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Jenny Steiner

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Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Trude Steiner

Jenny Steiner (born July 11, 1863, in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, as Eugenie Pulitzer; died March 2, 1958, in New York) was an Austro-Hungarian art collector, patron of the arts and factory owner expropriated under the Nazis.

Life

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Aranka Munk

Jenny Steiner, née Politzer or Pulitzer, was born in Budapest, the daughter of Siegmund Pulitzer and his wife Charlotte (1833-1920),[1] into a wealthy Jewish family of factory owners. Her sister was the Klimt supporter and confidante Serena (Sidonie), (married name Lederer); her great-uncle was Joseph Pulitzer, the American publisher and founder of the Pulitzer Prize. Her sister Aranka, (married name Munk), was murdered with her daughter Lola in the Litzmannstadt ghetto during the Holocaust.[2][3]

Jenny Steiner married the Viennese manufacturer Wilhelm Steiner, co-owner of the silk manufacturer Gebrüder Steiner.[4] .After the death of her husband in 1922, she continued to run the company alone with the support of her nephew Albert Steiner.

Jenny Steiner had five children with Wilhelm Steiner, four daughters and one son. The eldest daughter, Gertrude (Trude, * 1887), died of meningitis in 1900. Gustav Klimt painted a posthumous portrait of her in 1900, Portrait of Trude Steiner, which was looted by the Nazis.[5] Daisy was born in 1890; she had been married to Wilhelm Hellmann since 1912, with whom she had a large art collection of medieval art, old masters, contemporary paintings and more. Klara, born in 1901, was married twice and lived in the household of Jenny Steiner in Zedlitzgasse in Vienna until 1938. Anna, Klara's twin sister, was married three times. She had a daughter, Susanne, from her marriage to Paul Weiß. She also lived in Vienna until 1938. Jenny's son Georg died in 1926 at the age of 31.

Jenny Steiner's sisters Serena and Aranka had large collections of works by Gustav Klimt;[2] Serena herself, her mother Charlotte and her daughter Elisabeth Bachofen-Echt were portrayed by Klimt.[6] All three sisters, but especially Serena, had close relationships with Gustav Klimt;[7] they were also patrons of Egon Schiele. Serena's son Erich had drawing lessons with Schiele. All the sisters owned paintings by Klimt and Schiele.

Nazi era

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Jenny Steiner's grave in the Old Jewish Section of the Vienna Central Cemetery

After Austria merged with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss of 1938, Steiner and her family were persecuted due to their Jewish heritage. In 1938, Jenny Steiner fled with her daughters Daisy Hellmann and her husband and Anna Weinberg and a granddaughter to Paris, from there to Portugal and then to Brazil.[8] With the help of an affidavit from Josef Pulitzer, a cousin of Jenny's father, they made it to the USA. Her daughter Klara and her husband also managed to flee to the USA via Paris.

In addition to carpets and wall reliefs, furniture and paintings were confiscated and seized under the pretext of Reich flight tax debt.[9] Her art collection was auctioned off at the Dorotheum auction house in Vienna starting in1940.

Postwar

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Jenny Steiner died in New York in 1958; her grave is in the Old Jewish Section of the Vienna Central Cemetery (Gate 1, Group 7, Row 30, No. 134).

Commemoration

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Jenny-Steiner-Weg in Vienna-Neubau was named after her in 2009.

Restitution

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Austria made restitution to Jews difficult for many decades, and even restituted objects deemed of cultural significance were often subject to an export ban which meant that the surviving family had no way to bring the artworks out of Austria.[10] It was not until the Art Restitution Act of 1998 and its amendment of 2009 that some of the looted works were finally returned to their rightful owners. Restitution was slow and numerous works are still missing, including the work Portrait of Trude Steiner by Gustav Klimt. Its whereabouts have been unknown since 1941.[11] The painting by Egon Schiele Häuser am Meer located in the Leopold Museum was the object of a settlement in 2012 after a long dispute.[12][13][14] The whereabouts of other works are still unknown.[15]

The heirs of Jenny Steiner have registered 62 search requests for lost artworks on the German Lost Art Foundation website for artworks by Klimt, Schiele, Isidor Kaufmann, Rudolf von Alt and many other artists.[16]

See also

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Literature

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  • Sophie Lillie (Hrsg.): Was einmal war. Handbuch der enteigneten Kunstsammlungen Wiens. 2003, ISBN 978-3-7076-0049-0.
  • Tobias Natter, Gerbert Frodl (Hrsg.): Klimt und die Frauen. Ausstellungskatalog, Dumont, Köln 2000, ISBN 3-8321-7271-8.
  • Leopold-Museum-Privatstiftung: Dossier Jenny Steiner, erstellt von Sonja Niederacher am 21. Dezember 2009.
  • Sophie Lillie: Die Sammlung Jenny Steiner. In: Kunst – Kommunikation – Macht. Sechster Österreichischer Zeitgeschichtetag, 2003.
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  • Ursula Berner (2010-06-10). "Jenny Steiner – Kunstmäzenin und Fabriksbesitzerin". ursulaberner.at. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  • I. Buchner: Die Lederers – Erfolg und Mäzene. Gustav Klimt und Egon Schiele. In: Leipaer-Heimat.net. 8. Mai 2013.
  • "Wladika, Michael: Dossier zu Egon Schiele, "Die Mutter und die Tochter" 1913, Leopold Museum-Privatstiftung, LM Inv. Nr. 2356 (2017)". gnm.de. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

References

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  1. ^ "Charlotte Pulitzer". geni_family_tree. 2023-10-20. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  2. ^ a b "Heirs of Nazi victim to sell restituted Klimt". reuters. A painting by Gustav Klimt recently returned to the heirs of a Jewish woman killed in the Holocaust will go on sale at Christie's in London in June and is expected to fetch 14-18 million pounds ($20-26 million). "Frauenbildnis (Portrait of Ria Munk III)," painted in 1917-18, is the third and final work in a series of three portraits commissioned by the Munk family of their daughter Ria.
  3. ^ Vienna (2009-04-21). "Holocaust heir to get Klimt". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2024-03-11. Mrs Munk owned the painting until she was deported to a camp in Lodz, Poland, where she died in 1941
  4. ^ Sonja Niederacher (2009-12-21). "Dossier Jenny Steiner". Leopold Museum-Privatstiftung, LM Inv. Nr. 452 (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  5. ^ "Lost Art, Bildnis Trude Steiner". Lost Art Datenbank (in German). Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste. 2005. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  6. ^ "Elisabeth Bachofen-Echt". Austria-Forum (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  7. ^ "Gustav Klimt | Serena Pulitzer Lederer (1867–1943)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2024-03-11. The Lederers subsequently formed the finest collection of Klimt's work in private hands.
  8. ^ "Daisy Hellmann". Wikipedia. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  9. ^ "CLAIMS RESOLUTION TRIBUNALIn re Holocaust Victim Assets LitigationCase No. CV96-4849Certified Awardto Claimant Estate of Klara Mertensrepresented by Richard Divineyand to Claimant [REDACTED]represented by Ewald Scheucherin re Accounts of Klara Steiner and Jenny Steiner" (PDF). all assets remained impounded as the flight tax authorities (Reichsfluchtsteuerstelle) attached them for non-payment of flighttax (Reichsfluchtsteuer) amounting to RM 1,500,000.00.
  10. ^ "Steiner, Jenny". Germanisches Nationalmuseum (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  11. ^ "Where in the world is this ghostly Klimt portrait? | art | Agenda | Phaidon". www.phaidon.com. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  12. ^ "Restitution ist angebracht". Der Standard (in German). 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  13. ^ Sophie Lillie (2014-07-02). "Die Sache in die Länge ziehen" (in German). Nu: Jüdisches Magazin für Politik und Kultur. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  14. ^ "Häuser am Meer". Lost Art (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  15. ^ "Lost Art: Jenny Steiner". Lost Art. Datenbank. Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  16. ^ "Suche Steiner, Jenny | Lost Art-Datenbank". www.lostart.de. Retrieved 2024-11-21.

[[Category:Women]] [[Category:1958 deaths]] [[Category:1863 births]] [[Category:Hungarian people]] [[Category:Austrian people]] [[Category:German emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Patrons of the arts]] [[Category:20th-century businesspeople]] [[Category:People from Austria-Hungary]] [[Category:Art collectors]]

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