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Joof family

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See also: Serer people and Timeline of Serer history

Joof family
The totem and symbol of the Joof family is the antelope, symbolizing grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology.
CountryKingdom of Baol
Kingdom of Sine
Kingdom of Saloum
Takrur (the Serers lineage
Senegal (present-day)
Gambia (former colony of Saloum)
Mauritania (previously as Lamanes)
FounderLamane Jegan Joof (c. 11th century)
Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof(c. 1290)
Final rulerMaad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (King of Sine, 1924-69)
Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof (King of Saloum, 1935-69)
Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof (Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf) - Lamane of Tukar (2004)
TitlesLamane
Maad
Maad a Sinig
Teigne
Maad Saloum
Bour
Dissolution1969 (last kings of Sine and Saloum), 2004 last known Lamane of Tukar
Cadet branches

Joof (English spelling in the Gambia) or Diouf (French spelling in Senegal and Mauritania) is a surname that is typically Serer. This surname is also spelt Juuf or Juf (in the Serer language).

Though there are multiple spellings for this surname, they all refer to the same people. The differences in spelling came about because Senegal was colonized by France, while the Gambia was colonized by the United Kingdom. Although spelt differently, they are pronounced the same way.

The totem and symbol of the Joof family is the antelope, the symbol of grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology. The name of their clan is "Njoofene" variations: "Njuufeen" or "Njufeen" (in Serer).[1][2] Members of this family had ruled over many of the pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia, including the Kingdom of Sine, the Kingdom of Saloum and the Kingdom of Baol. The royal princesses (Lingeers) from the Joof family were also given in marriage to the pre-colonial kings and princes of Senegambia. Some of these included the kings of Jolof, kings of Waalo, kings of Cayor and Baol (after 1549 following the Battle of Danki). From these marriages, they provided many heirs to the thrones of these kingdoms.[3][4] Although usually associated with Serer royalty, the Joof family also figure prominently in Serer religious affairs.

History of the Joof family

[edit]

The Wagadou period

[edit]
Further information: Lamane

The Joof family is one of the old families of Senegambia. Serer oral tradition speaks of a noble called Lamane Jegan Joof, owner of a large herd of livestock and estate who was also a farmer. He migrated from Lambaye following an argument with his relative, the king of Lambaye. The dispute concerned the governance of Lambaye and over-taxation of his herd which he considered unjust. As such, he decided to head south and founded Tukar with his younger brother Ndik Joof. The tradition then went on to say that, he had a son called Sosseh Joof (Socé Diouf) who was the heir of Tukar.[5] Some scholars have proposed that, Tukar (and many of its surrounding villages such as Njujuf, Sob, etc., which were founded by Lamane Jegan Joof making them part of his estate and colony) now a rather large village in present-day Senegal, is an ancient village and well before the Guelowar period (1335[6]) and placed the foundation of these villages in the 11th century, if not earlier.[7][8] The Joof family had ruled Tukar for many centuries, inherited from their ancestor Lamane Jegan Joof through the Serer Lamanic custom, a rather strict custom of Serer land law and inheritance. In 2004, Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof (Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf) was the last lamane of Tukar.[9]

In the early history of the Ghana Empire to its end, the royal princesses of the Empire married into the Serer aristocratic families, some of these included Joof family. These royal princesses belonged to the maternal clan Wagadou (Bagadou in Serer language). With the Joof paternal clan, they ruled the Kingdom of Baol and provided many kings from the patrilineage Joof (the Joof paternal dynasty of Baol). Some of these kings include Boureh Joof (Bouré Diouf), Guidiane Joof (Guidiane Diouf), Ma Joof, Jinak Dialane [probably Gnilane] Joof, Maguinak Joof, etc. These kings preceded the Guelowar period by at least two or three centuries and long before the Fall paternal dynasty of Baol and Cayor who inherited the throne around 1549 after the Battle of Danki. The general consensus is that, after the demise of the Joof paternal and Wagadou maternal dynasties of Baol with other Serer paternal dynasties who jointly ruled Baol, the Fall paternal dynasty succeeded them, hence the first Damels and Teignes (titles of the kings of Cayor and Baol, respectively) from the Fall patrilineage were of Wagadou maternal descent. They simply married into the old royal family and succeeded to the throne.[10][11]

The 11th-century legendary figure Amar Godomat or Ama Gôdô Maat, né. Ama Kodu Joof, is a member of this family.

The Guelowar period

[edit]
Main article: Guelowar
Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof, from The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof, King of Sine from c. 1898 to 1924

The Guelowar period starts from 1350 during the reign of the first Guelowar king of Sine - Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali[12][13] and ends in 1969 after the death of the last king of Sine and Saloum (Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof and Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof respectively).[14][15]

Maysa Wali and his family (the maternal clan Guelowar) fled Kaabu in 1335 following a dynastic struggle. They were defeated by the Ñaanco maternal dynasty of Kaabu (their extended relatives) and were granted asylum in the Kingdom of Sine by a Serer noble Council called The Great Council of Lamanes. Having served as legal advisor to this noble Council for 15 years, Maysa Wali managed to win the confidence and trust of the council and the common people. He was nominated and elected by the council and the people as king of Sine. He was the first Guelowar king of Sine. He gave his sisters in marriage to the Serer nobility which sealed the union between Serer and Guelowar.[16] It was the offspring of these marriages between the old Serer paternal noble clans and the Guelowar maternal clan of Kaabu that ruled the kingdom of Sine and later Saloum. In this Guelowar period, the Joof family (one of the oldest Serer paternal noble clans) provided many kings in the Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum (the Joof paternal dynasty of Sine and Saloum). The Joof family also founded three royal houses as follows (in the order of foundation):[17][18]

They all trace their descent to Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof (also known as Bour Ndaah Ndiémé Diouf or Ndaah Njeeme Juuf) - the king of Laah (or Laa) in Baol, around the 13th century. Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof was the father of Maad Niokhobai Joof (also king of Laa) who was the father of the Great Maad Patar Kolleh Joof (also: Bour or Buur Patar Kholé Diouf or Bour Patar Kholleh Diouf) - the conqueror of Baol.[17] Maad Patar Kolleh Joof was the first of the Joof family to marry a Guelowar (Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali's niece). From that marriage he had Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof (Niokhobaye Mane Niane Diouf) and Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Nyan Joof (Guédiopal Niane Mane Diouf), who were the first kings of Sine during the Guelowar period from the patrilineage Joof. Their brother Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof (Diaraf Bouré Gnilane Diouf) was not a king of Sine, but a Jaraff (equivalent of Prime Minister), who gave his name to the first Royal House of the Joof Dynasty (in the Guelowar period) and it is from that "The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof" derived from, which provided several kings in Sine and Saloum. The Joof Dynasty that succeeded to the throne of Saloum came from Sine.[17][20]

Historic battles involving this family

[edit]

This table lists some of the historic battles of Senegambia involving the kings or princes belonging to this family:

The Junjung: the Serer war drum of Sine (19th century)[21]
Name of the battle Member of the clan Opponent Reason for the battle Victor
The Battle of Nganiane Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror) Teigne of Baol (King of Baol) Empire building Maad Patar Kholleh Joof[22]
The Battle of Diakhao Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof Mamadou Koungo (of Koungheul) Religion Maad a Sinig Jogo Gnilane Joof[23]
The Battle of Mbellondiaré Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof (assisting the Damel of Cayor) Teigne of Baol Dynastic war between the Damel of Cayor (king of Cayor) and Teigne of Baol Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof and the Damel of Cayor[24]
The Battle of Sanghaie Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof Teigne of Baol Empire building Maad a Sinig Amakodou Samba Joof[24]
The Battle of Gagnane Maad a Sinig Jogoy Gnilane Joof Damel-Teigne Lat Soukabe Ngoneh Jaay Fall Empire building Damel-Teigne Lat Soukabe Ngoneh Jaay Fall[25]
The Battle of Ndoffène The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof (The warlord) Maad a Sinig Njaak Faye The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof was fighting for the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof[26]
The Battle of Tioupane The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof Maad a Sinig Ama Kumba Mbodj and his younger brother Barka Mbodj The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof was fighting for the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof [26][27]
The Battle of Logandème Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Louis Faidherbe (French governor of Senegal)

Émile Pinet-Laprade		 Resistance against French colonialism France[28][29][30]
The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor
(This was not an open battle but a surprise attack, also known as Mbeetan Keur Ngor).		 Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maba Diakhou Bâ,

Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe

and their Marabout armies		 Religion, vendetta and empire building Indecisive. The marabout army withdrew when reinforcement finally arrived, but caused severe damage before retreating.[31][32]
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as The Battle of Somb) Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maba Diakhou Bâ,

Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe

and their Marabout armies		 Religion, vendetta and empire building Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof[33][34]

Genealogy

[edit]

A short genealogy showing the descendants of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof.[17][20]

Descendants of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
                                                       Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
                                                    (king of Laa, Baol, c. 1290)
                                                                 │
                                                        Maad Niokhobai Joof
                                                        (king of Laa, Baol)
                                                                 │
                             ____________________________________│
                            │
         Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror)             =    ?    =              Lingeer Mane Nyan
         (king of Laa, Baol and Teigne of Baol)             │    (1)    │  (daughter of Sine o Mev Manneh (Guelowar)
                                                            │           │                    (2)
                                                            │           │_____________________________________________
                                                            │                                                        │
                                               Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof                                            │
                                              (Jaraff and prince of Sine)                                            │
                                                                                                                     │
                                            _________________________________________________________________________│
                                            │
                                ┌───────────┴────────────────────────────────────────┐
                                │                         │                          │
             Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof        │           Lingeer Siga Pal Mane Nyan Joof
                         (king of Sine)                   │
                                                          │
                                        Maad a Sinig Gejopal Mane Nyan Joof
                                                   (king of Sine)

Status in Serer religion

[edit]
Main articles: Serer religion, Pangool, Lamane Jegan Joof, Tukar, Maad Semou Njekeh Joof, and Saltigue

The Joof family figure prominently in Serer religion.[35][36] Many of the Serer Pangool (saints and ancestral spirits) came from this family.[35] Though associated with Serer royalty, this family's involvement in Serer religious affairs are found within the hermeneutics of Serer religion and traditions. Some of the sacred Serer sites regularly venerated were founded or headed by this family which underpins their involvement in the Pangool cult.[35][36] Some of these venerated sites includes Tagdiam, residence of Maad Semou Njekeh Joof who is associated with the cult of Tagdiam;[37][38] and Tukar, founded by Lamane Jegan Joof. In the Serer religious calendar, the Raan festival which takes place once a year after the new moon is held in Tukar.[39]

Personalities with the surname Joof, Diouf, Juuf or Juf

[edit]

The surname Joof, Diouf, Juuf or Juf is carried by several personalities, some of which include:

Royalty

[edit]
Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof (king of Sine). Reigned c. 1825–53). From The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof.[40] Portrait by David Boilat taken in 1850 when he visited Joal. Catalogued in his work Esquisses sénégalaises in 1853, the year the king died.[41][42]

Kingdom of Baol

[edit]
See also: Kingdom of Baol and Teigne
  • Lamane Jegan Joof, founder of Tukar in the medieval era (11th century)[8][43]
  • Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof, king of Laa (Baol; c. 1290)[17]
  • Maad Patar Kholleh Joof (The Conqueror), king of Laa (Baol) and Teigne of Baol (c. 14th century)[17][22]
  • Teigne Jinaax Jalaan Joof (or Teeñ Jinaax Jalaan Juuf), King of Baol (Lambaye). Relative of Lamane Jegan Joof.[44]

Kingdom of Sine

[edit]
See also: Kingdom of Sine and Maad a Sinig

Kingdom of Saloum

[edit]
See also: Kingdom of Saloum and Maad Saloum
  • Maad Saloum Semou Jimit Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1898–1924)[46]
  • Maad Saloum Ndeneh Jogop Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1901–11)[46]
  • Maad Saloum Semou N'Gouye Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1911–13)[46]
  • Maat Saloum Gori Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1913–19)[46]
  • Maad Saloum Mahawa Choro Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1919–35)[46]
  • Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof, king of Saloum (reigned 1935–69)[15][46]

Kingdom of Jolof

[edit]
See also: Kingdom of Jolof
  • Lingeer Penda Kumba Ngouille Joof, queen consort and queen mother of Jolof (wife of Bour ba Jolof Bakan Tam Boury Nabou Njie, king of Jolof, 1768–69)[47]

Kingdom of Cayor

[edit]
See also: Cayor
  • Manguinak Joof, appointed Ber Jak of Cayor (equivalent of Prime Minister) by his first cousin Damel Amari Ngoneh Sobell Fall after he assisted him defeat the king of Jolof at the Battle of Danki (1549).[48]

Royal houses (Guelowar period)

[edit]

Academic world

[edit]

Politics

[edit]
Abdou Diouf. The second president of Senegal and Secretary General of Francophonie.
[edit]

Some of these legal professionals have ventured into politics but they are more known for their legal than for their political occupation :

Medicine

[edit]
  • Professor Boucar Diouf, member of the International Society of Nephrology, member of the African board of the Commission for the Global Advancement of Nephrology (COMGAN), member of the African Associations of Nephrology, President and founder-member of the Senegalese Society of Nephrology (SESONEPH)[67][68]

Sports

[edit]
El-Hadji Diouf. Professional footballer. Pictured after winning the Scottish League Cup with Glasgow Rangers.

● El Hadji Malick Diouf (born 2004) professional footballer who plays for SK Slavia Prague

Music and entertainment

[edit]
Pierre Moustapha Diouf, commonly known as Mouss Diouf, a renowned actor who had worked with personalities like Ousmane Sembène.
  • Boucar Diouf, Senegalese humorist[75]
  • Élage Diouf [fr], musician, percussionist and composer, band member of the Diouf Brothers (Les frères Diouf).[76][77]
  • Pape Abdou Karim Diouf, brother of Élage Diouf and member of the Diouf Brothers band.[76][77]
  • Mouss Diouf (born 1964), actor
  • Tamsier Joof, dancer, choreographer, radio personality and businessman
  • Hella Joof, actress and director (of Gambian descent).
  • Mamadou Diouf, musician and songwriter

Visual arts

[edit]

The definition of art is very broad. This section list the names of visual artists (in its narrowest definition) who share this surname:

  • Cheikh Diouf, professional artist. His work is primarily based on African art, winner of many awards[78]

Business and commerce

[edit]

Multi-discipline

[edit]

The following list gives the names of personalities with this surname who are experts in a variety of professions, and are equally known for each of these professions. Their professional life is so wide and varied that they can not be easily described by a single category:

Other

[edit]
  • The Diouf brothers (Les frères Diouf), music band from Senegal. The band consists of Élage Diouf (El Hadji Fall Diouf) and Pape Abdou Karim Diouf.[76][77]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Faye, Louis Diène. Mort et naissance Nouvelles Éditions africaines, 1983, p. 74.
  2. ^ Gastellu, Jean-Marc (M. Sambe - 1937). L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal. IRD Editions, 1981, p. 130. ISBN 2-7099-0591-4
  3. ^ a b c d Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker". Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle parue en 1986-87
  4. ^ Ndiaye Leyti, Oumar, Le Djoloff et ses Bourba, Dakar: Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1981, 110 pp.
  5. ^ Galvan, Dennis Charles, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire (2004), pp. 2-281.
  6. ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 19
  7. ^ Galvan, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire (2004), p. 80.
  8. ^ a b Bressers & Rosenbaum, Achieving Sustainable Development (2003), p. 151.
  9. ^ a b Galvan, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire (2004), pp. 109-111.
  10. ^ Phillips, Lucie Colvin, Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Scarecrow Press, 1981, pp. 52-71. ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
  11. ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976, pp 557-504.
  12. ^ Sarr, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal)", loc.cit., p. 21.
  13. ^ Thilmans, Guy; Descamps, Cyr & Camara Abdoulaye, Senegalia: études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain: hommage à Guy Thilmans, Sépia, 2006, pp. 220-21. ISBN 2-84280-122-9
  14. ^ Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p. XV.
  15. ^ a b c Sheridan, Michael J., & Nyamweru|, Celia, African Sacred Groves, James Currey, 2008, p. 141. ISBN 0-8214-1789-4
  16. ^ Ngom, Biram (Babacar Sédikh Diouf), La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987, p. 69.
  17. ^ a b c d e f La famille Juuf [in] « L'épopée de Sanmoon Fay », [in] Éthiopiques (revue), no. 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991 [1] Archived 29 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, Chronique du royaume du Sine, pp. 712-13.
  19. ^ a b c Buschinger, Danielle (ed & trans: Kloos, Jan Willem), Van den vos Reynaerde: mittelniederländisch - neuhochdeutsch, Presses du Centre d'Etudes médiévales Université de Picardie (1992), p. 59, ISBN 9782901121169
  20. ^ a b Diouf, Chronique du royaume du Sine, pp. 712-33.
  21. ^ Faye, Louis Diène, Mort et naissance, Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1983, p. 56. ISBN 2-7236-0868-9
  22. ^ a b Diouf, pp. 712-13.
  23. ^ Diouf, pp. 714-15.
  24. ^ a b Diouf, pp. 721-23.
  25. ^ Gastellu, Jean-Marc, L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal, IRD Éditions, 1981, pp. 281-282. ISBN 2-7099-0591-4
  26. ^ a b Diouf, pp. 724-25.
  27. ^ Klein, p. 46.
  28. ^ Diouf, p 726
  29. ^ Diouf, Cheikh, "Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859-1940", Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2005)
  30. ^ Klein, pp. 55-59.
  31. ^ Diouf, pp. 726-27.
  32. ^ Klein, p. 90.
  33. ^ Diouf, pp. 727-29.
  34. ^ Klein, pp. 90-93.
  35. ^ a b c Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 332-3, 338, 342-3, 349.
  36. ^ a b (in French) Martin, Victor & Becker, Charles, "Lieux de culte et emplacements célèbres dans les pays sereer" (Sénégal), in Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 41, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1979, pp. 133-89 (pp. 15-34). [2] Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation sereer, vol. II: Pangool", Dakar: Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1990, p. 35. ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
  38. ^ Fleurentin, Jacques. "Des sources du savoir aux médicaments du futur". IRD Editions, 2002. p 343. ISBN 2709915049
  39. ^ Galvan, Dennis Charles, pp. 108-111, 122, 202, 304, University of California Press (2004) ISBN 0-520-23591-6
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Klein, Martin A, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847 - 1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV.
  41. ^ Boilat, David: Esquisses sénégalaises, Bertrand, 1853, p. 145.
  42. ^ Diouf, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", pp. 772-74 (pp. 47-49).
  43. ^ Galvan, pp. 80-111.
  44. ^ Becker, Charles; Martin, Victor; & Ndène. Aloyse; (Révision et édition par Charles Becker), Traditions villageoises du Siin (2014), pp. 191–192
  45. ^ a b Diouf, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", pp. 14-18 (pp. 722-30).
  46. ^ a b c d e f Klein, Martin A: "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847 - 1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968), p. XV"
  47. ^ Ndiaye Leyti, Oumar, Le Djoloff et ses Bourba, Dakar: NEA, 1981.
  48. ^ Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, Recueil sur la Vie des Damel. Introduit et commenté par C. Becker et V. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
  49. ^ Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 15 (2012), Article 12.3.2.
  50. ^ (in French) Rewmi News. "Le professeur Arona Ndoffène Diouf candidat aux élections présidentielles de 2012" Archived 10 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ Diouf, Cheikh, Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859–1940. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2005)
  52. ^ a b Peterson, Derek, Macola, Giacomo, "Recasting the Past: History Writing and Political Work in Modern Africa", Ohio University Press (2009) p. 299. ISBN 0821418793 [3]
  53. ^ (Babacar Sédikh Diouf) [in] Ngom, Biram "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Dakar, Université de Dakar (1987), p. 69.
  54. ^ (in French) List of ministers on the official site of Ministers of Senegal "SENEGAL - Ministère de la Santé et de la Prévention Médicale". Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  55. ^ Ndiaye, Babacar & Ndiaye, Waly, Présidents et ministres de la République du Sénégal, Dakar, 2006 (2e éd.)
  56. ^ Hughes, Arnold & Perfect, David: Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, Scarecrow Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8108-5825-8
  57. ^ Hughes, Arnold & Perfect, David: A Political History of The Gambia, 1816-1994, University of Rochester Press, 2006. ISBN 1-58046-230-8
  58. ^ Ceesay, Hassoum, Gambian Women: an introductory history, the Gambia: Fulladu Publishers. OCLC 233607072
  59. ^ Ly, Abdoulaye, Les regroupements politiques au Sénégal, 1956-1970, Dakar: CODESRIA; Paris: Karthala, 1992, p. 19 (ISBN 2-86978-007-9)
  60. ^ (in French)Université Cheikh Anta Diop: GOUVERNEMENTS DU SENEGAL DE 1957 à 2007 Archived 26 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ^ (in French) All Africa News
  62. ^ (in French) Republique du Senegal, "Liste des candidats admis. p. 11
  63. ^ Kime, Philip Graburn, Kime's International Law Directory, Bowden, Hudson & Co., 1983, p. 7.
  64. ^ The Nation Newspaper (Gambia): "Champion of free speech (Tribute)", 7 June 1993, by William Ojo Dixon Colley (Managing Editor of The Nation Newspaper and Secretary General of the Gambia Press Union)
  65. ^ Gambia State House (CV)
  66. ^ The Independent (Gambia): Attorney General Sacked
  67. ^ The Oxford Journal: (CV)
  68. ^ Monash university: "Human Nephron Number, Hypertension and Kidney Disease" Archived 12 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ (in French) Seneweb News
  70. ^ The Point (Gambia): U-23 to Camp in Tunis
  71. ^ Eurosports Profile
  72. ^ Alain Mercier, "Pape Diouf redonne des couleurs à l'OM", Le Monde 2, n° 266, supplément au Monde n° 19954, 21 mars 2009, pp. 46-49.
  73. ^ (in French) Article L'Equipe: Diouf et la France qui "exclut"
  74. ^ (in French) "L’énigme Diouf!" Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine OM Actualités, 12 June 2006.
  75. ^ Harbourfront Centre: "Live Comedy with Boucar Diouf" (Review)[permanent dead link‍]
  76. ^ a b c (in French) Quebe Pop. "Lancement - Les Frères Diouf - DUND, Mercredi le 5 novembre 2003" Archived 3 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ a b c "Bibliography by Salsa Montreal". Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  78. ^ "Bibliography in Dapper". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  79. ^ Foroyaa: [4][permanent dead link‍]
  80. ^ All Africa News: Gambia: Treason Trial Draws to an End As Lie Joof, Rambo Enter Defence
  81. ^ Freedom Newspaper (also an online Radio Station)[usurped]

Bibliography

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  • Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87
  • Ndiaye Leyti, Oumar, Le Djoloff et ses Bourba (1966); Dakar: Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1981
  • Galvan, Dennis Charles. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley: University of California Press (2004). ISBN 978-0-520-23591-5
  • Bressers, Hans & Rosenbaum, Walter A. Achieving Sustainable Development: the challenge of governance across social scales. Greenwood Publishing Group (2003). ISBN 0-275-97802-8
  • Phillips, Lucie Colvin. Historical Dictionary of Senegal. Volume 23 of African historical dictionaries. Scarecrow Press (1981). ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
  • Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de L'Institut Fondamental D'Afrique Noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976
  • Thilmans, Guy, Descamps, Cyr & Camara, Abdoulaye, "Senegalia: études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain: hommage à Guy Thilmans." Sépia (2006). ISBN 2-84280-122-9
  • Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968)
  • Sheridan, Michael J. & Nyamweru, Celia. African Sacred Groves: ecological dynamics & social change. James Currey (2008). ISBN 0-8214-1789-4
  • Ngom, Biram (comprising notes of Babacar Sédikh Diouf): La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin. Dakar, Université de Dakar (1987)
  • "l'epopee de Sanmoon Fay. "La famille Juuf." Ethiopiques n°54 revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine Nouvelle série volume 7 2e semestre (1991)
  • Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4 (1972)
  • Faye, Louis Diène. Mort et naissance: le monde Sereer. Nouvelles Éditions africaines, 1983. ISBN 2-7236-0868-9
  • Bâ, Abdou Bouri. "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip." Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin
  • Sonko Godwin, Patience. Leaders of Senegambia Region, Reactions To European Infiltration 19th-20th Century. The Gambia: Sunrise Publishers Ltd (1995). ISBN 9983-86-002-3
  • Sonko Godwin, Patience. Ethnic Groups of The Senegambia Region, A Brief History. Third Edition. The Gambia: Sunrise Publishers Ltd (2003). ISBN 978-9983-86-000-9
  • Wade, Amadou. "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", B. Cissé trans., V. Monteil, editor, Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4 (1941, 1964)
  • Gastellu, Jean-Marc. L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal. IRD Editions, 1981. ISBN 2-7099-0591-4
  • Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, Recueil sur la Vie des Damel. Introduit et commenté par C. Becker et V. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
  • Martin, Victor & Becker, Charles, "Lieux de culte et emplacements célèbres dans les pays sereer" (Sénégal), Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 41, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1979, pp. 133–89 (pp. 15–34) [6]
  • Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool", vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990). ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
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