Jewish Quarter of Grozny
 Grozny synagogue. 1910. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 0 | |
| Languages | |
| Hebrew (in Israel), Judeo-Tat, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews. |
The Jewish Quarter of Grozny, located in a former quarter in the central part of the city of Grozny, in the Russian Chechen Republic.
Geography
[edit]The area where Jews lived was in the center of the northern part of Grozny. On the right bank of the Sunzha River, within the Akhmatovsky district. The main streets of the district are Moskovskaya and Viktor Kan-Kalika, former Subbotniks.
History
[edit]"Jewish quarter" was a district where the Jewish community traditionally lived, one of the old quarters of Grozny.[1] The first Mountain Jewish community moved to the area of the Grozny fortress in the second half of the 19th century from the trading village of Endirey in Dagestan.[2][3] In pre-Soviet era, the Jewish quarter was called the Jewish suburb.[4]
The quarter was also called the Red Jewish settlement, the district was so called because the roofs of the houses in this district were traditionally covered with red tiles, in contrast to the Cossack houses, which were covered with straw.[5]
In 1869, Grozny was granted city status, and this affected the influx of new settlers into the district. In 1874, 1,260 Mountain Jews already lived in Grozny, with a total population of 8,450 people.[6] The main occupation of the community residents was trade and leather tanning. The district consisted of several quarters. Later, the Belikovsky Bridge was built, connecting the settlement with the central part of the city, which influenced the economic development of the area.
Nikolai Kharuzin (1865-1900), Russian ethnographer, wrote about the life of Jews in Grozny in his article, Across the Mountains of the North Caucasus. Travel Essays. Vestnik Evropy, No. 10. 1888:
What do you see when entering Grozny? You pass a bridge: on the bridge stands a group of Mountain Jews who moved to Grozny from the mountains; even though the Mountain Jews left Palestine from time immemorial (long before the birth of Christ), they have retained the typical features of their compatriots living in Poland and Russia; a dark yellow complexion and sad black eyes. Having lived many centuries in the mountains, the Jews have not lost the commercial spirit inherent in their compatriots, and now they control the trade of Grozny and Nalchik. Some of the Jews wear European costume, others - cherkeskas. But life in the mountains has nevertheless left its mark on them: many of them are excellent horsemen and fearless horsemen.
In 1893, large oil deposits were discovered in Grozny, which led to the rapid development of the city. Ashkenazi Jews from central Russia began to arrive in Grozny. The first prayer house was built in 1875, and in 1902 it was replaced by a large domed synagogue, built of brick, located between the Persian mosque and the Mitnikov bathhouse. As of 1883, Grozny had 2 synagogues.[7] Around 1928, by decision of the Soviet government, the synagogue was closed during the period of religious persecution. Later, the synagogue building was occupied by a music school.[8]
The diaspora had its own separate quarter, which was destroyed during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Nevertheless, at this time, the Jewish colony of Grozny was expanding, and Jewish refugees from neighboring villages were flocking to the city. On the left side of the block was Kirov Park and the Baronovsky District, populated mainly by the Armenian diaspora, and on the right side of the block was an old tram line that ran through the entire block.[9]
On Subbotniks Street (former Belikovskaya) was the educational institution School No. 22. In the late 1980s, the population of the district was about 4 thousand people. With the beginning of the first and second wars on the territory of Chechnya, almost the entire Jewish population left Grozny, emigrated to Israel and to cities in Russia, primarily to the cities of the North Caucasus, not affected by the war, such as Mozdok, Vladikavkaz, Pyatigorsk, Stavropol.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mountain Jews. Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia. October 17, 2019.
- ^ Kharuzin Nikolay Nikolaevich. Across the Mountains of the North Caucasus. Travel Essays // Vestnik Evropy, No. 10. 1888. Eastern Literature (2011). December 2, 2020.
- ^ Igor Semenov. Mountain Jews of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan. berkovich-zametki. December 30, 2019.
- ^ My city Grozny | Information agency "Grozny-Inform." grozny-inform. May 18, 2018.
- ^ What do street names say? Shcherbakov N.G. groznycity. January 24, 2020.
- ^ The illustrative series of the calendar - postcards from the beginning of the 20th century, reflecting the history, life and customs of the Mountain Jews, attributed and with commentary (in electronic form) - are presented from the book by E. N. Ulitsky "Mountain Jews in the Russian periodical press 1853-1917."
- ^ List of populated areas of the Terek region: According to information as of January 1, 1883. Vladikavkaz, 1885. elib. May 3, 2017.
- ^ Notes of a local historian - A. A. Vaksman. grozny.vrcal. September 14, 2019.
- ^ Adiz Kusaev. To the 140th anniversary of the city of Grozny. IA Chechnya Today (July 29, 2011). January 24, 2020.
- ^ Golovlev Aleksey Alekseevich. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200115140806/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/armyane-groznogo-vzglyad-v-proshloe-k-200-letiyu-so-vremeni-osnovaniya-goroda Armenians of Grozny: a look into the past (on the 200th anniversary of the city’s foundation.) Regional development: electronic scientific and practical journal. 2017. Issue 6. January 15, 2020.
Literature
[edit]- Satsita Israilova. Stories told by the temple: temples in the territory of Grozny // Archival Bulletin. - 2017. No. 5. ISSN: 978-5-6040381-2-3.
- Judah Chorny. Mountain Jews // Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders. Issue III. Tiflis, 1870.
- Ilya Anisimov. "Caucasian Mountain Jews", 1888.
- Kazakov A. I., "The City of Grozny". Popular essays and histories of Checheno-Ingushetia. Publ. 1984.
- Elizarov Mikhail (Moisey) Shavadovich. Community of * Mountain Jews of Chechnya. Israel: Mirvori, 2012. p. 232.
- Havan D. M, Cherny I. Ya. From the cultural past of the Caucasian Jews. Jews in Chechnya. Grozny: Publ. Book, 1992. p. 48.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Jewish Quarter of Grozny at Wikimedia Commons
