Jennifer Nelson (filmmaker)
Jennifer Nelson is an American documentary filmmaker,[1][2][3] based in New York,[4] known for successfully suing the company Warner/Chappell Music for false claims of copyright to the song "Happy Birthday to You", thereby clarifying its public domain status in the US.
2013 lawsuit over Happy Birthday To You
[edit]On June 13, 2013, Nelson filed a class action suit in federal court for the Southern District of New York against Warner/Chappell in the name of her production company, Good Morning to You Productions.[5] As part of a documentary she was making about the song and its history, she had paid US$1,500 to secure the rights. She had become interested in the culture of birthday celebrations while working on the MTV reality show My Super Sweet 16, and in 2016 described having launched her four-year "campaign to liberate the people's song" as "a matter of conscience".[4]
Her complaint relied heavily on research by US law professor Robert Brauneis, and sought not only the return of her money but all royalties collected by the company from other filmmakers since 2009.[6][7] A week later a similar case was filed in the Central District of California, Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc, Case No. 2:13-cv-04460.[8] Five weeks later, Nelson refiled the case there,[9] and the cases were combined.[10][11][12] As of April 2014, Warner's motion to dismiss had been denied without prejudice, and discovery began under an agreed plan with respect to Claim One, declaratory judgment as to whether "Happy Birthday to You" is in the public domain. The Motion Cut-Off as to Merits Issues on the Claim One deadline was November 7, 2014. After that, the court was expected to rule on the motion for summary judgment as to the merits issues on Claim One.[13] A jury trial was requested.[14]
On July 28, 2015, one day prior to a scheduled ruling, Nelson's attorneys Betsy Manifold and Mark Rifkin presented new evidence which they argued was conclusive proof that the song was in the public domain, "thus making it unnecessary for the Court to decide the scope or validity of the disputed copyrights, much less whether Patty Hill abandoned any copyright she may have had to the lyrics." Several weeks prior, they had been given access to documents held back from them by Warner/Chappell, which included a copy of the 15th edition of The Everyday Song Book, published in 1927. The book contained "Good Morning and Happy Birthday", but the copy was blurry, obscuring a line of text below the title. Manifold and Rifkin located a clearer copy of an older edition, published in 1922, that also contained the "Happy Birthday" lyrics. The previously obscured line was revealed to be the credit "Special permission through courtesy of The Clayton F Summy Co.". Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time, "Happy Birthday" was in the public domain.[15]
Warner/Chappell disputed the evidence, arguing that unless there was "necessary authorization from the copyright owner", the "Happy Birthday" lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work, and that it was unknown whether the "special permission" from the Summy Company covered "Good Morning to All", "Happy Birthday", or both, thus alleging that the publication in The Everyday Song Book was unauthorized. The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication.[16]
On September 22, 2015, federal judge George H. King ruled[17] that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid.[18][19] The 1935 copyright held by Warner/Chappell applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, not the lyrics or melody.[20] The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized, thus placing the song in the public domain, presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial.[17] However, Warner/Chappell had failed to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics, so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs, thus resolving the case.[17]
Some initial news sources characterized the decision as ruling that the song was in the public domain,[20][21] but the decision did not go so far, holding only that Warner/Chappell did not prove they owned the copyright.[18] However, because there are no other claimants to the copyright, and the copyright to the melody long ago expired,[22] the plaintiffs suggested that the song is effectively in the public domain.[18]
Prior to the lawsuit, Warner/Chappell had been earning $2 million a year licensing the song for commercial use.[23] In February 2016 Warner/Chappell settled for US$14 million, paving the way for the song to become public domain.[24]
References
[edit]- ^ "Filmmaker picks a fight with a corporate giant and sets 'Happy Birthday' free". Los Angeles Times. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Guerrasio, Jason. "A filmmaker who was charged $1,500 for using the 'Happy Birthday' song just won a landmark lawsuit — now she wants others to be repaid". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Victor, Daniel (29 July 2015). "New Evidence Should Free 'Happy Birthday' From Copyright, Lawyers Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ a b Nelson, Jenn; DeCandia, Vito; Purcell, Alex; Wyse, Pascal; Phillips, Charlie (2016-07-01). "Happy Birthday: my campaign to liberate the people's song – video". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
[from 1:43:] Why I got involved is a matter of conscience. [...] I live in New York and work a freelance filmmaker. A few years ago, I was working on an MTV show, My Super Sweet 16, about over-the-top birthday parties ... The experience of filming those birthday parties allowed me to think about birthdays in a way I've never thought of before.
- ^ Masnick, Mike (June 13, 2013). "Lawsuit Filed to Prove Happy Birthday Is in The Public Domain; Demands Warner Pay Back Millions of License Fees". Techdirt.com.
- ^ Weiser, Benjamin (June 13, 2013). "Birthday Song's Copyright Leads to a Lawsuit for the Ages". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ "Class Action Complaint: Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner/Chappell Music". June 13, 2013 – via Scribd.com.
- ^ "Case docket: Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc". archive.org. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
- ^ Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, Good Morning To You Productions Corp. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Docket No. 1:13-cv-04040 (S.D.N.Y. filed July 26, 2013).
- ^ Third Amended Consolidated Complaint, Good Morning to You Productions Corp. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Docket No. 2:13-cv-04460 (C.D. Cal. November 6, 2013).
- ^ Masnick, Mike (September 3, 2013). "Warner Music Reprising the Role of the Evil Slayer of the Public Domain, Fights Back Against Happy Birthday Lawsuit". Techdirt.com.
- ^ Johnson, Ted (October 7, 2013). "Court Keeps Candles Lit on Dispute Over 'Happy Birthday' Copyright". Variety.
- ^ Dkt. 89 (Joint Report Rule 26(f) Discovery Plan)
- ^ Amended Complaint, Dkt. 75.
- ^ "'Happy Birthday' Lawsuit: 'Smoking Gun' Emerges in Bid to Free World's Most Popular Song". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
- ^ "Warner Lawyers: 1922 Songbook with 'Happy Birthday' Lyrics Wasn't 'Authorized'". Ars Technica. 29 July 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ a b c US District Court CA (2015).
- ^ a b c Mai-Duc, Christine (September 22, 2015). "'Happy Birthday' Song Copyright Is Not Valid, Judge Rules". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
- ^ Gardner, Eriq (September 22, 2015). "'Happy Birthday' Copyright Ruled to Be Invalid". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
- ^ a b Hunt, Elle (September 23, 2015). "Happy Birthday ruled public domain as judge throws out copyright claim". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
- ^ Krishnadev Calamur (September 22, 2015). "Unchained Melody". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
- ^ US District Court CA (2015), pp. 14–16.
- ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (September 22, 2015). "Unchained Melody". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
- ^ Blistein, Jon (9 February 2016). "Warner Music Settles 'Happy Birthday' Lawsuit for $14 Million". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Works cited
[edit]- "Rupa Marya, et al. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., et al.". United States District Court for the Central District of California. September 22, 2015. Case Number CV-13-4460-GHK. Retrieved September 22, 2015.