Jump to content

List of European tropical cyclones

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hurricanes in Iceland)

Tracks of all cyclones affecting Europe between 1851 and 2014

The effects of tropical cyclones in Europe and their extratropical remnants include strong winds, heavy rainfall, and in rare instances, tornadoes or snowfall. Only two modern cyclones are officially regarded as directly impacting mainland Europe while still fully tropical or subtropical: Hurricane Vince in 2005, which struck southwestern Spain as a tropical depression; and Subtropical Storm Alpha in 2020, which made landfall in northern Portugal at peak intensity. It is possible that Hurricane Debbie in 1961, may have been tropical still, when it made landfall in northwestern Ireland, but this is disputed.[nb 1] It is believed that a hurricane struck Europe in 1842.

Atlantic hurricanes in the subtropical latitudes (i.e., north of the Cape Verde region) generally do not form east of the 30th meridian west, and those that do typically continue to the west. Storms can move around the Bermuda high and turn to the northeast and affect Europe. Several extratropical cyclones have struck Europe, and they were called colloquially "hurricanes". Some of these European windstorms had hurricane-force winds of greater than 119 km/h (74 mph). Those storms are not included in this list.[1]

Climatology and predictions

[edit]

Advanced meteorological observation stations and ship reports allowed Atlantic hurricanes to be tracked for extended durations, including to the European mainland in some cases, beginning in the 1860s. Most storms that affected Europe have done so from August to October, which is the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. In a survey of such European tropical cyclones from 1961 to 2010, Dr. Kieran Hickey observed that the storms generally formed west of Africa and recurved to the northeast, or formed off the east coast of the United States and proceeded eastward. Ireland and the United Kingdom experience the most effects, due to their positions far to the west of the rest of Europe. Countries that are as far to the east as Estonia[2] and Russia[3] have experienced tropical cyclone impacts.

Tropical-like systems, referred to as "medicanes,"[4] are occasionally observed over the Mediterranean. Several of these storms have developed eye-like features and hurricane-force winds; however, their nature is contrary to that of a tropical cyclone. The majority of these storm originate from deep, cold-core lows which they do not fully disassociate from. Additionally, unlike tropical systems, sea surface temperatures above 26 °C (79 °F) are not required for their development.[5]

The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute predicted that by the year 2100, global warming would increase greatly the threat of hurricane-force winds to western Europe from former tropical cyclones and hybrid storms, the latter similar to Hurricane Sandy in 2012, in a paper published in April 2013.[6] One model predicted an increase from 2 to 13 in the number of cyclones with hurricane-force winds in the waters offshore western Europe. The study suggested that conditions favorable for tropical cyclones would expand 1,100 km (680 mi) to the east. A separate study based out of University of Castilla–La Mancha predicted that hurricanes would develop in the Mediterranean Sea in Septembers by the year 2100, which would threaten countries in southern Europe.[7]

Storms

[edit]

Pre-1900

[edit]
  • August 1680 – A reconstructed path of a hurricane proposed by researchers from contemporary records, which is thought to have undergone extratropical transition over the North Atlantic before affecting Wales and southern England.[8]
Track of a hurricane in 1848 that extended from the United States to Europe
  • November 18–19, 1724 – One of the most destructive storms ever experienced in Portugal since the early 17th century,[9] caused damage to the east coast of Madeira and central and northern Portugal. (There is some conjecture whether this storm was a tropical system such as Hurricane Vince in 2005 which impacted Europe).[10]
  • October 29, 1842 – Research presented to the American Meteorological Society suggested that the equivalent of a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS) was located over the extreme eastern Atlantic Ocean in late October 1842. While passing near Madeira, the storm produced a minimum pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg), causing heavy damage there. Moving to the northeast, the cyclone struck southwestern Spain on October 29, with winds estimated at over 95 km/h (59 mph), which was strong enough to uproot trees and damage houses. Researchers estimated that the storm was becoming extratropical at or shortly after landfall; if tropical, the cyclone would be the only tropical storm to make landfall in continental Europe. The storm was considered an analogue to Hurricane Vince in 2005.[11]
  • September 1848 – A hurricane travelled from the Caribbean to the east coast of the United States, eventually dissipating near the United Kingdom. It resulted in one of the earliest completed track maps for an Atlantic hurricane.[12]
  • September 1, 1883 – An extratropical storm, which previously passed near Bermuda as a major hurricane, crossed over the British Isles, producing hurricane-force winds and rough seas in London.[13]
  • September 6, 1884 – After moving across Newfoundland as a tropical storm, a system struck Ireland with gusty winds as an Extratropical Cyclone.[14]
  • September 6, 1887 – The remnants of Hurricane Ten produced strong winds along the northern Irish coastline.[15]
  • November 6, 1887 – The 1887 Halloween Tropical Storm that struck Florida became extratropical, moved across the Atlantic Ocean, and eventually brushed southern Ireland before striking France.[16]

1900–1980s

[edit]
  • October 2, 1906 – After tracking across the Azores, a former tropical storm dissipated near Wales, bringing rainfall and strong winds to the United Kingdom.[17]
  • September 7, 1917 – The remnants of Hurricane Three were noted just south of Iceland; impacts, if any, are unknown.[18]
  • September 26, 1922 – The remnants of Hurricane Two brought gale-force winds to parts of Wales.[19]
  • August 26–27, 1927 – The powerful remnants of the 1927 Nova Scotia hurricane moved over Iceland with a central pressure of 963 mbar (28.4 inHg). Hurricane-force winds were measured over the North Atlantic, though winds in Iceland only reached 65 km/h (40 mph).[20]
  • September 13–17, 1932 – The extratropical remnants of the 1932 Bahamas hurricane later tracked across Iceland, Jan Mayen Island, northern Scandinavia, and into the far northwestern Soviet Union.[21][22] Maximum Sustained winds in Finland reached 83 km/h (52 mph) while Iceland experienced winds up to 74 km/h (46 mph).[23]
  • September 28, 1944 – The remnants of Hurricane Nine merged with another extratropical system over Iceland; impacts, if any, are unknown.[24]
  • October 16, 1944 – The remnants of Hurricane Twelve moved over the Iberian Peninsula; Maximum sustained winds reached 74 km/h (46 mph) in Seville, Spain.[25]
  • September 17, 1950 – Former Hurricane Dog dissipated near Ireland, after having crossed much of the Atlantic Ocean.[26]
  • September 17, 1953 – The remnants of Hurricane Dolly dissipated along the coast of Portugal.[26]
  • September 24–25, 1957 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Carrie brought strong winds, waves, and severe flooding to the British Isles, resulting in three fatalities.[27][28]
  • October 4, 1958 – The remnants of Hurricane Helene dissipated along the coast of Great Britain.[26]
  • September 17, 1961 – Hurricane Debbie struck Ireland, although official records are unclear whether it was tropical or not at landfall.[26][29] Regardless of its status, Debbie produced among the lowest pressures in Europe from a post-tropical cyclone, with a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg) reported between Ireland and Scotland. At Malin Head in northwestern Ireland, a gust of 183 km/h (114 mph) was reported, which was the highest gust in a survey of post-tropical cyclones from 1960 to 2009. Sustained winds reached 126 km/h (78 mph) at the same location.[citation needed] The high winds caused heavy damage across Ireland, estimated at over $40 million (1961 USD). There were also 12 deaths in the country.[citation needed] High winds also affected Northern Ireland, killing six people.[30][31] Debbie's remnants later impacted the Soviet Union.
Surface weather analysis of the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Faith over northwestern Europe on September 6, 1966.
  • September 6, 1966 – Hurricane Faith was officially declared extratropical to the north of Scotland,[26] having tracked 13,000 km (8,100 mi) as a tropical cyclone. That day, a pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg) was reported in the North Sea, along with winds of 167 km/h (104 mph). Faith capsized a boat off the coast of Denmark, killing one person,[1] although the other 144 people on board were rescued.[32] The storm later struck Norway with high winds and rainfall,[1] causing flooding,[33] and proceeded to move over the northern Soviet Union.[34]
  • September 21, 1967 – Hurricane Chloe evolved into an extratropical cyclone off the northern coast of France before moving over western Europe.[26] Details on the storm's impact are unknown, though 14 people drowned when the Fiete Schulze sank in the Bay of Biscay.[35][36]
  • October 13, 1973 – Hurricane Fran evolved into a powerful extratropical cyclone as it approached the British Isles; it was absorbed by a cold front before moving through the region. Several vessels measured winds up to 95 km/h (59 mph) off the coasts of England and France.[37]
  • September 1978 – The remnants of Hurricane Flossie produced extreme winds over parts of Northern Scotland, with a peak value of 167 km/h (104 mph) between Orkney and Shetland.[citation needed]
  • October 3, 1981 – The remnants of Hurricane Irene moved ashore in France with winds of about 55 km/h (34 mph).[38]
  • October 4, 1985 – The warmest October day on record was recorded at Basel, Switzerland due to the remnants of Hurricane Gloria.[39]
  • August 26, 1986 – Former Hurricane Charley moved through Ireland and Great Britain, later dissipating near Denmark.[26] In Dublin, the storm dropped over 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall in a 24‑hour period, which set a record and caused severe flooding.[citation needed] Near the city, 451 buildings were flooded after two rivers overflowed their banks.[40] In the Wicklow Mountains, the rainfall resulted in significant runoff, which caused erosion along the Cloghoge River.[41] Record-breaking rainfall also occurred in Wales,[42] causing flooding. Throughout Europe, Charley caused 11 deaths,[43] and the Irish government paid $8.65 million (1986 USD) to pay for road and rail repairs.[citation needed]
  • August 28, 1987 – The remnants of Hurricane Arlene dissipated over Spain,[26], which produced heavy rain over parts of southern Spain,[44] as well as Portugal, reaching 127 mm (5 in) at Porto.[1] Moisture from the storm also fueled rains in Italy.[45]

1990s

[edit]
  • August 29, 1991 – Former Hurricane Bob dissipated along the coast of Portugal.[26]
  • October 30, 1992 – The remnants of Hurricane Frances dissipated over northwestern Spain,[26] causing heavy rains in northern Portugal.[1]
Remnants of Hurricane Charley in 1986 moving over Ireland and the United Kingdom as an extratropical storm
  • September 13–15, 1993 – A pressure of 966 mbar (28.5 inHg) was measured before the remnants of Hurricane Floyd struck France.[26] Off the coast of the British Isles and France, a few vessels became stranded in high seas and 113 km/h (70 mph) winds. The Meteorological Office and the National Rivers Authority stated that tides from the storm could be among the highest of the century. In France, gusts reached 129 km/h (80 mph).[46] Heavy rains around London triggered flooding that closed a few major roads and inundated 50 homes.[47]
  • August 25, 1995 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Felix dissipated near the Faroe Islands.[26]
  • September 7–9, 1995 – After becoming a powerful mid-latitude cyclone, with a pressure of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg) and a core of hurricane-force winds, the remnants of Hurricane Iris struck the British Isles and France.[48] The storm produced wind gusts up to 129 km/h (80 mph) in France and 97 km/h (60 mph) in Britain. More than 2.5 cm (1 in) of rain fell in parts of Devon.[49]
  • October 16, 1996 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Josephine merged with another extratropical low near Iceland.[50]
  • October 28, 1996 – As an extratropical storm, Hurricane Lili moved across Ireland and the United Kingdom, producing winds up to 148 km/h (92 mph) in Swansea in Wales. The storm left thousands without power and damaged about 500 cottages. A storm surge flooded areas along the River Thames, and high waves nearly grounded an oil rig in Somerset. Damage was estimated at $300 million (1996 USD, £150 million in 1996 pound sterlings),[1] and there were six deaths.[51]
  • September 8, 1998 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Danielle merged with another storm north of Ireland, which produced strong waves and high winds in Great Britain that forced some evacuations.[52] The storm also spawned a tornado in England.[citation needed]
  • September 27, 1998 – Tropical Storm Ivan became extratropical near the Azores,[26] and later affected portions of Europe.[citation needed]
  • September 29, 1998 – Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced rains and gusty winds from the remnants of Hurricane Karl.[53]
  • October 3, 1998 – Former Hurricane Jeanne dissipated over Spain after striking Portugal.[54]
  • November 9, 1998 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Mitch produced 145 km/h (90 mph) wind gusts that left over 30,000 homes without power in Ireland. The winds also knocked down trees, one of which severely injured a driver.[55]

2000s

[edit]
Hurricane Vince on October 9, 2005, northwest of the Madeira Islands
  • August 24, 2000 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Alberto crossed western Iceland with gale-force winds.[56]
  • October 3, 2000 – As an extratropical storm, Hurricane Isaac moved across Northern Ireland and Scotland with gale-force winds,[57] which swept the blue-winged warbler bird to the continent for the first time on record.[58]
  • October 10, 2000 – The National Hurricane Center tracked the remnants of Tropical Storm Leslie to a position just off the west coast of Ireland.[59] It proceeded to move across the British Isles.[60]
  • October 23, 2002 – An extratropical storm absorbed Hurricane Kyle and later passed near the British Isles, causing one death due to rough seas.[61]
  • April 28, 2003 – After being absorbed by a cold front, the remnants of Tropical Storm Ana crossed the British Isles and dropped rainfall.[62]
  • October 10, 2003 – Former Hurricane Kate produced 110 km/h (68 mph) in Scotland after passing south of Iceland the previous day.[63]
  • August 8, 2004 – The remnants of Hurricane Alex produced 30 mm (1.2 in) of rainfall in portions of County Down in Northern Ireland.[64]
  • August 16, 2004 – Heavy rainfall from former Tropical Storm Bonnie, reaching 35 mm (1.4 in), caused flooding in Derry, Northern Ireland.[64]
  • August 23, 2004 – The third storm to affect Northern Ireland in the month, former Hurricane Charley, dropped about 25 mm (1 in) of rainfall.[64]
  • September 28, 2004 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Karl dissipated after striking northwestern Norway,[65] producing high winds and surf but little damage.[1]
  • October 3, 2004 – Light rainfall of around 25 mm (1 in), associated with former Hurricane Lisa, affected Northern Ireland,[66] and a tornado related to the system was reported in England.[citation needed]
  • September 14, 2005 – The remnants of Hurricane Maria merged with an extratropical storm in the far northeastern Atlantic Ocean,[67] dropping 130 mm (5.1 in) of rainfall on the island of Skye in Scotland.[citation needed] The system produced an atmospheric river over Norway, in combination with moisture from former Hurricane Nate.[68] The systems dropped heavy rainfall, reaching about 150 mm (6 in) of rainfall in some areas.[69] The rains amounted to about 5% of the annual precipitation total in just 12 hours.[70] In Bergen – the second largest city in the country – the rains caused a mudslide that destroyed several homes,[69] injured seven, and killed three people.[70] This was the first heavy precipitation event named by The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, who named it extreme weather Kirstin.[71]
Wind damage from the remnants of Hurricane Gordon in Ferrol, Spain
  • September 22, 2005 – Former Hurricane Ophelia moved across the Faroe Islands.[26]
  • September 29 – October 6, 2005 – Former Hurricane Rita moved across Northern Europe bringing fronts all over the continent.
  • October 11, 2005 – Tropical Depression Vince made landfall near Huelva, Spain and dissipated shortly thereafter, making it the first tropical cyclone on record to reach the Iberian Peninsula. Vince previously formed near Madeira, and intensified into a hurricane before weakening. Vince produced wind gusts as strong as 77 km/h (48 mph) in Rota, Cádiz, and rainfall reached 84 mm (3.3 in) in Córdoba Province.[72] The rains caused minor roadway flooding.[73]
  • June 19, 2006 – As an extratropical cyclone, former Tropical Storm Alberto crossed the British Isles and was absorbed by a frontal system.[74] Winds were unusually strong for the month of June, with a peak gust of 100 km/h (62 mph) recorded at Capel Curig in Wales.[75]
  • September 21, 2006 – Hurricane Gordon became extratropical about 440 km (270 mi) west of the coast of Portugal and proceeded to pass just north of the Spanish province of Galicia before turning to the north and looping off western Ireland. In Spain, the former hurricane produced wind gusts of 183 km/h (114 mph) at Punta Candieira in Galicia,[76] and waves of 7 m (23 ft) in height along the coast.[77] The winds left about 100,000 people without power in Spain and caused four injuries there. High winds also left 126,000 people without power in Northern Ireland, where one injury occurred.[76] The storm brought moist air that contributed to record warm temperatures across portions of the United Kingdom.[78]
  • September 28, 2006 – The remnants of Hurricane Helene merged with an extratropical storm over Scotland, producing 118 km/h (73 mph) wind gusts in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.[79]
  • October 4, 2008 – A large extratropical storm absorbed former Tropical Storm Laura to the south of Iceland,[80] which later caused road flooding in Great Britain.[81]
  • August 27, 2009 – The remnants of Hurricane Bill dropped 31 mm (1.2 in) of rainfall in Shap, England.[82]
  • October 6, 2009 – Tropical Storm Grace, which formed farther northeast than any other storm since 1972, became extratropical about 370 km (230 mi) southwest of Cork, Ireland.[83] When the remnants moved over Wales and Great Britain, they dropped locally heavy rainfall, reaching 36.6 mm (1.44 in) in Sennybridge, Wales in a 24‑hour period.[84]

2010s

[edit]
  • September 12, 2011 – An extratropical cyclone, formerly Hurricane Katia, moved across northern Scotland,[85] producing strong wind gusts that reached 158 km/h (98 mph) at the top of the Cairngorms mountain.[86] The winds left thousands of houses without power,[85] while heavy rainfall caused localized flooding.[86] A falling tree killed a bus driver in County Durham, and the unsettled weather from Katia contributed to a car accident on the M54 motorway that killed one person.[85] Katia was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm on September 13,[85] which subsequently caused high winds and power outages in Estonia[2] and Russia.[3]
  • October 6, 2011 – The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia combined with a cold front to produce 105 km/h (65 mph) winds and snowfall in Scotland.[87]
  • November 7–9, 2011 – Tropical Storm Rolf formed in the Mediterranean Sea, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) releasing bulletins on the system.[88] It then made landfall in southeastern France, contributing to severe flooding in France, Spain, and Italy that resulted in 11 deaths.[89] Rolf was the first tropical cyclone in the Mediterranean Sea to be officially monitored by NOAA.[90]
  • September 12, 2012 – The remnants of Hurricane Leslie struck Iceland with gusty winds,[91] which left about 30,000 people without power after ice-laden lines were blown down.[92]
  • September 23, 2012 – Tropical Storm Nadine regenerated southeast of the Azores after having become extratropical a few days prior. The storm would become one of the longest-lasting Atlantic tropical cyclones.[93] While it was nearly stationary, Nadine produced a plume of moisture that dropped heavy rainfall over the United Kingdom, reaching 130 mm (5.1 in) in Ravensworth. The rains flooded houses and disrupted roads and rails.[94] In early October, the remnants of Nadine dropped heavy rainfall in Wales.[95]
  • October 26–27, 2012 – After moving ashore in central Portugal, the extratropical cyclone that was formerly Hurricane Rafael dissipated.[96] In mountainous areas of southern France, wind gusts reached 168 km/h (104 mph). Just offshore Barcelona, Spain, three waterspouts formed, though all remained offshore.[97]
Extratropical cyclone formed from the remnants of Hurricane Bertha over Europe
  • August 10–11, 2014 – The remnants of Hurricane Bertha brought heavy rainfall and high winds for the time of year to Ireland, the UK and northern France.[98][99][100]
  • August 31 – September 1, 2014 – The remnants of Hurricane Cristobal caused gusty winds and heavy rainfall in Iceland, especially in Reykjavík. The fire department received many calls of flooded buildings, while Reykjavík's airport recorded wind gusts as high as 100 km/h (62 mph).[101]
  • October 21–24, 2014 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo reached Europe with wind gusts of 110 km/h (68 mph) recorded in Wales and the Isle of Wight. Downed trees blocked roads and strong winds disrupted transportation. In Southwick, West Sussex three people were injured by falling trees with one woman killed in London. Two men also died in separate accidents in Essex and Merseyside.[102][103] The remnants then proceeded to batter Central Europe. Stuttgart had gusts up to 122 km/h (76 mph), Munich Airport up to 108 km/h (67 mph). Much snow fell in the Alps.[104] As of October 23, Gonzalo's remnants had moved to the Aegean Sea. On October 24, rainfall "tied to the remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo" caused intense flooding in Athens, Greece.[105]
  • June 25–27, 2015 – Tropical Storm Bill's remnants caused flash flooding in North East England and brought warm temperatures across England and Wales.[106]
  • September 14–17, 2015 – Tropical Storm Henri's remnants left severe thunderstorms in Germany [citation needed] and France, producing three tornadoes, bringing winds as gusty as 135 km/h (84 mph) in the plains and more than 190 km/h (120 mph) over reliefs,[107][108] and killing three people.[109]
  • October 11–15, 2015 – Hurricane Joaquin's remnants bought heavy rain across Iberia.[110]
  • November 15–16, 2015 – Hurricane Kate's remnants brought heavy rain and high winds to Wales.
  • September 13–16, 2016 – Storm Stephanie, cyclonically looped across the Bay of Biscay, exhibited subtropical characteristics on September 15, according to Météo-France; first reported example of a "Biscane" (in analogy with Medicane (Mediterranean hurricanes)).[111]
  • October 16–17, 2017 – The remnants of Hurricane Ophelia hit Ireland, causing 3 deaths and power outages in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Wales, with winds reaching almost 100 miles per hour.[112] Over 1000 homes went without power in Scotland as well as causing winds of 76 miles per hour [113]
  • November 10–20, 2017 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Rina hit the United Kingdom and Ireland on the night of November 10 and into the following day.[114]
  • August 18–19, 2018 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Ernesto brought rainfall to Ireland and the United Kingdom.[115] After undergoing an extratropical transition, Ernesto accelerated towards the British Isles.[116] Storm Ernesto brought heavy rain,[117] which caused some flooding,[118] and wind gusts of up to 30–40 miles per hour (48–64 km/h).[119][120] Ernesto's warmth humidity brought muggy conditions to the British Isles.[121]
  • September 17–18, 2018 – The remnants of Hurricane Helene brought strong winds to Ireland, the United Kingdom and Norway.
  • October 13, 2018 – Hurricane Leslie transitioned to an extratropical cyclone,[122] and on the same day made landfall in Portugal, causing damage throughout the country's central coast.[123]
  • October 16, 2018 – Hurricane Michael's remnants reached Portugal and Spain as an extratropical cyclone.
  • On September 12, 2019 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Gabrielle struck Ireland. Later, it struck Great Britain.
  • September 24, 2019 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Humberto (2019) struck the British Isles.
  • October 2–4, 2019 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Lorenzo affects the Azores and the United Kingdom.
  • November 27–28, 2019 – The extratropical remnants of late-season storm Tropical Storm Sebastien strike England causing gale-force winds and triggering many flood alerts across the country.[124]

2020s

[edit]
Subtropical Storm Alpha shortly after designation on September 18, 2020

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ For the purposes of the article, mainland Europe is defined as the continent of Europe, including the British Isles and Iceland, but excluding the outermost regions of the European Union, such as the offshore archipelagos of the Azores and the Canary Islands.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g David Longshore (1998). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition. New York: Facts on File. p. 110. ISBN 9781438118796. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  2. ^ a b Ingrid Teesalu (14 September 2011). "Gales Leave 900 Households Blacked Out". err.ee. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b Ослабевший ураган "Катя" добрался до Санкт-Петербурга (in Russian). KM Онлайн. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  4. ^ M. Tous & R. Romero (13 December 2011). "Meteorological environments associated with medicane development". International Journal of Climatology. 33 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:2013IJCli..33....1T. doi:10.1002/joc.3428. S2CID 129155891. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  5. ^ L. Fita; R. Romero; A. Luque; Kerry Emmanuel & R. Ramis (15 January 2007). "Analysis of the environments of seven Mediterranean tropical-like storms using an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic, cloud resolving model" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 7 (1): 41–56. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7...41F. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-41-2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  6. ^ Haarsma, R J (18 March 2013). "More hurricanes to hit western Europe due to global warming". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (9): 1783–1788. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.1783H. doi:10.1002/grl.50360. S2CID 9084384.
  7. ^ Masters, Jeff (8 April 2013). "Europe expected to see a large increase in Hurricane Sandy-like hybrid storms". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  8. ^ Wheeler, D.; García-Herrera, R.; Vaquero, J. M.; Chenoweth, M.; Mock, C. J. (2009). "Reconstructing The Trajectory of The August 1680 Hurricane From Contemporary Records". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (7): 971–978. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..971W. doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2649.1.
  9. ^ Liberato, Margarida L.R. (2014). "The 19 January 2013 windstorm over the north Atlantic: Large-scale dynamics and impacts on Iberia". Weather and Climate Extremes. 5–6: 16–28. Bibcode:2014WCE.....5...16L. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.002.
  10. ^ Domínguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R. M.; Vaquero, J. M. (21 November 2012). "The first meteorological measurements in the Iberian Peninsula: evaluating the storm of November 1724". Climatic Change. 118 (2): 443–455. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0628-9. hdl:10.1007/s10584-012-0628-9. S2CID 56398071.
  11. ^ J.Vaquero M.García-Herrera, R.; Wheeler, D.; Chenoweth, M.; Mock, C. J. (1 February 2008). "A Historical Analog of 2005 Hurricane Vince". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 89 (2): 191–201. Bibcode:2008BAMS...89..191V. doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-2-191.
  12. ^ "Hurricane of August and September 1848". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  13. ^ José Fernández Partagás (2003). Year 1883 (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  14. ^ José Fernández Partagás (2003). Year 1884 (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  15. ^ José Fernández Partagás (2003). Year 1887 a (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  16. ^ José Fernández Partagás (2003). Year 1887 b (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  17. ^ José Fernández Partagás (2003). Year 1906 (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  18. ^ "Storm Three 1917 Metadata". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  19. ^ "Storm Two 1922 Metadata". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  20. ^ "Storm One 1927 Metadata". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  21. ^ Mitchell, Charles L. (September 1932). "The Tropical Storm of August 30 – September 15, 1932" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 60 (9): 177–178. Bibcode:1932MWRv...60..177.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1932)60<177:TTSOAI>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  22. ^ "Storm Four 1932 Metadata". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  23. ^ "Storm Four 1932 Raw Data" (.XLS). National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  24. ^ "Storm Nine 1944 Metadata". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Storm Twelve 1944 Metadata". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  27. ^ Moore, Paul L. (1 December 1957). "The Hurricane Season of 1957" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 85 (12): 401–408. Bibcode:1957MWRv...85..401M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1957)085<0401:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  28. ^ "World Briefs". The Owosso Argus-Press. London, United Kingdom. Associated Press. 25 September 1957. p. 21. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  29. ^ Hurricane Debbie — September 7–15, 1961 Preliminary Report (PDF). National Weather Bureau (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1961. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  30. ^ "Gale Killed Fifteen". Irish Independent. 18 September 1961. p. 3.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  31. ^ "Man Hurt In Storm Dies". Irish Press. 2 October 1961. p. 7.  – via Irish Newspaper Archives (subscription required)
  32. ^ "Ferry Boat Captain Credits Luck". Edmonton Journal. Associated Press. 8 September 1966. p. 41. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  33. ^ Lars Andreas Roald (2008). Rainfall Floods and Weather Patterns (PDF) (Report). Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. pp. 31 and 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  34. ^ Arnold L. Sugg (March 1967). The Hurricane Season of 1966 (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. pp. 137 and 138. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  35. ^ Arnold L. Sugg & Joseph M. Pelissier (April 1968). "The Hurricane Season of 1967" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 96 (4): 248. Bibcode:1968MWRv...96..242S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0242:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  36. ^ "MV Fiete Schulze (+1967)". Wreck Site. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  37. ^ John R. Hope (1973). "Hurricane Fran (Bravo) Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  38. ^ Hurricane Irene Preliminary Report (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. 20 October 1981. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  39. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (3 November 1985). Hurricane Gloria Preliminary Report (GIF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  40. ^ Irish Meteorological Service (1986). "August 1986 Monthly Weather Bulletin". Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
  41. ^ Mary C. Bourke (1990). "The effect of Hurricane Charley on the Cloghoge River, Ireland". Planetary Science Institute. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  42. ^ National Meteorology Library and Archive (1986). "Charley comes to Wales: 25 August 1986". Government of the United Kingdom.
  43. ^ Staff Writer (26 August 1986). "Tail End of Hurricane Charley Kills At Least 11 in Britain and Ireland". Associated Press. – via LexisNexis (subscription required)
  44. ^ Harold P. Gerrish (16 October 1987). "Hurricane Arlene Preliminary Report: Page Two". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  45. ^ J.G. Pinto, M. Klawa, U. Ulbrich, R.Rudari and P. Speth (October 2001). "Extreme Precipitation Events Over Northwest Italy" (PDF). Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario in Monitoraggio Ambientale. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Ian Murray (14 September 1993). "Nimrod rescues plane hit by lightning in mid-Atlantic". The Times.  – via LexisNexis (subscription required)
  47. ^ Barbara Mcmahon & David Taylor (14 September 1993). "Mountain Rescue for Cadets as Storms Rage". Evening Standard. p. 1.  – via LexisNexis (subscription required)
  48. ^ Chris Thorncrof; Sarah C. Jones (April 2000). "The Extratropical Transitions of Hurricanes Felix and Iris in 1995". Monthly Weather Review. 128 (4): 947–972. Bibcode:2000MWRv..128..947T. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0947:TETOHF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  49. ^ Chris Court & Andrew Woodcock (7 September 1995). "Hurricane Iris Blows Into Britain". Press Association.  – via LexisNexis (subscription required)
  50. ^ Richard Pasch (21 February 1997). Tropical Storm Josephine Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  51. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (18 November 1996). Hurricane Lili Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  52. ^ Richard Pasch (19 January 1999). Hurricane Danielle Preliminary Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  53. ^ Andy Gales (29 September 1998). "Hurricane is set to storm into Britain". The Evening Chronicle. Newcastle, United Kingdom. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 2013-06-10)
  54. ^ Richard J. Pasch (8 February 1999). Hurricane Jeanne Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  55. ^ Lynne Kelleher (10 November 1998). "Hurricane Mitch leaves 30,000 homes in dark out after night of chaos". The Mirror. London. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  56. ^ Jack Beven (8 December 2000). Hurricane Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  57. ^ Richard J. Pasch (18 December 2000). Hurricane Isaac Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  58. ^ Chuck Kruger (2000). "Tail-end of Hurricane Sets A Record On Cape". Surfbirds.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  59. ^ James Franklin; Daniel Brown (5 November 2000). Tropical Storm Leslie Tropical Cyclone Report (Subtropical Depression One) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  60. ^ Brett Israel (12 September 2011). "Article: How Often Does Britain Get Hit by Hurricanes?". LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  61. ^ Kevin Boyle; Gary Padgett (2002). "October 2002 Worldwide Tropical Summary". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  62. ^ Gary Padgett (2003). "April 2003 Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  63. ^ Kevin Boyle (2003). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary September 2003". Gary Padgett. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  64. ^ a b c August 2004 Weather Summary (Report). United Kingdom Met Office. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  65. ^ Jack Beven (17 December 2004). Hurricane Karl Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  66. ^ October 2004 Weather Summary (Report). United Kingdom Met Office. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  67. ^ Richard J. Pasch; Eric S. Blake (8 February 2006). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  68. ^ A. Stohl; C. Forster; H. Sodemann (2008). "Remote sources of water vapor forming precipitation on the Norwegian west coast at 60ºN–a tale of hurricanes and an atmospheric river" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 113 (D5): n/a. Bibcode:2008JGRD..113.5102S. doi:10.1029/2007jd009006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  69. ^ a b "Weakened Hurricane Maria Leaves One Dead In Norway". Terra Daily. Agence France-Presse. 14 September 2005. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  70. ^ a b Ove Langeland; Per Medby; Bjørg Langset (31 May 2011). Climate Change and Territorial Effects on Regions and Local Economies (PDF) (Report). European Observation Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  71. ^ "Norske ekstremvær får navn" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  72. ^ James L. Franklin (22 February 2006). Hurricane Vince Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  73. ^ "Problemas en varias carreteras de la provincia". Diario Córdoba (in Spanish). 13 October 2005. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  74. ^ Lixion Avila; Daniel Brown (11 August 2006). Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  75. ^ June 2006 Weather Summary (Report). United Kingdom Met Office. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  76. ^ a b Eric Blake (14 November 2006). Hurricane Gordon Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  77. ^ Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. "Las Consecuencias de Gordon en Espana" (PDF) (in Spanish). Government of Spain. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  78. ^ Lewis Smith & Paul Simons (22 September 2006). "Gordon keeps the forecasters guessing". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  79. ^ Daniel P. Brown (15 November 2006). Hurricane Helene Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  80. ^ Richard J. Pasch (4 February 2009). Tropical Storm Laura Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  81. ^ "Tropical storm brings floods". The Westmorland Gazette. 4 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  82. ^ Laura Harding (27 August 2009). "More rain expected in parts of UK". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  83. ^ Robbie Berg (28 November 2009). Tropical Storm Grace Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  84. ^ October 2009 Weather Summary (Report). United Kingdom Met Office. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  85. ^ a b c d Stacy Stewart (16 January 2012). Hurricane Katia Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  86. ^ a b Post-tropical storm Katia – September 2011 (Report). United Kingdom Met Office. 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  87. ^ "Snow and high winds forecast as hurricane and Arctic air combine to blast Scotland". The Daily Record. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  88. ^ "Tropical Storm 01M (INVEST 99L) Bulletins". National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS). NOAA Satellite and Information Service. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  89. ^ "Development of a tropical storm in the Mediterranean Sea (6-9 November 2011)". EUMETSAT. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  90. ^ Stephen Davenport (10 November 2011). ""Medicane" hits the western Med". WeatherCast. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  91. ^ Fred Campagna (12 September 2012). "Remnants of Leslie follow freak snow storm in Iceland". Right Weather. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  92. ^ "Worked to become 3 am". Mbl.is. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  93. ^ Daniel P. Brown (8 January 2013). Hurricane Nadine Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  94. ^ "Tropical Storm Nadine finally breaks up". BBC. 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  95. ^ October 2012 Weather Summary (Report). United Kingdom Met Office. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  96. ^ Lixion Avila (14 January 2013). Hurricane Rafael Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  97. ^ "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Storms Laboratory. 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  98. ^ "UK weather still affected by ex-hurricane Bertha". BBC News. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  99. ^ "Coup de vent en Manche". Météo-France/CMS. 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  100. ^ "Impacts of ex-hurricane Bertha". Met Office. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  101. ^ "Iceland in the eye of the storm (Translated from Icelandic)". Visir. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  102. ^ BBC editorial staff (21 October 2014). "Hurricane Gonzalo: Woman hit by tree in London dies". The British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  103. ^ "Hurricane Gonzalo live: two dead as winds batter Britain". Telegraph.co.uk. 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  104. ^ "Wetter-News für Deutschland, Europa und weltweit – Wetter24.de". Wetter24.de. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  105. ^ Greece Flooding, Caused By Slow-Moving Remnants of Hurricane Gonzalo, Covers Athens Streets Archived 2014-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
  106. ^ "A mini heatwave is on its way to the UK". Independent.co.uk. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  107. ^ "Orages meurtriers et tornades : bilan du passage de l'ex tempête Henri". 17 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  108. ^ "Orages très venteux et tornade au passage de l'ex tempête tropicale Henri le 16 septembre". Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  109. ^ "Tempête Henri". Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  110. ^ "More severe weather forecast for southern and eastern Europe but calmer conditions here in the UK". 11 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  111. ^ Maier‐Gerber, Michael; Pantillon, Florian; Muzio, Enrico Di; Riemer, Michael; Fink, Andreas H.; Knippertz, Peter (1 August 2017). "Birth of the Biscane". Weather. 72 (8): 236–241. Bibcode:2017Wthr...72..236M. doi:10.1002/wea.2995.
  112. ^ "Three killed as storm sweeps into Ireland". BBC News. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  113. ^ "Clear-up after Ophelia wind damage". BBC News. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  114. ^ "Rina to bring rain and wind to Ireland and UK into early Saturday". Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  115. ^ "Tropical storm Ernesto looks set to reach Ireland on Saturday night". Newsweek. 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  116. ^ Laud, Georgina (17 August 2018). "Storm Ernesto path update: Where is Storm Ernesto now? When will it hit UK?". Express.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018. According to the NHC: "Ernesto is moving quickly toward the northeast near 25 mph (41 km/h), and an even faster motion toward the northeast or east-northeast is expected during the next day or two."
  117. ^ Godlewski, Nina (18 August 2018). "Tropical storm Ernesto looks set to reach Ireland on Saturday night". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018. But the storm was still set to bring heavy rains and some wind gusts to the islands off the coast of Ireland and the country itself by Saturday night and continuing into Sunday. Heavy rain was expected in some areas and was expected to lighten through the day Sunday to a drizzle, according to the Met Service. The storm could even bring rain to Scotland, Northern Ireland and other parts of the United Kingdom after passing over Ireland.
  118. ^ Godlewski, Nina (18 August 2018). "Tropical storm Ernesto looks set to reach Ireland on Saturday night". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018. About an inch of rain was expected to fall in most places as the storm traveled across the U.K. though some areas could see higher rainfall totals, AccuWeather reported. Areas where more rain falls could potentially cause flash flooding.
  119. ^ Godlewski, Nina (18 August 2018). "Tropical storm Ernesto looks set to reach Ireland on Saturday night". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018. The strongest gusts of winds were expected to be between 30 and 40 mph
  120. ^ "Storm Ernesto on course for the UK and Ireland this weekend". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018. Western Ireland will also see "thicker cloud, stronger winds and persistent rain", according to Sky News weather presenter Jo Edwards.
  121. ^ "Storm Ernesto on course for the UK and Ireland this weekend". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018. Ernesto will leave behind a legacy of overcast and muggy conditions when it eventually clears into the North Sea late on Sunday.
  122. ^ Avila, Lixion. Post-Tropical Cyclone Leslie Tropical Cyclone Update. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  123. ^ "A tempestade Leslie entrou pela Figueira da Foz e fustigou o Centro" (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 14 October 2018. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  124. ^ "UK weather forecast: Storm Sebastian strikes with heavy rain and high winds as Met Office issues yellow warnings". INews UK. 27 November 2019.
  125. ^ Daniel P. Brown (28 January 2021). Subtropical Storm Alpha Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  126. ^ "Hurricane Zeta path: How UK weather will be affected by US tropical storm – and latest Met Office forecast". 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  127. ^ "Tropical Storm THETA". Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  128. ^ Map met.fu-berlin.de Archived 2021-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
  129. ^ Map met.fu-berlin.de Archived 2021-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  130. ^ "Single Location Forecast – 7 Day". 12 June 2022. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_tropical_cyclones&oldid=1263882672"