John VIII, Archbishop of Antivari
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Giovanni Bruni | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1530 Antivari |
| Died | 1571 (aged 40–41) Adriatic sea |
| Cause of death | Killed by Spanish soldiers who boarded Bruni's ship during the Battle of Lepanto |
| Nationality | Albanian |
| Citizenship | Venetian |
| Education | Jesuit |
| Occupation(s) | Archbishop and priest. |
| Years active | 1551-1571 |
| Employer | Venice |
| Known for | Archbishop of Bar, lead role in the Council of Trent (1563). |
| Father | Gasparo Bruni, the first knight of Malta |
| Relatives | Antonio Bruni (merchant), Bartolomeo Bruti, Benedetto Bruti and Jacomo Bruti |
| Family | Bruni family |
Archbishop John VIII, also known as Giovanni Bruni (Albanian: Gjon Bruni) (c. 1530 - 7 October 1571) served as an archbishop of Antivari in the mid-16th century.[1][2][3]
Originally from Ulqin (present-day Montenegro), from the Albanian Bruni family. He was related to Antonio Bruni and Gasparo Bruni. Pope Julius II appointed John as Archbishop of Antivari (Bar) in 1551 because of his rare virtues and executive abilities.
Bruni confronted Ottoman rule and the Greek Orthodox Church working hard for the Catholic cause. In 1551 he became the bishop of Bar. In 1553, the Pope wrote to Giovanni in Bar and to the bishops of Ulcinj asking them to investigate the proposed grant of land by the Abbey f St. Nicholas to Antonio Bruti, whom had asked for the papal confirmation to secure the family heir. In 1558 Giovanni became the archbishop of Ulcinj.[4] Giovanni Bruni was a Jesuit and archbishop who took a lead role in 1563 at the Council of Trent, which launched the Catholic Counter-Reformation.[5] Giovanni was enslaved by the Ottomans when the city fell in 1571[6][7][8] and was later killed by the Spanish as they cut him down despite yelling ”I am Christian, I am a bishop”.[9] It is believed that Giovannis brother, Antonio Bruni, was only 100 yards away.[10]
Bruni participated in the Council of Trent between 1551 and 1552, and between 1562 and 1563, at which sessions he spoke with distinction. He was the fiercest opponent of the surrender of the city of Bar to the Turks. However, the Venetian governor of Bar, Count Alessandro Donato, and the Venetian military commander Giovanni Guidaccioni, decided that surrender was unavoidable. One source claims that they had sent the Archbishop and 600 soldiers on a galley to Ali Pasha (Ali Müezzinzade Pasha), the admiral of the besieging Ottoman fleet, who offered to purchase the Archbishop for 25,000 Venetian sequins; but any such offer was never finalised. Like many other people from Bar and Ulcinj whom the Ottoman forces had captured when those cities fell to their attacks and were surrendered to them in August 1571, the Archbishop was one of the slaves who rowed in an Ottoman galley at the Battle of Lepanto on 7 October.
In 1571, Donato, governor of Antivari, ceded the town to Turkish control. After alleged violations of the cease fire agreement, John VIII and many residents urged the governor to resist the Turkish occupation. Instead, Ali Pasha took John VIII as a captive and executed him on 7 October 1571, after the Battle of Lepanto.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Mannini, Maria Pia (2003). "Giovanni da San Giovanni". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Malcolm, Noel (2015). Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780190262785.
- ^ Brotton, Jerry (13 June 2015). "Agents of Empire by Noel Malcolm, review: 'a quite miraculous feat'".
- ^ slovenske Istre “Iliria” Koper, Izdajatelj: Osrednja knjižnica Srečka Vilharja Koper Založnik: Kulturno društvo Albancev slovenske Istre “Iliria” Koper Za izdajatelja: David Runco Za založnika: Heset Ahmeti Kraj in datum izdaje: Koper, 2015 Dopolnjena izdaja Urednik: mag. Peter Štoka Avtorji: mag. Peter Štoka, dr. Salvator Žitko, dr. Helena Seražin Prevod: dr. Martin Berishaj Lektoriranje: Ljuba Vrabec (slovenščina), Ganimet Shala (albanščina) Tisk: Luglioprint, Trieste (Italija) Naklada: 300 izvodov Nosilec avtorskih pravic: Osrednja knjižnica Srečka Vilharja Koper in Kulturno društvo Albancev. ALBANESE ALBANSKE PLEMIŠKE DRUŽINE V BENEŠKEM KOPRU v jubilejnem letu palače Bruti FAMILJET FISNIKE SHQIPTARE NË KOPRIN E VENECISË në vitin jubilar të pallatit Bruti. Iliria, Zbirka, Koleksioni. p. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "History Returns Violently in the Mediterranean and Beyond - Rasmussen Reports®". www.rasmussenreports.com.
- ^ Greene, Molly (2015). Noel Malcolm, Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in The Sixteenth Century Mediterranean World, London: Allen Lane, 2015, xxv+604 pp., ISBN (PDF). p. 434. ISBN 9780190262785.
- ^ Geschichte, Wien). REVUE DES ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES (PDF) (TOME LIII ed.). Wien. p. 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Hatfield, Andrew. "Figure 1.2. Imbalances had been growing before the crisis". Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ Noel Malcolm, Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in The Sixteenth Century Mediterranean World, London: Allen Lane, 2015, xxv+604 pp (PDF) (Osmanlı Araştırmaları / The Journal of Ottoman Studies, XLVIII (2016), 431-496 ed.). 2015. p. 434. ISBN 9780190262785.
- ^ Gallagher, John (10 June 2015). "Agents of Empire by Noel Malcolm review – a dazzling history of the 16th-century Mediterranean". The Guardian.
- ^ Christitch, Elisabeth. "Archdiocese of Antivari". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
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