Hypholoma fasciculare
| Hypholoma fasciculare | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Strophariaceae |
| Genus: | Hypholoma |
| Species: | H. fasciculare
|
| Binomial name | |
| Hypholoma fasciculare | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Hypholoma fasciculare | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is purple-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is poisonous |
Hypholoma fasciculare, commonly known as the sulphur tuft or clustered woodlover, is a common woodland mushroom, often in evidence when hardly any other mushrooms are to be found. This saprotrophic small gill fungus grows prolifically in large clumps on stumps, dead roots or rotting trunks of broadleaved trees.
The "sulphur tuft" is bitter and poisonous; consuming it can cause vomiting, diarrhea and convulsions. The toxins are steroids known as fasciculols and have been shown to be calmodulin inhibitors.[1][2]
Taxonomy and naming
[edit]The specific epithet is derived from the Latin fascicularis 'in bundles' or 'clustered',[3] referring to its habit of growing in clumps. Its name in Japanese is Nigakuritake (苦栗茸, means "Bitter kuritake").
Description
[edit]The hemispherical cap ranges from 2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+3⁄8 in) in diameter. It is smooth and sulphur yellow[4] with an orange-brown centre and whitish margin. The crowded gills are initially yellow but darken to a distinctive green colour as the blackish spores develop on the yellow flesh. It has a purple-brown spore print.[5] The stipe is 3–10 cm (1+1⁄8–3+7⁄8 in) tall and 4–10 mm wide,[4] light yellow, orange-brown below, often with an indistinct ring zone coloured dark by the spores. The taste is very bitter,[6] though not bitter when cooked, but still poisonous.
Similar species
[edit]The edible Hypholoma capnoides is similar, but lacks the greenish-yellow gills and bitter taste.[4] H. sublateritium is similar as well, with a reddish cap.[6]
Microscopic characteristics
[edit]The spores are purple-black in colour. The spores are 6-8 × 4-4.5 μm in size, and are shaped like an egg.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Hypholoma fasciculare grows prolifically on the dead wood of both deciduous and coniferous trees. It is more commonly found on decaying deciduous wood due to the lower lignin content of this wood relative to coniferous wood. Hypholoma fasciculare is widespread and abundant in northern Europe and North America. It has been recorded from Iran,[7] and also eastern Anatolia in Turkey.[8] It can appear anytime from spring to autumn.[5]
Use in forestry
[edit]Hypholoma fasciculare has been used successfully as an experimental treatment to competitively displace a common fungal disease of conifers, Armillaria root rot, from managed coniferous forests.[9]
Chemistry and toxicity
[edit]
The toxicity of sulfur tuft mushrooms has been attributed, at least partially, to the toxic steroids fasciculol E and fasciculol F (in mice, with LD50(i.p.) values of 50 mg/kg and 168 mg/kg, respectively).[10] In humans, symptoms may be delayed for 5–10 hours after consumption, after which time there may be diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, proteinuria and collapse. Paralysis and impaired vision have been recorded. Symptoms generally resolve over a few days. The autopsy of one fatality revealed fulminant hepatitis reminiscent of amatoxin poisoning, along with involvement of kidneys and myocardium. The mushroom was consumed in a dish with other species so the death cannot be attributed to sulfur tuft with certainty.[11]
Extracts of the mushroom show anticoagulant effects.[12]
Gallery
[edit]-
Hypholoma fasciculare. -
Hypholoma fasciculare. in Germany -
Hypholoma fasciculare. in Humboldt Redwoods State Park in California -
Hypholoma fasciculare fluorescing under 395 nm UV light
References
[edit]- ^ "Grünblättriger Schwefelkopf (Hypholoma fasciculare) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com.
- ^ Kubo, Isao; Matsumoto, Akiko; Kozuka, Mutsuo.; Wood, William F. (1985). "Calmodulin Inhibitors from the Bitter Mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 3821–3825. doi:10.1248/cpb.33.3821.
- ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ a b c Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b Nilsson, Sven; Persson, Olle (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin, New York. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
- ^ a b Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ Asef Shayan, M.R. (2010). قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) [Poisonous mushrooms of Iran] (in Persian). Iran shenasi. p. 214. ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8.
- ^ Demirel K, Uzun Y, Kaya A (2004). "Some Poisonous Fungi of East Anatolia" (PDF). Turk J Bot. 28: 215–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-05. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ^ Chapman, Bill; Xiao, Guoping; Myers, Sheldan (2004). "Early results from field trials using Hypholoma fasciculare to reduce Armillaria ostoyae root disease". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (7): 962–9. doi:10.1139/b04-078.
- ^ Suzuki, Kumiko; Fujimoto, Haruhiro; Yamazaki, Mikio (1983). "The toxic principles of Naematoloma fasciculare". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31 (6): 2176–8. doi:10.1248/cpb.31.2176. PMID 6685576.
- ^ Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 381–82. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
- ^ Doljak, B.; Stegnar, M.; Urleb, U.; Kreft, S.; Umek, A.; Ciglarič, M.; Štrukelj, B.; Popovič, T. (2001). "Screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms". Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 12 (2): 123–8. doi:10.1097/00001721-200103000-00006. PMID 11302474. S2CID 28411589.
External links
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Media related to Hypholoma fasciculare at Wikimedia Commons
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