes v. 467) while Valde-Espina clearly dominated in rural sub-districts (3371 v. 1800), though even in these he lost in Pasajes and Rentería, triumphant in Fuenterrabia, Oyarzún, Hernani and Astigarraga; for detailed breakdown see Heraldo Álaves 12.03.17, available here
  179. ^ La Epoca 12.03.17, available here
  180. ^ La Correspondencia de España 30.06.19, available here
  181. ^ exact date of Valde-Espina leaving the diputación is not clear, he is last mentioned as member in 1922. A monographic work dealing with the Gipzukoan and Biscay diputaciones of the period states merely that he was replaced as president by a fellow Carlist Julián Elorza Aizpuru in 1919, Larrinaga 2013, ISBN 9788498608625, p. 138
  182. ^ El Día 02.05.18, available here
  183. ^ ABC 02.03.19, available here, Gonzalez de Txabarri Miranda 2006, p. 2
  184. ^ as late as in 1922 he served member of Comisión de agricultura, El Debate 08.07.22, available here
  185. ^ Estornés Zubizarreta 1990, pp. 102-105
  186. ^ La Epoca 14.09.15, available here
  187. ^ La Nación 02.12.18, available here
  188. ^ El Figaro 02.12.18, available here
  189. ^ Gonzalez de Txabarri Miranda 2006, p. 3; see also his letter to Julio Urquijo, available here
  190. ^ España y America 01.10.18, available here
  191. ^ El Día 28.05.17, available here
  192. ^ the gathering was intended as gear-up to another right-wing electoral alliance; its resolution demanded respect for Catholic rights, re-establishment of fueros, neutrality in the Great War and more attention to social and economic issues; the list of signatories included well-known Traditionalist Gipuzkoan politicians, apart from Valde-Espina also Bilbao, Aramburu, conde de Arana and conde de Villafranca, though some well known names were missing, e.g. those of Lezama Leguizamón, Tirso Olazábal or conde de Dona Marina, El Correo Español 24.01.18, available here
  193. ^ La Libertad 24.10.03, available here
  194. ^ El Correo Español 03.02.04, available here
  195. ^ Valde-Espina is only 2 times and rather casually mentioned in a monographic work dealing with the Mellista phenomenon, see Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista: historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8487863825
  196. ^ in 1917 a German submarine sank 4 San-Sebastián-based fishing boats on the Bay of Biscay, leaving 4 fishermen dead. The incident led to creation of Liga Antigermanofila, to which Tirso Olazábal and Valde-Espina responded by setting up Liga Neutralista, Pedro Barruso Barés, San Sebastián en los siglos XIX y XX, [in:] Ingeba service, available here
  197. ^ on February 19, 1919 Valde-Espina as Gipuzkoan provincial jefé took part in a Madrid meeting of Jaimista tycoons, which declared Junta Central dissolved "como delegado de Don Jaime" and called for cohesion between MPs and local leaders, La Cruz 22.02.19, available here
  198. ^ El Correo Español 07.03.19, available here
  199. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 514. The role of the Jaimista political leader in Gipuzkoa was informally assumed by Bernardo Elío y Elío, formally confirmed in 1930
  200. ^ his is not a single time mentioned in respective chapter of Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 187-245
  201. ^ one scholar refers to the province as "el principal baluarte mellista', José Javier López Antón, Trayectoria ideológica del carlismo bajo don Jaime III, 1909-1931, [in:] Aportes 15 (1990), p. 40
  202. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 161
  203. ^ El Norte 07.11.22, available here
  204. ^ El Sol 12.10.22, available here
  205. ^ José Luis Orella Martínez, El origen del primer catolicismo social español [PhD thesis at Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Madrid 2012. p. 269
  206. ^ El Debate 21.12.22, available here
  207. ^ El Norte 25.01.23, available here
  208. ^ e.g. as treasurer of Asilo de Caridad, Anuario del comercio, industria, profesiones y tributación del País Vasco 1930, available here
  209. ^ there were 152 signatories, among them 31 Gipuzkoanos, Estornes Zubizareta 1990, pp. 212-213
  210. ^ El Cruzado Español 01.08.30, available here
  211. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español vol. 24, Sevilla 1955, p. 83
  212. ^ El defensor de Córdoba 17.06.32, available here, Región 17.06.32, available here
  213. ^ El Siglo Futuro 04.07.32, available here
  214. ^ Pensamiento Alavés 13.06.33, available here
  215. ^ Diario de Alicante 05.09.33, available here
  216. ^ during the 1932 consultations on a draft version of Vasco-Navarrese autonomy statute, increasingly formatted along the nationalist, not Traditionalist fuerista lines, in Navarre there were 124 municipios which voted against (48% of all Navarrese municipios, representing 53% of all Navarrese population; the rest voted pro or abstained); in Alava there were 11 (14% representing 3% of population ); in Gipuzkoa there were 2 (2% representing 2% of population); in Biscay there was 1 (1% representing 0.2% of population): Ermua. Astigarraga voted in favor. Full list of all municipalities and their votes in Víctor Manuel Arbeloa, Navarra y los estatutos de autonomía (1931-1932), Madrid 2015, ISBN 978-8416549177, pp. 448-458

Further reading

[edit]
  • José Manuel Azcona Pastor, Historia general de la villa de Ermua: del paleolítico al asesinato de Miguel Ángel Blanco, Ermua 2003, ISBN 849204621X
  • Luis Castells, Fueros y conciertos económicos. La Liga Foral Autonomista de Gipúzcoa (1904–1906), San Sebastián 1980, ISBN 9788474070774
  • Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 2012
  • Antonio Gaytán de Ayala Artázcoz, Parientes mayores de Guipúzcoa: señores del palacio casa-fuerte de Murguía en Astigarraga, [in:] Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos 3/25 (1934), pp. 360–384
  • Carlos Larrinaga, Diputaciones Provinciales e Infraestructuras en el País Vasco durante el primer tercio del siglo XX (1900-1936), Bilbao 2013, ISBN 9788498608625
  • Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 9788432305108
4th marques with wife and sons, Jose Maria and Candido, 1875
[edit]
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