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Isle Pierre, British Columbia

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Coordinates: 53°56′59″N 123°15′05″W / 53.94972°N 123.25139°W / 53.94972; -123.25139
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Isle Pierre
Isle Pierre is located in British Columbia
Isle Pierre
Isle Pierre
Location of Isle Pierre in British Columbia
Coordinates: 53°56′59″N 123°15′05″W / 53.94972°N 123.25139°W / 53.94972; -123.25139
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
RegionNechako
Regional DistrictFraser–Fort George
Area codes250, 778, 236, & 672

Isle Pierre is a railway point in the Nechako Region of central British Columbia. The scattered community straddles the shores of the Nechako River.[1] The west side, off BC Highway 16, is by road about 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of Prince George and 69 kilometres (43 mi) east of Vanderhoof. The east side is by road about 46 kilometres (29 mi) west of Prince George.

Name origin

[edit]

The name derives from the small rocky island, which lies near the right bank, midway through rapids.[2] Pierre is a French form of the name Peter, derived from the Greek Πέτρος, Petros, meaning "rock" or "stone". The early French-speaking fur traders ascribed the name, which means "rock island", to similar locations.[3] The Isle de Pierre Rapids, named after the island,[4][5] have an official mention by the 1890s.[6] At Isle Pierre, the valley contracts on either side of the river, creating a short canyon. The hills rise sharply to 91 metres (300 ft) on the northeast side. On the southwest side, a series of benches rise 244 metres (800 ft). The lower bench carries the road and railway.[2]

Railway

[edit]

The westward advance of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) rail head passed through Isle Pierre in early March 1914.[7][8] On April 6, 1914, officials drove in the golden spike, completing the GTP transcontinental line (later part of the Canadian National Railway (CN)).[9]

In 1929, about 40 CN employees fought a forest fire caused by railway operations.[10] In 1954, when the Department of Public Works blasted a beaver dam, a torrent washed out the track 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Isle Pierre.[11] When a locomotive and two baggage cars of a passenger train plunged into a deep hole, a CN fireman was fatally crushed and burned.[12] In July 1983, the eastward advance from Prince Rupert of a team upgrading the track to handle heavier locomotives reached Isle Pierre.[13]

Train Timetables (Regular stop or Flag stop)
Mile 1916 1920 1925 1932 1935 1942 1945 1950 1956 1960 1963 1967 1968
[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [14]
Stuart 50.2 Flag Regular
Finmoore 50.2 Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Regular Flag Flag Flag
Wedgwood 44.8 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Hutchison 38.8 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Isle Pierre 32.4 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Nichol 28.0 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
Bednesti 20.0 Flag Flag Flag Regular Regular Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag
McBride Timber 16.1 Flag
Chilako 13.9 Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag Flag

Community

[edit]

In 1922, Hans (Andy) G. Anderson opened a general store in a log building.[27][28] In 1926, the farmers' institute opened a 10-by-6-metre (32 by 20 ft) community hall,[29] which became the venue for social events and dances.[30][31] Anderson was the inaugural postmaster 1928–1932.[32]

In 1929, the school opened[33] and used the community hall for several years but had a rent dispute with the farmers' institute.[34] In 1932, Anton M. Dore took over the Anderson store,[27] which he operated until 1937, when he relocated to McBride.[35] Joseph Robert Boyd opened a wood frame store about 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) southwest of the western ferry dock.[36][37] and was postmaster 1932–1939. Wilfred John Aizlewood was the final postmaster 1939–1956,[32] operating a store for the greater part of that time.[38]

During 1938–1939, the Anglicans held monthly services in the school building.[39] Some summer services were held 1941–1944[40] and occasionally later in the decade.[41]

In 1954, a new school building opened on a new site.[42] In 1960, the former school property was tendered[43] and sold.[44] After BC Hydro extended transmission lines into the community in late 1963,[45] the school was electrically wired[46] for the 1964–65 school year catering to an enrolment of 15 pupils, before closing.[47]

The abandoned wood frame store still stands.[48]

Sport and recreation

[edit]

The annual Fort St. James–Prince George canoe race began in 1955. The race was shortened to be an Isle Pierre–Prince George course in 1960.[49] The junior section of this annual Northern Hardware canoe race, covering Miworth–Prince George, commenced in 1971.[50] In 1983, the race switched to a common Miworth starting point[51] and the event lasted into the early 1990s.[52] The annual event was revived in 2015 as an Isle Pierre–Prince George race,[49] with the junior section (Simon Fraser Class) starting from Miworth.[53]

Ferry

[edit]

About 1922, a subsidised rowboat service was established to provide a link between the settlements on both sides of the river.[54] However, residents would have preferred a bridge rather than a small boat.[55] Harold Fanshaw was the inaugural ferry operator.[56] In September 1923, a surplus scow was brought down from Stuart (Finmoore). Able to carry horse teams and wagons,[57] the reaction ferry was installed for the 1923–24 year.[58] The next year, a more modern pontoon vessel replaced the scow.[59] For the next decade, an ice bridge handled traffic most winters.[60] A proposal for a 120-metre (400 ft) Howe truss bridge does not appear to have developed beyond the planning stage.[61] When the ice was too thin, a rowboat was used, sometimes for the whole winter. This arrangement was inconvenient, because larger freight could not be carried and the general store was a mile from the western dock.[62]

In February 1931, when a yoke broke between a team hauling down the hill, the out-of-control tie-laden sleigh forced the horses off the end of the ferry into the water.[63] In summer 1932, Hans Anderson erected a new home at the ferry site and became the operator.[64] The following summer, a new 5-ton ferry was launched.[65] After a winter without an ice bridge, the ferry was slipped into the water in mid-February 1935, to carry ties.[66] In subsequent years the channel was usually kept open during winter.[67]

In 1945–46, concrete anchors were installed for the cables.[68] In 1947–48, the ferry was rebuilt with steel pontoons and new deck.[69] In 1949–50, new cable towers were installed.[70]

In October 1952, when the diversion tunnel at the upstream Kenney Dam was closed, the water level at the ferry dropped 1 metre (3 ft) within 72 hours. As a consequence, the ferry approaches to the landings were extended.[71]

In 1963, the nearby road was washed out, becoming unsuitable for tourist traffic bypassing Highway 16 and taking the scenic route. Several years passed before the damage was repaired.[72] During the next winter, river ice terminated the ferry season in January.[73] By the mid-1960s, the hours of free operation were 7am–noon, 1pm–5pm, and 6pm–7pm. After-hours openings levied a $1 toll for trucks and 50 cents for cars.[74]

In 1970–71, the western landing was reconstructed.[75] Low water ended the season in November 1977, when a new cable and tower structure were installed. In the following spring, the ferry was attached to the new cable.[76] For sawmill workers living on the eastern side, closures meant a 80-kilometre (50 mi) trip via Prince George rather than a few kilometres drive.[77] In subsequent years, low water permitted only a four- to five-month season.[78][79] Residents believed the pattern of closures was primarily motivated by a government wish to phase out the ferry.[80] In late July 1981, the season only started in response to local lobbying.[81] After-hours service, attracting a toll charge, was no longer provided.[82] In November 1982, the final ferry run occurred.[83] The government announced in May 1983 that the service would not be resuming.[84]

To address a pollution hazard, the abandoned wood and steel structures were removed in 2000.[85]

Forestry

[edit]

Smaller sawmills existed in the immediate area from the 1940s.[86] Lloyd Bros. Lumber operated more significant sawmills at Swede Creek, then Cluculz Lake, and then Isle Pierre.[87] In 1961, operations wound down at Cluculz Lake,[88] and construction began on the Isle Pierre mill.[89]

Fires in 1962 left the mill in ruins[90] and in 1963 destroyed a dry kiln and lumber.[91] In 1964, the mill was converted to electrical power and a new barker was installed.[92] Also modified at this time, the Meridian Forest Products mill appears to be related.[45]

In 1969, Takla Development acquired the two operations.[93] Canadian Forest Products was the ultimate parent company.[94] The next year, a fire destroyed the Lloyd Bros. dry kiln and lumber.[95]

In 1976, $1.1 million of modifications were made for the mill to process smaller diameter wood and increase production. The workforce increased from about 100 to 115.[96]

In 1985, a $2.5 million modernization project switched the mill to producing shorter lumber lengths, which reduced the product line, eliminated 16 jobs,[97] and gave more lumber from each log.[98]

In 1999, a $24 million upgrade led to an additional shift.[99]

The mill had 94 employees prior to closing in late 2020.[100]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

1937: When the harnessed horses bolted, three children thrown from a careening wagon sustained serious injuries and one horse died.[101]

1941: When mistaken for a bear in a hunting accident, a man was shot in the leg,[102] which was later amputated in hospital.[103]

1960: When an Aeronca Champion seaplane crashed nearby, the two occupants sustained only minor cuts and bruises, but the plane was destroyed.[104]

1966: A hunter in the vicinity was fatally shot when mistaken for a moose.[105]

1967: A trailer being raised by a forklift slipped and fatally crushed a teenager at the Lloyd Bros. sawmill.[106]

1969: A man who shot a fellow section hand, with whom he shared a cabin and had a strained relationship, was found guilty of manslaughter.[107][108] An operator at the Lloyd Bros. sawmill was fatally electrocuted when his forklift touched a 14,000-volt high tension wire.[109]

1995: On falling into a packing machine while performing maintenance, A Canfor millwright was killed.[110]

2003: A lumber truck driver, who fell from the top of his load, died while dangling upside down in a harness.[111]

2009: The RCMP were unsuccessful in searching a property on Pinewood Road for the body of a missing woman. The landowner had been convicted of killing his brother.[112][113]

Nichol

[edit]

While the post office existed during 1916–1930, George E. Boothroyd was postmaster.[114] During 1920 and 1921, he ran a general store.[115]

Resident H. Thorne-Edwards, nephew of Sir William Thorne, was a primarily a published author, rather than a farmer.[116] Better known as Harry Edwards, a two-war veteran,[117] he first advertised the Edwards Ranch, 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) from the Nichol station, for sale in 1921.[118] After four years residence, the extended family relocated in 1923 after selling the property to Carl Miller.[119]

Around 1922, the Nichol and Isle Pierre Farmers' Institute was founded.[120] The final mention of a store was the one H. Witcher ran 1922–1924.[121] The store opened by Jimmie Ferreira in 1924 seems to have been short lived.[122] By this time, road links existed to Isle Pierre and Bednesti.[123]

In 1931, tie contractors built a wooden bridge across the river to move their product. Local residents expected the structure to last several years.[124]

Maps

[edit]
  • "Official motorist's guide of British Columbia". library.ubc.ca. 1931. p. 68 (30).
  • Nechako road map. 1948.[125]
  • "Shell BC map". www.davidrumsey.com. 1956. Archived from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-12-05.

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Isle Pierre (locality)". BC Geographical Names.
  2. ^ a b "Minister of Lands annual report, 1921". library.ubc.ca. pp. 36–37 (H34–H35).
  3. ^ The North American Indian, 1911, p. 66, at Google Books
  4. ^ "Isle de Pierre (island)". BC Geographical Names.
  5. ^ "Isle de Pierre Rapids". BC Geographical Names.
  6. ^ "Crown Land Surveys annual report, 1895". library.ubc.ca. p. 62 (792).
  7. ^ "Fort George Herald". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 14 Mar 1914. p. 1.
  8. ^ "Fort George Herald". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 21 Mar 1914. p. 1.
  9. ^ "Fort George Herald". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 11 Apr 1914. p. 1.
  10. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 23 May 1929. p. 4.
  11. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 14 Jun 1954. p. 5.
  12. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 20 May 1954. p. 1.
  13. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 27 Jul 1983. p. 3.
  14. ^ a b Timetable. Northern BC Archives. 27 Oct 1968. p. 27
  15. ^ Timetable. Waghorne's Guide. 1916. p. 74.
  16. ^ Timetable. Bulkley Valley Museum. 3 Oct 1920. p. 9.
  17. ^ Timetable. 1925. p.(TT155)
  18. ^ Timetable. 1932. p.(TT225)
  19. ^ Timetable. 1935. p.(TT225)
  20. ^ Timetable. 1942. p.(TT225)
  21. ^ Timetable. 1945. p.(TT225)
  22. ^ "Timetable". www.scribd.com. 30 Apr 1950. p. 59 (TT225).
  23. ^ "Timetable" (PDF). streamlinermemories.info. 30 Sep 1956. p. 55 (TT137).
  24. ^ "Timetable" (PDF). streamlinermemories.info. 30 Oct 1960. p. 54 (TT138).
  25. ^ "Timetable" (PDF). streamlinermemories.info. 28 Apr 1963. p. 44 (TT78).
  26. ^ Timetable. Northern BC Archives. 30 Apr 1967. p. (TT92A)
  27. ^ a b Chamberland 2006, p. 152.
  28. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 31 Oct 1922. p. 3.
  29. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 29 Jul 1926. p. 7.
  30. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 4 Nov 1926. p. 4.
  31. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 12 Jul 1934. p. 3.
  32. ^ a b "Postmasters (Isle Pierre)". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  33. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1929–30". library.ubc.ca. p. Q8.
  34. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 29 Jun 1933. p. 1.
  35. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 21 Jan 1937. p. 3.
  36. ^ Chamberland 2006, p. 151.
  37. ^ "1934 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. to
    "1939 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  38. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 8 Sep 1990. p. 43.
  39. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 8 Sep 1938. p. 3. to
    "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 9 Nov 1939. p. 5.
  40. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 11 Sep 1941. p. 4. to
    "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 7 Sep 1944. p. 8.
  41. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 16 Oct 1947. p. 6.
  42. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 25 Nov 1954. p. 1.
  43. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 23 Aug 1960. p. 6.
  44. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 29 Sep 1960. p. 1.
  45. ^ a b "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 29 Nov 1963. p. 67.
  46. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 11 Aug 1964. p. 3.
  47. ^ "Public Schools annual report, 1964–65". www.library.ubc.ca. p. D159.
  48. ^ "Wood frame store, 2012". www.google.ca.
  49. ^ a b "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 14 May 2015. p. 9.
  50. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 16 May 1975. p. 13.
  51. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 29 Jun 1984. p. 3.
  52. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 26 Jul 1991. p. 8.
  53. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 13 Jul 2015. p. 7.
  54. ^ "Minister of Public Works annual report, 1922–23". library.ubc.ca. p. 72 (C40).
  55. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 18 Aug 1923. p. 3.
  56. ^ Chamberland 2006, p. 147.
  57. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 6 Sep 1923. p. 2.
  58. ^ "Minister of Public Works annual report, 1923–24". library.ubc.ca. p. 61 (L38).
  59. ^ "Minister of Public Works annual report, 1924–25". library.ubc.ca. p. 12 (Q8).
  60. ^ Morrow 2016, p. 24.
  61. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 19 Apr 1928. p. 1.
  62. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 10 Dec 1931. p. 3.
  63. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 19 Feb 1931. p. 8.
  64. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 9 Jun 1932. p. 8.
  65. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 22 Jun 1933. p. 3.
  66. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 21 Feb 1935. p. 3.
  67. ^ Morrow 2016, p. 25.
  68. ^ "Minister of Public Works annual report, 1945–46". library.ubc.ca. p. 42 (Q34).
  69. ^ "Minister of Public Works annual report, 1947–48". library.ubc.ca. p. 47 (N31).
  70. ^ "Minister of Public Works annual report, 1949–50". library.ubc.ca. p. Q50.
  71. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 14 Oct 1952. p. 1.
  72. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 15 Jul 1966. p. 5.
  73. ^ "Minister of Highways annual report, 1963–64". library.ubc.ca. p. C101.
  74. ^ Morrow 2016, p. 26.
  75. ^ "Minister of Highways annual report, 1970–71". library.ubc.ca. p. B110.
  76. ^ "Minister of Highways and Public Works annual report, 1977–78". library.ubc.ca. p. 146.
  77. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 16 Jan 1978. p. 1.
  78. ^ "Minister of Transportation and Highways annual report, 1979–80". library.ubc.ca. p. 263.
  79. ^ "Minister of Transportation and Highways annual report, 1980–81". library.ubc.ca. p. 310.
  80. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 15 Jul 1981. p. 3.
  81. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 24 Jul 1981. pp. 3–4.
  82. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 18 Aug 1981. p. 3.
  83. ^ Clapp, Frank A. (1991). Ministry of Transportation and Highways, Lake and River Ferries. Ministry of Transportation and Highways. p. 17. ISBN 0-7726-1364-8.
  84. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 31 May 1983. p. 3.
  85. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 19 Jul 2000. p. 15.
  86. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 10 Feb 1949. p. 1.
  87. ^ "Prince George Citizen". www.princegeorgecitizen.com. 16 Sep 2018.
  88. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 28 Jun 1961. p. 7.
  89. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 11 Jul 1961. p. 7.
  90. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 23 Feb 1962. p. 1.
  91. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 7 Jun 1963. p. 1.
  92. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 30 Oct 1964. p. 5.
  93. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 24 Feb 1969. p. 2.
  94. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 17 Nov 1970. p. 1.
  95. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 3 Mar 1970. p. 3.
  96. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 5 Apr 1976. p. 3.
  97. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 4 Apr 1985. p. 3.
  98. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 28 Dec 1985. p. 3.
  99. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 21 Mar 1999. p. 1.
  100. ^ "Prince George Citizen". www.princegeorgecitizen.com. 20 May 2020.
  101. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 26 Aug 1937. p. 1.
  102. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 20 Nov 1941. p. 1.
  103. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 27 Nov 1941. p. 1.
  104. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 15 Aug 1960. p. 1.
  105. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 14 Nov 1966. p. 1.
  106. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 24 May 1967. p. 1.
  107. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 4 Sep 1969. p. 1.
  108. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 14 Nov 1969. p. 1.
  109. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 19 Nov 1969. p. 1.
  110. ^ "Prince George Free Press". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 2 Feb 1995. p. A7.
  111. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 13 May 2003. p. 1.
  112. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 29 Aug 2009. p. 7.
  113. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 2 Sep 2009. p. 3.
  114. ^ "Postmasters (Nichol)". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  115. ^ "1920 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
    "1921 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  116. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 31 May 1923. p. 3.
  117. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 16 Jun 1921. p. 4.
  118. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 28 Jun 1921. p. 5.
  119. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 27 Sep 1923. p. 6.
  120. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 5 Jan 1923. p. 4.
  121. ^ "1922 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. to
    "1924 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  122. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 28 Feb 1924. p. 4.
  123. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 26 Jul 1923. p. 7.
  124. ^ "Prince George Citizen". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. 9 Apr 1931. p. 1.
  125. ^ "Minister of Lands annual report, 1948". library.ubc.ca. p. 125 (X123).

References

[edit]
  • Chamberland, June A. (2006). From Broadaxe to Clay Chinking. CNC Press. ISBN 0921087330.
  • Morrow, Trelle A. (2016). Silent Passage. Talisman Publications. ISBN 978-0986842320.
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