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Hurricane Madeline (1976)

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Hurricane Madeline
Hurricane Madeline off the coast of Mexico
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 29, 1976
DissipatedOctober 8, 1976
Category 4 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds145 mph (230 km/h)
Lowest pressure940 mbar (hPa); 27.76 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities7 direct
Damage$200 million
Areas affectedCentral Western Mexico
Part of the 1976 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Madeline was the second landfalling major hurricane along the Pacific coast of Mexico in a week. Madeline formed on September 29, not far from Central America. The next day, the circulation dissipated, and as a result weakened to a remnant low. Four days later, on October 3, the low regenerated into a tropical depression. The system remained weak for three days as it drifted west-northwest. When it began to recurve towards Mexico on October 6, the cyclone rapidly intensified and eventually made landfall at peak intensity as a Category 4. Shortly after landfall, the cyclone rapidly dissipated.

Prior to the arrival of Madeline, 15,000 people evacuated from the coast, which had already been impacted by Hurricane Liza. Heavy damage was reported along with seven fatalities. Two dams were flooded and extensive crop damage was reported.

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Early on September 27, 1976, the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) reported that a tropical disturbance had formed about 770 km (480 mi) to the southwest of San Jose, Costa Rica.[1] During the next two days the disturbance slowly developed while moving northwest. By the morning of September 29, the disturbance was upgraded to a 40 mph (65 km/h) tropical storm and based on ship reports and satellite imagery. Due to the fact that it attained tropical storm status, it was named Madeline. At this time, the cyclone had developed a center of circulation.[1][2] Its intensification was short-lived and Madeline remained at tropical storm strength for just 12 hours before it was downgraded into a tropical depression.[1][2] Madeline remained at tropical depression strength until September 30. At that time, the EPHC reported that the circulation center was no longer visible and downgraded the system to a remnant low, while located 575 mi (925 km) to the southeast of Acapulco, Mexico.[1]

Over the following days, the low moved towards the west and started to regenerate with a circulation center becoming visible early on October 3. Based on this, the EPHC re-upgraded Madeline to a tropical depression.[1][2] Continuing to intensify, Madeline was soon upgraded to a tropical storm for the second time.[2] During the next day or two, Madeline remained near stationary before turning towards the northeast on October 5.[1] As the cyclone moved over an area of warm seas surface temperatures, the storm started to intensify. During the next day, Madeline slowly developed an eye before intensifying into a hurricane. In addition, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported winds 75 mph (120 km/h) winds and a pressure of 984 millibars.[1]

During October 7, with warm water helping to fuel its intensification, Madeline quickly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane, and was upgraded to a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) early on October 8. Based on hurricane hunter reports, Madeline reached its peak sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a peak pressure of 940 millibars early on the 8th. This made Madeline a moderate Category 4 hurricane. Later that morning Madeline made landfall to the northwest of Zihuatanejo as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, before it rapidly dissipated over land.[1][2]

Preparations and impact

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Pacific hurricanes with a wind speed of 140 mph (220 km/h) or higher at landfall
Hurricane Season Wind speed Ref.
Otis 2023 160 mph (260 km/h) [3]
Patricia 2015 150 mph (240 km/h) [4]
Madeline 1976 145 mph (230 km/h) [5]
Iniki 1992 [6]
Twelve 1957 140 mph (220 km/h) [7]
"Mexico" 1959 [7]
Kenna 2002 [8]
Lidia 2023 [9]
Rainfall from Hurricane Madeline

Mexican army headquarters put in effect an emergency plan three days prior to the arrival of the hurricane.[10] An estimated 15,000 people evacuated from threatened areas in the path of Madeline.[11] According to one report, evacuations prior to Madeline were considered a success.[10] Hurricane warnings and flood warnings were issued along the coastlines of Michoacán and Guerrero. In addition, tropical storm warnings were issued for nine states in Mexico. This warning area extended as far inland as the area west of the Gulf of Mexico.[12]

Hurricane Madeline produced heavy rains over Mexico, peaking at 16.57 in (421 mm), rainfall fell at El Povenir/San Marcos. According to Comision Nacional del Agua, a parent agency of the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, rainfall fell at 2,069 sites.[13] Damage from the hurricane was considered to be severe.[1] In Chilpancingo, Guerrero, two people drowned from the hurricane. In addition, five other deaths were reported.[11] The cyclone also flooded two major hydro-electrical dams and power outages were reported.[12] While no serious damage was reported in Zihuatanejo,[10] many boats were damaged.[14] In addition, the storm caused extensive crop damage.[10] Losses from Madeline, combined with previous hurricanes Liza and Kathleen, were estimated at $200 million (1976 USD).[15] It was the second storm to strike Mexico within a week; Hurricane Liza was the first.[16] When Madeline was over the ocean, it impacted several ships, but no major damage from these ships was reported.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Emil B Gunther (1977-04-01). "Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1976". Monthly Weather Review. 105 (4). American Meteorological Society: 508–522. Bibcode:1977MWRv..105..508G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0508:EPTCO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  2. ^ a b c d e National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Brown, Daniel; Kelly, Larry (October 25, 2023). Hurricane Otis Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  4. ^ Kimberlain, Todd B.; Blake, Eric S.; Cangialosi, John P. (February 1, 2016). Hurricane Patricia (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  5. ^ Gunther, Emil B. (April 1977). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1976". Monthly Weather Review. 105 (4). Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center: 508–522. Bibcode:1977MWRv..105..508G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0508:EPTCO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  6. ^ The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (PDF) (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 1993. Retrieved November 24, 2003.
  7. ^ a b Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  8. ^ Franklin, James L. (December 26, 2002). Hurricane Kenna (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  9. ^ Bucci, Lisa; Brown, Daniel (October 10, 2023). Hurricane Lidia Intermediate Advisory Number 31A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d "Hurricane Madeline moves across Mexico". Lake land Ledger. 1976-10-08. p. 7. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  11. ^ a b "Measures keep toll low". The Montreal Gazette. 1976-08-10. p. 66. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  12. ^ a b "Madline Padlin' to land". Reading Eagle. 1976-10-07. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  13. ^ "Hurricane Madeline – October 6–9, 1976". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  14. ^ "High and Dry Motorboat". Reading Eagle. 1976-10-08. p. 24. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  15. ^ "Hurricane Madeline". Dayton Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  16. ^ Wirephoto, AP (1976-10-10). "Hurricane Madeline". LA Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
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