Javindo
| Javindo | |
|---|---|
| Region | Java, Indonesia |
Native speakers | 10–99[1] (2007)[2] |
Dutch Creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jvd |
jvd | |
| Glottolog | javi1237 |
| ELP | Javindo |
Javindo, also known by the pejorative name Krontjong, is a Dutch-based creole language spoken on Java, Indonesia, such as Semarang. The name Javindo is a portmanteau of Java and Indo, the Dutch word for a person of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent. This contact language developed from communication between Javanese-speaking mothers and Dutch-speaking fathers in Indo families. Its main speakers were Indo-Eurasian people. Its grammar was based on Javanese, and its vocabulary was based on the Dutch lexicon but pronounced in a Javanese manner.[3] It shows simplification of morphological verb system from Javanese grammar such as merging verb class, disappearance of verbal subcategories.[4]
It should not be confused with Petjo, a different Dutch- and Malay-based creole also spoken by Indo-Eurasians. With the loss of the generation that lived in the Dutch East Indies era, that language has almost died out, but it become identity for Indo descent.[5] In contrast, the colonial society saw the creole languages as a corrupted Dutch which should be corrected as quickly as possible.[6]
| Javindo | Petjo | |
|---|---|---|
| Actor vs non-actor | strong preference for non-actor-oriented sentences | |
| Lexifier language | Dutch | |
| Origin of the Speakers | Semarang | Batavia |
| Substrate language | Javanese | Batavian Malay |
| Speaker as actor indicator | taq, tak, ta` | ku- |
| Hearer as actor | koq | kau- / absent |
| Affixation by suffix | lack of | |
Writing system
[edit]Javindo is written using Latin script, specifically Dutch orthography.
Grammar
[edit]Even though most of the lexicon is derived from Dutch, the grammar of the language is mostly of Javanese origin, including elements such as morphology; lack of verbs; no past tense; no finite verb.[7][4] The inherited feature of Javindo from Javanese is the non-actor-oriented verb morphology.[4]
- The actor-oriented in Javindo shows similarity to the Dutch construct as there is no nasal prefix morpheme such as in Javanese.[4]
| Javindo | dan | wij | kijken | geldnja |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | dan | wij | kijken | het geld |
| English | then | we | look for | the money |
- The suffix -i indicates transitive verb similar to Javanese, but only happens on construct with morpheme taq or koq.[4]
- The suffix -(s)ke shows indirect-relational value with possibility of causative value. For example, jij taq doenske means "I do (it) for you" from Dutch doen "to do".[4]
- Actor preceded taq (sometimes written as tak- or ta`) and koq constructs, but it is not expressed with prefix di- (such as jij digoendoeli 'you are cut bald') and prefix ke- (such as ketjeklik mijn enkel 'my angkle has been strained'). Sometimes, prefix ke- is combined with non-obligatory suffix -an. The difference between construct with prefix di- and prefix ke- is the difference on non-accidental nature vs accidental nature. [4]
- Reduplication shows iterative, intensive, or conative value.[4]
- Dutch influence in non-actor-oriented sentence manifests as usage of passive auxiliary verb (such as worden or zijn) and past participle or usage of past participle only.[4]
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Javindo". Endangered Languages Project. 2007.
- ^ "Javindo". Endangered Languages Project. 2007.
- ^ Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942)., Part III by de Gruiter, V.E. (COMT, Leiden, 1994) ISBN 90-71042-44-8 P.140-143
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j de Vries, Jan W.; Stokhof, Wim (1997-01-01). "Verbal Morphology in Javindo and Pecok". In Odé, Cecilia; Stokhof, Wim (eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004643253_019. ISBN 978-90-04-64325-3.
- ^ Vries, J. W. de (1992). "lndisch-Nederlands: verleden, hedenen toekomst" [Indo: past, present and future]. In Willems, W. (ed.). Sporen van een lndisch verleden 1600-1942 [Traces of an Indo past 1600-1942] (in Dutch). Leiden: Centrum voor Onderzoek van Maatschappelijke Tegenstellingen, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. pp. 125–139.
- ^ Bakker, M. A.; Morrison, B. H., eds. (1994). "The language of the Indo-Dutch". Studies in Netherlandic Culture and Literature. 7. Lanham-New York-London: University Press of America: 213–226.
- ^ Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942)., Part III by de Gruiter, V.E. (COMT, Leiden, 1994) ISBN 90-71042-44-8 P.150
Further reading
[edit]- De Gruiter, Miel (1994). "Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang". In Peter Bakker & Maarten Mous (ed.). Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. pp. 151–159.
- De Gruiter, Victor Emile (1994) [1990]. Het Javindo : de verboden taal. Den Haag: Moesson.