Jo Hamilton (subpostmaster)

Jo Hamilton
Born	Josephine Hamilton 1957 (age 66–67)
Occupation	Former subpostmaster
Known for	Campaigner for justice for victims of the British Post Office scandal

Josephine Hamilton (born 1957) is a former subpostmaster and a passionate campaigner for justice for victims of the British Post Office scandal. She ran a village post office in Hampshire from 2001 until 2006, when she was suspended and then wrongly prosecuted for shortfalls caused by the Post Office faulty accounting software, Horizon. She was convicted of false accounting, received a supervision order and had to pay the Post Office £36,000 although it was money she did not owe.

Her treatment at the hands of the Post Office had a devastating impact on her health, family and finances. She went on to be a founding member of the Justice for Subpostmasters Alliance (JFSA) and one of the 555 litigants in the successful group legal action of Bates & Others v Post Office Ltd. Her criminal conviction was overturned in April 2021.

Personal life

Josephine Hamilton was born in 1957. From age 7–19, she lived in Fleet, Hampshire, England with her parents and two younger brothers. Her father was a flight lieutenant in the RAF.

Hamilton met her husband David when Hamilton was 17, and the two married when she was 19. David has been a freelance gardener since 2002. The couple have two sons and three grandchildren. One of their sons lives in Birmingham, and is a detective for the West Midlands Police.

In 1980, to save up a deposit for a house, Hamilton and David moved into Hamilton's parents' house. During this time, her grandparents became too ill to look after themselves, and the family all moved into a bigger property together. Hamilton's parents later both died.

Hamilton and her husband David moved to the village of South Warnborough in north-east Hampshire in 1985.

Career

Before the post office

Before joining the Post Office, Hamilton worked various jobs. She worked as a care assistant and ran a pub.

She got her heavy goods vehicle licence in 1985, and subsequently started a haulage business with her husband. Eventually, this business went downhill and the two decided they needed a change of career.

Early post office career

In 2001, villagers in South Warnborough, where the couple were living, were concerned that the post office would close if the village shop did, so suggested that Hamilton should take over the running of the village shop, which included a post office counter.

Hamilton did not have the money to purchase the shop, so was lent £5000 by a member of the local community, and an additional £2000 by the sub-postmaster, of the post office, Alwyn Stacy. Hamilton used this money to purchase the shop's stock, and took over the shop with a 40-year lease for £36,000 in October 2001. Hamilton couldn't pay this sum upfront, so gradually paid it back as she went along running the business.

Hamilton and her husband set up a delicatessen in the shop as well as selling groceries. The Post Office counter had a turnover of about £2,000 or £3,000 a week, mostly selling stamps and paying out pensions. Stacy left the post office on 24 December 2001, and Hamilton took over the management of the Post Office counter. She formally became subpostmistress in October 2003.

Horizon

Early installations

The Post Office's new accounting system, Horizon, was installed at Hamilton's post office counter at the very end of 2001. She received a very minimal amount of training on this system.

At first the system appeared to work well, and it was only after the Post Office installed a chip-and-pin machine in 2003 that she began to experience discrepancies in her accounts. Hamilton received zero training on this new chip-and-pin system.

Initial discrepancies

On 23 December 2003, Hamilton tallied her stock and cash using the Horizon system, which found a negative discrepancy of £2032.67. Upon reopening after Christmas, Hamilton called the Post Office helpline. She followed the guidance from the helpline operator, but the discrepancy remained. On 30 December, she rang the Post Office helpline again. She followed the instructions from the helpline operator, only to see the discrepancy more than double, to £4217.07. She was then told she was liable for the whole amount, and would have to pay this back to Post Office Limited. Hamilton didn't have the money to pay, so agreed to let the Post Office take the money out of her £450-per-month salary.

Whilst paying this money to the Post Office, Hamilton faced further discrepancies. She continued to contact the helpline, but they didn't help her. They didn't explain what may be wrong or any possible ways to fix it. These discrepancies continued to grow, and Hamilton was forced to pay more out of her salary to cover it.

Between December 2003 and Match 2006, Hamilton made over 200 calls to the Post Office helpline. She was told that there was nothing the Post Office could do, but that if they found they'd made an error on their end, Hamilton would receive a transaction correction.

Conviction

Conviction origins

One night at the end of 2003, Hamilton balanced her account using the Horizon system, and saw that the discrepancy had risen by £8000. She could not afford to cover this cost, so she chose this time to ignore this error and instead confirmed using the system that the displayed amount matched the amount of cash held at her post office counter.

Charges

As more discrepancies appeared, Hamilton remortgaged her house and borrowed money to cover the amounts. By 2006, there was still a shortfall of £36,000 according to Post Office auditors and Hamilton was suspended. Although the Post Office investigator had found no evidence that she had stolen money, the Post Office brought charges of theft. In November 2007, Hamilton took legal advice and pleaded guilty to a lesser offence of false accounting in the hope of avoiding a prison sentence. She remortgaged her house again in order to give the Post Office £36,000, a condition of having the theft charges dropped.

Hamilton was sentenced at Winchester Crown Court on 4 February 2008. She had more than 100 character references, including one from a retired judge, and more than 60 people turned up at court to support her. The local vicar testified that Hamilton was "kind, caring and the centre of the community". The judge gave Hamilton the minimum sentence of a 12-month supervision order. Although she had avoided a prison sentence, the criminal conviction would have a profound impact on her life and her family. She was unable to obtain regular employment or even to help at her granddaughter's school. Her police officer son had to declare his mother's conviction when he took on a new role.

Campaigning begins

Although Hamilton had been told that she was the only person experiencing problems with Horizon, she was in fact one of hundreds of people prosecuted by the Post Office in similar circumstances. In 2008 she made contact with Alan Bates, who had set up a website for Horizon victims. Along with Bates, she was one of the seven former subpostmasters interviewed for an article in Computer Weekly that broke the news of the scandal in May 2009. Later that year she was one of the founding members of the Justice For Subpostmasters Association (JFSA) and attended the inaugural meeting in Fenny Compton village hall. In December 2009, Hamilton met with her MP, James Arbuthnot, who believed what she was saying and became the leader of a group of MPs whose constituents had had similar problems with Horizon.

Group litigation

The case was heard at the Rolls Building

Main article: Bates & Others v Post Office Ltd

Hamilton was one of the 555 subpostmasters who joined the group legal action of Bates & Others v Post Office Ltd, heard by Justice Fraser in the High Court at the Rolls Building in London between 2017 and 2019. After two subtrials, one of which looked at the subpostmasters' contracts and found largely in their favour and the other which found that Horizon contained bugs, errors and defects that could lead to accounting discrepancies, the claimants had run out of funding and agreed a settlement of £56.75 million with the Post Office. Legal costs of £46 million were deducted, leaving the 555 claimants with less than £12 million to be divided between them. After the settlement was announced, Hamilton said it was one of the best days she had ever had. At the time, her criminal conviction was already being reviewed by the Criminal Cases Review Commission, along with those of other subpostmasters.

Hamilton & Others v Post Office Limited

The judgment in Bates & Others v Post Office Ltd paved the way for the convictions of subpostmasters to be overturned. In April 2021 Hamilton was the lead appellant in the first case to be heard in the Court of Appeal, six subpostmasters who had been convicted in Magistrates’ Courts having had their convictions quashed at Southwark Crown Court the previous December. The case of Hamilton & Others v Post Office Limited was heard over four days in March 2021 before Lord Justice Holroyde, Mr Justice Picken and Mrs Justice Farbey at the Royal Courts of Justice in London. There were a total of 42 claimants. Hamilton, along with most of the other claimants, was represented by Tim Moloney KC.

There were two grounds of appeal: firstly that the trials had been unfair because Horizon data was unreliable; secondly that the prosecutions had been an "affront to the public conscience". In the case of Hamilton and three other appellants, the Post Office did not contest either ground. In the case of three appellants, the Post Office successfully contested both grounds, arguing that Horizon data had not been central to their cases. The Post Office conceded ground 1 and unsuccessfully contested ground 2 in the case of the remaining 35 appellants. In Hamilton's case the Post Office conceded that it had been wrong to threaten her with a charge of theft in order to obtain a guilty plea to false accounting and force her pay the Post Office for the Horizon shortfall, and improper to prevent her from making any criticism of Horizon.

Hamilton had known since October 2020 that the Post Office was not going to contest her appeal but was at court on 23 April 2021 to hear the judgment delivered and her conviction formally overturned. The overturning of Hamilton's conviction saw her become eligible for further compensation from the Post Office. She began negotiating with the Post Office in 2021 and was originally offered 20% of the amount she claimed. In 2024 the Post Office increased their offer to 80% of her claim, which she accepted.

Horizon IT Inquiry

An independent review into the Horizon scandal was set up in September 2020, chaired by retired High Court judge Sir Wyn Williams. Following the case of Hamilton & Others v Post Office Limited in 2021 the inquiry was converted into a statutory public inquiry the following year. Hamilton's oral evidence was heard on 14 February 2022. She was the second of about 60 subpostmasters to appear before the inquiry. She spoke about the impact of her prosecution on her health, family life and finances and said: "I've almost become obsessed by fighting for justice. And I can't sleep nights. Literally it goes round and around in my head".

On International Women's Day 2024, The Independent newspaper included her in their 50 most influential women, noting her "pivotal role" in uncovering the scandal.

Dramatisation

Hamilton was played by Monica Dolan in Mr Bates vs The Post Office, a four-part dramatisation of the Post Office scandal broadcast by ITV in the first week of 2024. By April 2024 the series had been watched by 13.5 million people and reignited public interest in the scandal. At the Brit Awards 2024, Hamilton presented one of the awards alongside Dolan. She thanked the public for their support and said: "despite what the government says, they're not paying the postmasters".