Java-class frigate
 USS California, formally Minnetonka, in the early 1870s
| |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Java class |
| Builders | |
| Operators | |
| Built | 1863–1864 |
| In commission | 1867–1888 |
| Planned | 10 |
| Completed | 3 |
| Cancelled | 6 |
| Retired | 4 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Wooden screw frigate |
| Displacement | 3,953 long tons (4,016 t) |
| Length | |
| Beam | 14.01 m (46 ft 0 in) |
| Draft | 5.26 metres (17 ft 3 in) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 12–13 knots (22–24 km/h; 14–15 mph) |
| Complement | 325 |
| Armament |
|
| Notes | Piscataqua had 20 × 9-inch SB guns |
The Java class was a series of ten wooden-hulled steam frigates ordered by the United States Navy during the American Civil War. Construction of the ships was significantly delayed with the war's end, and ultimately, only four ships were launched. Of those, only three went to sea and served brief careers due to poor wood quality and a lack of funding. The ships were designed with the ability to attack mechant shipping at sea, which was planned to detur a war with European powers in the post-war era.
Development
[edit]Despite the United Kingdom's official stance of neutrality during the American Civil War, British assets were used to support the rebelling Confederacy, particularly in the development of its navy. Shipyards in Liverpool indiscreetly constructed blockade runners and privateers for the Confederates, exploiting a legal loophole by ensuring the vessels were not armed until they reached Portugal. Among these ships were CSS Alabama, Florida, and Alexandra, which wreaked havoc on Union shipping; Alabama alone was responsible for destroying 65 merchant vessels.[1][2][3]
The Union Navy was alarmed by these developments, as the disruption of American trade routes drove up domestic prices, damaged the economy, and forced the reassignment of ships from blockade duties against the South. By 1863, the Union, already provoked by these developments, feared that Britain might intervene to support the Confederates directly - a scenario that would have left the Union Navy hopelessly outmatched by the Royal Navy. Faced with that prospect, the Union Navy began planning for a possible war with the United Kingdom. While the Union fleet could not match the Royal Navy in conventional battles, the plan called for employing tactics similar to those used by the Confederacy: commerce raiding. By using cruisers to launch hit-and-run attacks on British ports and merchant shipping, the Union hoped to make a war too costly for Britain to justify, ultimately forcing it back into neutrality.[4][5][6]
For the new role, the Navy developed a breed of warship known as "commerce destroyers" that had the range and speed to intercept enemy ships at sea. Twenty-seven such ships were ordered by Congress in 1863, split into three classes varying in size, speed, and armament. The smallest was the Contoocook-class sloop, largest and fastest was the Wampanoag-class frigate, and the most well armed was the Java-class frigate.[4][7]: 295, 296
The new ships were built according to a new doctrine of the Navy planned for the post-war era. Congress was only interested in a Navy that could directly protect the United States, not one that could rival the Royal or French Navies. Instead of large, costly, ocean-going ironclads such as USS Dunderburg, the legislator wanted the Navy to only consist of costal ironclads that would protect the shoreline and "commerce destroyers" to operate out at sea and deter agression from said navies.[7]: 295 [8]: 121
Design and development
[edit]The class was designed and laid down in the final years of the American Civil War, and incorporated the United States Navy's wartime experience and technological advancements.[9] The design was based on the Contoocook-class, with a larger emphasis on armament at the cost of speed.[8]: 129 [7]: 296
While dimensions varied slightly between ships, they typically displaced 3,953 long tons (4,016 t) and measured 312.5 feet (95.3 m) at the waterline, with an overall length of 316.5 feet (96.5 m), a beam of 46 feet (14 m), and a draft of 17.25 feet (5.26 m). Each ship was powered by a single-shaft steam engine driven by four boilers, two of which featurered superheaters. They were capable of speeds between 12 and 13 knots (22 and 24 km/h; 14 and 15 mph), with a coal capacity of 480 long tons (490 t). The class was crewed by 325 officers and enlisted personnel. Aside from their rigging, the ships were also fitted with two funnels.[10]
Armament varied by vessel. Guerriere and Minnetonka carried two 6.4-inch (16 cm) Parrott rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns, one 5.3-inch (13 cm) Parrott RML, 18 9-inch (23 cm) Dahlgren smoothbore (SB) guns, and two to four 4-inch (10 cm) RML boat guns, the difference was that Guerriere was fitted with only six Dahlgren guns. Piscataqua was instead armed with twenty 9-inch SB guns.[10]
Armored frigate varient
[edit]The last two ships in the class, Hassalo and Watauga, were planned on being built as armored frigates with a layer of steel armor fitted on the hull and around the gun mounts.[8]: 129 The ships had a higher displacement, measuring at 3,365 short tons (3,053 t; 3,004 long tons) burthen compared to 3,177 short tons (2,882 t; 2,837 long tons) of the original design.[11]: 18 They were listed as being armed with either 13 or 25 guns of unspecified type.[12][13] Neither ship was laid down and were later canceled.[11]: 13, 18
History
[edit]Following the end of the Civil War, the Navy was stripped of funding, which left many construction projects abandoned. Of the four frigates which managed to enter service, the use of unseasoned (green) wood in their hulls ensured brief careers due to war-time supply shortages of high-quality material and the need to have the ships in service as early as possible. While Illinois, Java, Kewaydin, and Ontario were broken up at the shipyard after sitting on their stocks for decades, only Guerriere, Minnetonka, and Piscataqua went to sea, with Antietam's hull used as a storage hulk. After several of the ships were re-named after states, California (ex-Minnetonka) served as the flagship of the US Pacific Fleet while Delaware (ex-Piscataqua) went to the Asiatic and Guerriere served in the Atlantic. After less then ten years of service, the three operable ships were sold off due to degraded and rotten wood.[9][8]: 122, 132
Ships in class
[edit]Below is a list of every ship of the class along with key information about each one.[10]
| Name | Builder | Laid | Launched | Commissioned | Fate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antietam | Philadelphia Navy Yard | 1863 | 1875 | 1876 | Sold, 1888 | Launched without engines, used as hulk |
| Guerriere | Boston Navy Yard | 1863 | 1865 | 1867 | Sold, 1872 | Completed as a sloop |
| Minnetonka | Portsmouth Navy Yard | 1863 | 1867 | 1870 | Sold, 1875 | Renamed California |
| Piscataqua | Portsmouth Navy Yard | 1863 | 1866 | 1867 | Sank after decommissioning, 1876 | Renamed Delaware |
| Illinois | Portsmouth Navy Yard | 1864 | – | – | Broken up, 1872 | |
| Java | New York Navy Yard | 1863 | – | – | Broken up, 1884 | |
| Kewaydin | Boston Navy Yard | 1864 | – | – | Broken up, 1884 | Renamed Pennsylvania |
| Ontario | New York Navy Yard | 1863 | – | – | Broken up, 1888 | Renamed New York |
| Hassalo | – | – | – | – | Canceled | Armored frigate varrient |
| Watauga | – | – | – | – | Canceled | Armored frigate varrient |
References
[edit]- ^ "Supplying Warships · Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War ·". ldhi.library.cofc.edu. Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. Archived from the original on July 19, 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
- ^ Quarstein, John V. (2021-08-21). "Roll, Alabama, roll! - Sinking of CSS Alabama". The Mariners' Museum and Park. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
- ^ "Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War". ldhi.library.cofc.edu. Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
- ^ a b Caiella, J.M. (April 2016). "The Wampanoag: 'Germ Idea' of the Battlecruiser". Naval History Magazine. 30 (2). Retrieved 2025-03-14.
- ^ Small, Stephen C. (August 2002). "The Wampanoag Goes on Trial". Naval History Magazine. 16 (4). United States Naval Institute.
- ^ Sloan, III, Edward W. (December 1965). "Isherwood's Masterpiece". Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. 91 (12).
- ^ a b c Kinnaman, Stephen Chapin (2022-06-07). John Lenthall: The Life of a Naval Constructor. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-64889-437-4.
- ^ a b c d Canney, Donald L. (1990). The Old Steam Navy: Frigates, sloops, and gunboats, 1815-1885. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-004-4.
- ^ a b Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies, 1855-1883. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97870-5.
- ^ a b c Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1860-1905. New York : Mayflower Books. 1979. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8317-0302-8 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). "Unarmored Steam Vessels". Civil War Navies, 1855-1883. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97870-5.
- ^ Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps. Secretary of the Navy. 1865. p. 287.
- ^ The American Neptune. Vol. 27. Peabody Museum of Salem. 1967. p. 44.