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Lake island

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For the island in British Columbia, Canada, see Lake Island (British Columbia). For the island in Antarctica, see Lake Island (Antarctica).
Martana island in Lake Bolsena, Italy

A lake island is any landmass within a lake. It is a type of inland island. Lake islands may form a lake archipelago.

Formation

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Lake islands may form in numerous ways. They may occur through a build-up of sedimentation as shoals, and become true islands through changes in the level of the lake. They may have been originally part of the lake's shore, and been separated from it by erosion, or they may have been left as pinnacles when the lake formed through a raising in the level of a river or other waterway (either naturally, or artificially through the damming of a river or lake). On creation of a glacial lake a moraine can form an island. They may also have formed through earthquake, meteor, or volcanic activity. In the latter case, crater or caldera islands exist, with new volcanic prominences in lakes formed in the craters of larger volcanoes. Other lake islands include ephemeral beds of floating vegetation, and islands artificially formed by human activity.

Volcanic crater and caldera lake islands

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Further information: Volcanic crater lake
Caldera of Cuicocha in Ecuador

Lakes may sometimes form in the circular depressions of volcanic craters. These craters are typically circular or oval basins around the vent or vents from which magma erupts. A large volcanic eruption sometimes results in the formation of a caldera, caused by the collapse of the magma chamber under the volcano. If enough magma is ejected, the emptied chamber is unable to support the weight of the volcano, and a roughly circular fracture, the ring fault, develops around the edge of the chamber. The centre of the volcano within the ring fracture collapses, creating a ring-shaped depression. Long after the eruption, this caldera may fill with water to become a lake. If volcanic activity continues or restarts, the centre of the caldera may be uplifted in the form of a resurgent dome, to become a crater lake island. Though typically calderas are larger and deeper than craters and form in different ways, a distinction between the two is often ignored in non-technical circumstances and the term crater lake is widely used for the lakes formed in both craters and calderas. The following is a list of large or notable crater lake islands:

Impact crater islands

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Further information: Impact crater lake

Impact craters, formed by the collision of large meteorites or comets with the Earth, are relatively uncommon, and those which do exist are frequently heavily eroded or deeply buried. Several, however, do contain lakes. Where the impact crater is complex, a central peak emerges from the floor of the crater. If a lake is present, this central peak may break the water's surface as an island. In other cases, other geological processes may have caused only a ring-shaped annular lake to remain from an impact, with a large central island taking up the remaining area of the crater. The world's largest impact crater island (and the world's second-largest lake island of any kind) is René-Levasseur Island, in Lake Manicouagan, Canada. The Sanshan Islands of Lake Tai, China, are also examples of impact crater islands, as are the islands in Canada's Clearwater Lakes, and the Slate Islands of Lake Superior, also in Canada. Sollerön Island in Siljan Lake, Sweden, and an unnamed island in Lake Karakul, Tajikistan, was also formed by meteor impact.

Floating islands

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Main article: Floating island
The Uru people have lived on the Uros floating islands on Lake Titicaca for centuries

The term floating island is sometimes used for accumulations of vegetation free-floating within a body of water. Due to the lack of currents and tides, these are more frequently found in lakes than in rivers or the open sea. Peaty masses of vegetable matter from shallow lake floors may rise due to the accumulation of gases during decomposition, and will often float for a considerable time, becoming ephemeral islands until the gas has dissipated enough for the vegetation to return to the lake floor.[1]

Artificial islands

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Main article: Artificial island

Artificial or man-made islands are islands constructed by human activity rather than formed by natural means. They may be totally created by humans, enlarged from existing islands or reefs, formed by joining small existing islands, or cut from a mainland (for example, by cutting through the isthmus of a peninsula). Artificial islands have a long history, dating back to the crannogs of prehistoric Britain and Ireland, and the traditional floating Uru islands of Lake Titicaca in South America. Notable early artificial islands include the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, at the site of modern Mexico City. Though technically caused by human activity, islands formed from hilltops by the deliberate flooding of valleys (such as in the creation of hydroelectricity projects and reservoirs) are not normally regarded as artificial islands.

The artificial island of IJburg, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Artificial islands are built for numerous uses, ranging from flood protection to immigration or quarantine stations. Other uses for reclaimed artificial islands include expansion of living space or transportation centres in densely populated regions. Agricultural land has also been developed through reclamation of polders in the Netherlands and other low lying countries.

Notable modern examples of artificial lake islands include the Dutch polder of Flevopolder in Flevoland, the island of IJburg in Amsterdam, and Flamingo Island in Kamfers Dam, South Africa. At 948 km2 (366 sq mi), Flevopolder, in the now-freshwater lake IJsselmeer, is the largest man-made island in the world.

Former islands

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Main article: Former island

A number of lake islands have disappeared for various reasons. Many lakes have been shrinking, so that some of their islands have become attached to or part of the mainland, such as Vozrozhdeniya Island, Kokaral, Barsa-Kelmes, and others in the Aral Sea; the Bogomerom Archipelago and others in Lake Chad; Shahi Island and others in Lake Urmia; and many others around the world.

Other islands are lost by sinking below the lake surface, either by erosion, subsidence, or rising water level. Sunken Island in Otsego Lake is one example. Islands may also be lost by being artificially attached to the mainland, such as Urk in the former Zuider Zee.

Lists of lake islands

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Naturally occurring lake islands by area

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There are few naturally occurring lake islands with an area in excess of 270 km2 (100 sq mi). Of these, five are located in the large Great Lakes of North America, three are located in the large African Great Lakes, one is located in the largest lake in Central America, one was formed by the world's fourth largest meteorite impact, and one is located in the largest (by volume) lake in the world.

Coast of Olkhon Island on Lake Baikal
  1. Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, Canada – 2,766 km2 (1,068 sq mi)[2]
  2. René-Levasseur Island in the Manicouagan Reservoir, Quebec, Canada – 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi).[2] It became an artificial island when the Manicouagan Reservoir was flooded in 1970, merging Mouchalagane Lake on the western side and Manicouagan Lake on the eastern side.
  3. Olkhon in Lake Baikal, Russia – 730 km2 (280 sq mi)[2]
  4. Isle Royale in Lake Superior, United States – 541 km2 (209 sq mi)[2]
  5. Ukerewe Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania – 530 km2 (200 sq mi)[2]
  6. St. Joseph Island in Lake Huron, Canada – 365 km2 (141 sq mi)[2]
  7. Drummond Island in Lake Huron, United States – 347 km2 (134 sq mi)[2]
  8. Idjwi in Lake Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo – 285 km2 (110 sq mi)[2]
  9. Ometepe Island in Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua – 276 km2 (107 sq mi)[3]
  10. Bugala Island in Lake Victoria, Uganda – 275 km2 (106 sq mi)[3]
  11. St. Ignace Island in Lake Superior, Canada – 274 km2 (106 sq mi)[3]

Note:

  • Soisalo, a 1,638 km2 (632 sq mi) body of land in Finland that is surrounded by individual lakes (Kallavesi, Suvasvesi, Kermajärvi, Ruokovesi, Haukivesi and Unnukka) connected by creeks and rivers – rather than sitting within an individual lake – was suggested in a 1987 study as an island, due to being effectively "surrounded by water".[4] Other scientists rebut this claim,[4] noting that the waters surrounding Soisalo are not on the same level, with elevation differences up to 6 m (20 ft) between the surrounding lakes, and does not meet the criteria of a true island.[4]
  • Samosir, a 630 km2 (240 sq mi) body of land in Lake Toba, Indonesia, is a peninsula that is technically surrounded by water only because a canal was built across it, effectively separating it from the mainland. For this reason, it is not a naturally occurring lake island.

Other lake islands larger than 80 km2 (31 sq mi)

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Tallest lake islands

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For the 30 lake islands with the greatest topographic prominence, see List of tallest lake islands.

Islands within lakes recursively

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Main article: Recursive islands and lakes

Notable island systems and former lake islands

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Vanajavesi with its several lake islands in Finland
  • Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan – 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).[2] Originally only 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi), the island grew rapidly from the 1960s until mid-2001, as the shrinking of the Aral Sea caused the water to recede from the land around the original island, until the moment when that same process caused the expanded island to connect to the mainland. By 2014, what used to be an island had become merely a part of the extensive Aralkum Desert.
  • Sääminginsalo in Saimaa, Finland – 1,069 km2 (413 sq mi). Saimaa is sometimes referred to as a "lake system", and Sääminginsalo is surrounded by three separately named lakes (Haukivesi, Puruvesi and Pihlajavesi) that are at the same level, and by an artificial canal, Raikuun kanava, built in the 1750s. Since it is only separated from other land by a canal, it is debatable whether Sääminginsalo can be considered an island.
  • The Pamvotida lake, next to the city of Ioannina, Greece - 19.4 km2 (7.5 sq mi), has an island with a village. The name of the village is "Nisos", which is the Greek word for island. The village has 219 permanent residents according to the 2011 census.[7] The size of the island is 0.52 km2 (0.20 sq mi).

Islands in artificial lakes

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Marr, J.E. (1900). The scientific study of scenery. London: Methuen.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Islands of the World: Largest Lake Islands". World Atlas. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Largest Lake Islands of the World". WorldIslandInfo.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Sarjakoski, Tapani (1996). "Chapter 20.3 - How many lakes, rivers and islands are there in Finland?". In Peter A. Burrough and Andrew U. Frank (ed.). Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries. Taylor & Francis. pp. 302–304. ISBN 9780748403875. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  5. ^ a b "Largest Islands in Finland (in Finnish)". Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Some interesting islands and lakes". Elbruz. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  7. ^ Nisos Ioanninon article (in Greek)
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