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Illegal aliens (Library of Congress Subject Heading)

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Illegal aliens was a topical subject term in the Library of Congress Subject Headings thesaurus, a phrase assigned by librarians to describe the content of resources in a library catalog relating to undocumented immigration. The subject heading became a topic of political interest in the United States in 2016, when a decision by the Library of Congress to revise the heading and replace it with the terms Noncitizens and Unauthorized immigration was opposed by congressional Republicans. In 2021, the Illegal aliens subject headings were replaced with two headings, Noncitizens and Illegal immigration.

Background

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The subject heading Aliens, Illegal was established by the Library of Congress in 1980 and revised to Illegal aliens in 1993.[1]

The subject heading incorporates references from non-preferred forms of the term including Aliens--Legal status, laws, etc.; Aliens, Illegal; Illegal aliens--Legal status, laws, etc.; Illegal immigrants; Illegal immigration; and Undocumented aliens. It also references related terms such as Alien detention centers and Human smuggling. Associated headings include Children of illegal aliens and Women illegal aliens.[2]

Calls for different wording

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In 2010, racial justice organization Race Forward debuted a campaign to "Drop the I-Word," an effort to ask media sources to no longer use the word "illegal" when referring to undocumented immigrants, arguing that using the word to describe people was dehumanizing, racially charged, and legally inaccurate.[3] Multiple news outlets stopped using "illegal" to describe people in the early 2010s, including the Associated Press.[4][5]

Student activists at Dartmouth College, including the Dartmouth Coalition for Immigration Reform, Equality and DREAMERs (CoFIRED), issued a series of racial justice demands to the Dartmouth administration in February 2014, one of which requested the term Illegal aliens not be used in the library's catalog.[6] Together with Dartmouth librarians, the students from CoFIRED submitted a formal request to the Library of Congress in the summer of 2014 for the heading to be revised to Undocumented immigrants.[1] In February 2015, the Library of Congress announced it would not change the heading, in part because resources such as Black's Law Dictionary used "Illegal aliens" as an established term.[1]

Librarian activists continued to gather support to ask for the heading's revision.[1][4] The Council of the American Library Association passed a resolution in January 2016 calling the term "dehumanizing, offensive, inflammatory, and even a racial slur" and urging the Library of Congress to change the subject heading to Undocumented immigrants.[1][7]

2016 announcement and subsequent developments

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In March 2016, the Library of Congress announced that it would replace the heading with two new headings: Noncitizens and Unauthorized immigration.[8][9] Following the announcement, Republican lawmakers made multiple attempts to block the revision of the subject heading, including the introduction of a bill by U.S. Representative Diane Black requiring the Library to retain the heading.[10] In June 2016, the House of Representatives added a provision to the 2017 appropriations bill for the legislative branch requiring the Library of Congress to retain the heading without revision.[11] While the final bill did not require LC to keep the "Illegal aliens" wording, LC was required "to make publicly available its process for changing or adding subject headings."[12]

The 2019 documentary film Change the Subject, about the students at Dartmouth College, was screened throughout the U.S.[13][14]

Over forty libraries and library systems revised the heading in their local catalogs.[12][15][16]

2021 revision

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On November 12, 2021, the Library of Congress Policy and Standards Division announced they would replace the term Aliens with Noncitizens and the term Illegal aliens with Illegal immigration.[17][18] That change was implemented in December 2021. Reactions to the chosen terms were mixed, with a letter signed by Senators Ted Cruz and Mike Braun calling the decision "a politically-motivated and Orwellian attempt to manipulate and control language,"[19] while some librarians expressed frustrations that the changed language remains dehumanizing.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Peet, Lisa (13 June 2016). "Library of Congress Drops Illegal Alien Subject Heading, Provokes Backlash Legislation". Library Journal. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  2. ^ "Illegal aliens". LC Subject Headings. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  3. ^ "Why Drop the I-Word?" (PDF). Race Forward. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  4. ^ a b Blakemore, Erin (29 March 2016). "The Library of Congress Will Ditch the Subject Heading "Illegal Aliens"". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  5. ^ Colford, Paul (2 April 2013). "'Illegal immigrant' no more". The Definitive Source [blog]. Associated Press. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  6. ^ Fox, Violet B. (2016). "Cataloging News". Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 54 (7): 506–520. doi:10.1080/01639374.2016.1218707. S2CID 218589679. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Resolution on Replacing the Library of Congress Subject Heading "Illegal Aliens" with "Undocumented Immigrants"" (PDF). American Library Association. January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  8. ^ "Summary of Decisions, Editorial Meeting Number 03". Library of Congress. March 21, 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  9. ^ Padilla, Steve; Rivera, Selene (3 April 2016). "Library of Congress to stop using term 'illegal alien'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  10. ^ Marcos, Cristina (16 May 2016). "Fight brews over forcing library to use 'illegal alien'". The Hill. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  11. ^ Aguilera, Jasmine (22 July 2016). "Another Word for 'Illegal Alien' at the Library of Congress: Contentious". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  12. ^ a b Report of the SAC Working Group on Alternatives to LCSH "Illegal aliens" (Report). Subject Analysis Committee. June 2020. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  13. ^ Albright, Charlotte (22 April 2019). "'Change the Subject': A Hard-Fought Battle Over Words". Dartmouth News. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  14. ^ Sanchez Olson, Yadira (3 March 2020). "Park City native discusses effort to remove 'illegal alien' from library headings: 'The way that it affects people is racialized'". Lake County News-Sun. Gurnee, Illinois. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  15. ^ Lencki, Maria (30 August 2018). "University library system adds 'ethical' search options so students can avoid the term 'illegal aliens'". The College Fix. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  16. ^ Koberl, Keegan. "Cataloging Change: How Kennedy Library and the CSU Are Working Towards a More Inclusive Academic Environment". Cal Poly Libraries. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  17. ^ "ALA Welcomes Removal of Offensive 'Illegal aliens' Subject Headings". American Library Association. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  18. ^ "IFLA Metadata Newsletter, page 23" (PDF). December 2021.
  19. ^ "Sen. Ted Cruz goes after Library of Congress for dropping term 'illegal alien'". NBC News. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  20. ^ Jensen, Kelly (15 November 2021). "Library of Congress Subject Heading Change Doesn't Address the Real Issue". Book Riot. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
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